Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM最新文献

{"title":"Negative reagent controls in diagnostic immunohistochemistry: do we need them? An evidence-based recommendation for laboratories throughout the world.","authors":"Richard W Cartun","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000000043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000043","url":null,"abstract":"During the development and application of immunohistochemical techniques to diagnostic pathology, controls have played an important role in ensuring that the appropriate result has been obtained. The positive control is a tissue or collection of cells that contains the target protein (antigen) and confirms that the primary antibody and detection system have worked properly. The negative control, used primarily for primary antibody validation, is a specimen that does not contain the target protein and, as a result, should show no immunoreactivity. The negative reagent control (NRC) is an additional tissue section (frozen or paraffin) or cytology smear prepared from the patient specimen that is treated identically to that of the test slide(s) except for the omission of the primary antibody. Its primary purpose is to identify nonspecific reactivity due to factors or components other than the primary antibody. In the early days of diagnostic immunohistochemistry, the NRC was important because of the use of crude detection systems that often showed cross-reactivity with endogenous immunoglobulins (Fig. 1A) or with other proteins present in the test specimen that could be confused with specific immunoreactivity. In addition, with the introduction of avidin-biotin–based detection, nonspecific reactivity with endogenous biotin was frequently observed, especially following heat-induced epitope retrieval complicating interpretation (Fig. 1B). The introduction of sensitive and specific polymer-based detection systems has eliminated most of these issues.1 A critical examination of the use of NRCs in diagnostic immunohistochemistry today reveals several issues in play. First and foremost, they consume precious tissue or cells that could be used for additional testing. This is especially true today, when laboratories are seeing more fine-needle aspirate biopsy specimens and diagnostic needle cores that require ancillary immunohistochemical and/or molecular testing for targeted therapies for patients with cancer. Second, depending on the type of laboratory running the immunohistochemical tests (eg, general surgical pathology vs. a specialty laboratory such as urology, GI, or GYN), NRCs can represent as much as 50% of the slides in a given run (personal observation). This overwhelming volume can be a major burden on the staff and the instruments processing these slides. Finally, laboratories incur a major expense in terms of labor, supplies, and reagents for running these additional slides, for which there is no reimbursement. As a result, the routine use of NRCs in diagnostic immunohistochemistry has been challenged.2 In 2008, I made a decision to stop running NRCs routinely except for antibodies requiring avidin-biotin detection. My decision was based on 3 factors: (1) the","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"159-61"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40293297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overexpression of survivin and caspase 3 in oral carcinogenesis.","authors":"Sopee Poomsawat, Jirapa Punyasingh, Paisarn Vejchapipat","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0b013e31828a0d0c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0b013e31828a0d0c","url":null,"abstract":"Survivin is an inhibitor of apoptosis protein that inhibits caspase 3 function. While cytoplasmic survivin suppresses apoptosis, nuclear survivin regulates cell division. Little is known about the subcellular localization of survivin in oral carcinogenesis. This study examined the subcellular distribution of these 2 proteins in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and premalignant lesions including oral leukoplakia (OL) with and without dysplasia. Expression of survivin and caspase 3 were immunohistochemically analyzed in 114 samples including OSCC, OL with and without dysplasia, and normal oral mucosa (NM). Cytoplasmic and nuclear positive cells were counted separately. The results were presented as the frequency of positive cases. The positive expression rates of cytoplasmic and nuclear survivin in OSCC were significantly higher than in NM, OL with and without dysplasia. NM showed a low rate of cytoplasmic survivin expression compared to OL with and without dysplasia. The numbers of cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of caspase 3 in OSCC were significantly higher than that of NM, OL with and without dysplasia. In conclusion, the overexpression of cytoplasmic survivin in OSCC and premalignant lesions suggest that suppression of apoptosis by survivin occurs at early and late stages of oral carcinogenesis. The elevated expression of nuclear survivin and caspase 3 in OSCC indicate that at the late stage survivin increases cell proliferation whereas caspase 3 promotes apoptosis.","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"65-71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0b013e31828a0d0c","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40227371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Significant expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 in pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma detected by SPT24 monoclonal antibody and CSA-II system.","authors":"Kenji Kashima,&nbsp;Hisashi Hashimoto,&nbsp;Haruto Nishida,&nbsp;Motoki Arakane,&nbsp;Naomi Yada,&nbsp;Tsutomu Daa,&nbsp;Shigeo Yokoyama","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0b013e31828acad2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0b013e31828acad2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In contrast to the usefulness of thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) in distinguishing primary adenocarcinoma of the lung from metastatic lesions, TTF-1 expression in pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma is reported to be at low level and not a suitable immunohistochemical marker. We hypothesized that the highly sensitive detection system, CSA-II, can visualize even faint expression of TTF-1 in pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma. In this study, 2 commercially available clones of TTF-1 monoclonal antibody, 8G7G3/1 and SPT24, were used for staining 38 cases of pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma, in combination with the CSA-II and the conventional detection system, EnVision. The combined use of the 8G7G3/1 clone with EnVision and CSA-II showed a positive reaction in only 1 and 4 cases, respectively. The use of SPT24 clone showed positive staining in 5 cases with EnVision and in 20 of 38 cases (52.6%) with the CSA-II. Interestingly, positive staining by the SPT24-CSA-II technique of samples from tissue blocks preserved for <2 years was 73.6% compared with only 31.5% in those preserved for >2 years. In addition, a 6-month preservation of the cut sections resulted in stain fading and decreased positivity (50%), compared with freshly cut sections. We conclude that the use of the SPT24 monoclonal antibody with the CSA-II system can detect even weak expression of TTF-1 in pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma. This staining technique can potentially allow the discrimination of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the lung from metastatic lesions, especially in freshly prepared paraffin sections. </p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"119-24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0b013e31828acad2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40228329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of PIK3CA mutations in breast cancer subtypes.","authors":"Ruza Arsenic,&nbsp;Annika Lehmann,&nbsp;Jan Budczies,&nbsp;Ines Koch,&nbsp;Judith Prinzler,&nbsp;Anke Kleine-Tebbe,&nbsp;Christiane Schewe,&nbsp;Sibylle Loibl,&nbsp;Manfred Dietel,&nbsp;Carsten Denkert","doi":"10.1097/pdm.0b013e318297afea","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/pdm.0b013e318297afea","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit α (PIK3CA) is a central element of a signaling pathway involved in cell proliferation, survival, and growth. Certain mutations in this pathway result in enhanced PI3K signaling, which is associated with oncogenic cellular transformation and cancer. The aims of this study were to characterize different types of PIK3CA mutations in exons 9 and 20 in a series of primary breast carcinomas and to correlate the results with clinicopathologic parameters and survival. We used frozen tissue samples and sequenced exons 9 and 20 for a series of 241 patients with a diagnosis of breast carcinoma. We found that 15.8% of the primary breast carcinomas possessed PIK3CA mutations in either exon 9 or exon 20. The rate of PIK3CA mutations was increased in HR(+)/HER2(-) tumors (18.6%), but this difference did not reach a statistical significance. The lowest rate of mutations was observed in HR(+)/HER2(+) tumors (5.3%). No statistically significant association was found between the presence of PIK3CA mutations and the prognostic/clinical features of breast cancer, including histologic subtype, Her2 status, axillary lymph node involvement, tumor grade, and tumor stage. However, the presence of the H1047R mutation in 10 samples was associated with a statistically significantly worse overall survival. PIK3CA mutation was found to be a frequent genetic change in all breast cancer subtypes but occurred with the highest rate in HR(+)/HER2(-) tumors. Further studies are needed to validate the prognostic impact of different PIK3CA mutations.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"50-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/pdm.0b013e318297afea","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32067619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practicing pathology in the era of big data and personalized medicine.","authors":"Jiang Gu,&nbsp;Clive R Taylor","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000000022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The traditional task of the pathologist is to assist physicians in making the correct diagnosis of diseases at the earliest possible stage to effectuate the optimal treatment strategy for each individual patient. In this respect surgical pathology (the traditional tissue diagnosis) is but a tool. It is not, of itself, the purpose of pathology practice; and change is in the air. This January 2014 issue of Applied Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Morphology (AIMM) embraces that change by the incorporation of the agenda and content of the journal Diagnostic Molecular Morphology (DMP). Over a decade ago AIMM introduced and promoted the concept of \"molecular morphology,\" and has sought to publish molecular studies that correlate with the morphologic features that continue to define cancer and many diseases. That intent is now reinforced and extended by the merger with DMP, as a logical and timely response to the growing impact of a wide range of genetic and molecular technologies that are beginning to reshape the way in which pathology is practiced. The use of molecular and genomic techniques already demonstrates clear value in the diagnosis of disease, with treatment tailored specifically to individual patients. Personalized medicine is the future, and personalized medicine demands personalized pathology. The need for integration of the flood of new molecular data, with surgical pathology, digital pathology, and the full range of pathology data in the electronic medical record has never been greater. This review describes the possible impact of these pressures upon the discipline of pathology, and examines possible outcomes. There is a sense of excitement and adventure. Active adaption and innovation are required. The new AIMM, incorporating DMP, seeks to position itself for a central role in this process.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0000000000000022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31944097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular analysis of the KIT gene in gastrointestinal stromal tumors with novel mutations.","authors":"Gizem Calibasi,&nbsp;Yasemin Baskin,&nbsp;Hakan Alyuruk,&nbsp;Levent Cavas,&nbsp;Ilhan Oztop,&nbsp;Ozgul Sagol,&nbsp;Koray Atila,&nbsp;Hulya Ellidokuz,&nbsp;Ugur Yilmaz","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0b013e318284a074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0b013e318284a074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. KIT gene mutations have great importance for GISTs. This study evaluated the relationship between KIT mutations and GIST clinicopathologic features to define region-specific and population-specific differences. Genomic DNA was extracted from 60 GISTs, and polymerase chain reaction was performed for KIT gene exons 9, 11, 13, and 17. Polymerase chain reaction amplicons were sequenced in both directions. This study represents the first mutation data of the KIT gene in GISTs from a Turkish population and reports novel mutations. The mutation rate in exon 11 (46.7%) was remarkably higher than those of the other exons (8.3% for exon 9; 11.7% for exon 13; 1.7% for exon 17). There was an association between malignancy potential and the presence of KIT mutations (odds ratio=3.18). Cases with mutations in codons W557-K558 in exon 11 had 11-fold greater risk of malignancy when compared with those without a mutation in this exon (odds ratio=11). We report different mutations than those previously reported, which emphasizes the importance of personalized medicine that could be empowered by the use of bioinformatics tools in the diagnostic process and therapeutic approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"37-45"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0b013e318284a074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31277144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ancillary diagnostic techniques in the evaluation of adult epithelial renal neoplasms: indications, caveats, and pitfalls.","authors":"Guillermo A Herrera,&nbsp;Elba A Turbat-Herrera","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0b013e318297d569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0b013e318297d569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role played currently by the different ancillary diagnostic techniques in the diagnosis of adult epithelial renal tumors continues to be debated. It has also become clear that in some instances light microscopic appearance alone cannot be used to classify these neoplasms into specific categories with the degree of precision required for therapeutic purposes. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subtypes may share common histologic characteristics but exhibit different biological behavior and response to therapy which clearly indicates the crucial role that advanced pathologic speciation plays in the current assessment of these neoplasms. Although immunohistochemistry is widely used for the purpose of categorizing renal tumors because of its widespread availability, the immunoprofiles of the various types of renal neoplasms overlap significantly, making definitive diagnostic determinations difficult and challenging at times. This manuscript will address how ancillary diagnostic techniques can be incorporated into the routine evaluation of neoplastic renal masses to improve classification. Both cytology and surgical specimens will be addressed, as fine needle aspiration (FNA) is being used with preference in many cases in the diagnosis of renal masses. Surgical and cytopathologists must intelligently select the ancillary diagnostic technique/s that will provide the information needed to solve the differential diagnosis under consideration in a given case. However, in some cases >1 of these techniques should be used to make an accurate diagnosis with the aim of arriving at an unequivocal diagnosis. The identification of specific signaling pathways that are defective in certain types of renal neoplasms has made possible the design of target-specific therapies that are directed towards the aberrant pathways associated with the defective proteins found in these tumors. This makes the exact classification of these neoplasms and the detection of these aberrant proteins targeted for treatment an absolute requirement for the application of these molecular-based therapeutic interventions. The role that the pathologic assessment plays in the classification of renal tumors becomes more important than ever to take advantage of this and similar new molecular-oriented therapies. </p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"77-98"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0b013e318297d569","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40267378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atypical pituitary adenoma with neurocytic transformation.","authors":"Fabio Rotondo,&nbsp;Marie Christine F Bernardo,&nbsp;Bernd W Scheithauer,&nbsp;Shahnila Latif,&nbsp;Christopher Bogaev,&nbsp;Aydin Sav,&nbsp;Kalman Kovacs","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0b013e3182634969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0b013e3182634969","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Here, we report an example of an atypical prolactin-producing pituitary adenoma showing clear morphologic and immunohistochemical evidence of neurocytic transformation. Its features support the concept that neoplastic neuroendocrine cells, in this case adenohypophyseal cells, are capable of neuronal differentiation and broaden the morphologic spectrum of such rare tumors. Our findings have implications with respect to the nosology of neuronal tumors of the adenohypophysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"72-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0b013e3182634969","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30850924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triple-negative, basal marker-expressing, and high-grade breast carcinomas are characterized by high lymphatic vessel density and the expression of podoplanin in stromal fibroblasts.","authors":"Joanna A Niemiec,&nbsp;Agnieszka Adamczyk,&nbsp;Aleksandra Ambicka,&nbsp;Anna Mucha-Małecka,&nbsp;Wojciech M Wysocki,&nbsp;Janusz Ryś","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0b013e318286030d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0b013e318286030d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Podoplanin, expressed in the lymphatic but not in the blood vessel endothelium, is widely used as a specific marker for lymphatic endothelial cells and lymphangiogenesis. The relation between lymphatic vessel density and breast cancer subtype or the expression of basal markers has not yet been investigated. We assessed lymphatic vessel density (LVD), blood vessel density, and the expression of podoplanin in stromal cancer-associated fibroblasts, in 156 invasive ductal breast cancers (T≥1, N≥1, M0). Afterwards, we assessed the relationship between the above-mentioned parameters and (i) breast cancer subtype (luminal vs. HER2 vs. triple negative), (ii) tumor grade (G1 vs. G2 vs. G3), (iii) the expression of cytokeratin (CK) 5/6, (iv) P-cadherin, (v) smooth muscle actin (SMA), and (vi) the pattern/intensity of stromal lymphocytic infiltration. We found a significantly higher LVD and podoplanin expression in stromal fibroblasts in (i) G3 tumors, (ii) triple-negative carcinomas, (iii) tumors expressing CK5/6, SMA, or P-cadherin, and (iv) neoplasms with stroma intensively infiltrated by lymphocytes. Moreover, we observed a significant inverse relationship between the expression of podoplanin in luminal A subtype, P-cadherin, CK5/6, and SMA-negative tumors and tumors without strong lymphocytic infiltration. A significantly higher percentage of tumors with strong lymphocytic infiltration was noted among G3 carcinomas. Breast carcinomas of different grades, subtypes, and basal marker expression are characterized by different composition of the stroma, that is different LVD, podoplanin expression in stromal fibroblasts, and the pattern/intensity of lymphocytic infiltration.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"10-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0b013e318286030d","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31277145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Androgen receptor expression in vascular neoplasms of the breast.","authors":"Richa Jain,&nbsp;Pincas Bitterman,&nbsp;Ihab Lamzabi,&nbsp;Vijaya B Reddy,&nbsp;Paolo Gattuso","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0b013e31828b5116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0b013e31828b5116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Androgen receptors (AR) have been reported to be present in normal breast tissue and breast carcinomas. The following study was undertaken to assess the expression of AR in vascular neoplasms of the breast.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>All patients with histologically diagnosed hemangioma, angiolipoma, atypical vascular proliferation, and angiosarcoma of the breast were retrieved from the clinical and pathology database at Rush University Medical Center. The slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin were reviewed and immunohistochemical staining for AR (Dako; clone AR441) was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue. Any amount of nuclear staining was considered positive and the intensity of staining was graded as 1+ to 3+. An estimate of the percentage of tumor and stromal cells staining was made.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were a total of 36 cases, 10 hemangiomas, 20 angiolipomas, 2 atypical vascular proliferation, and 4 angiosarcomas. The male to female ratio was 1:4.1. The average age at presentation for men was 45 years and for women was 56.9 years. Anti-AR expression was present in stromal and adipocyte nuclei of the angiolipomas and stromal cells of hemangiomas and angiosarcomas. Interestingly, normal duct epithelium of the breast was positive in 7 of the 29 women and none in men. Androgen expression was present in 62.5% of the hemangiomas, 55% of the angiolipomas, and 50% of the angiosarcomas. The majority of tumors showed a low-intensity nuclear expression of androgens, with 1+ intensity in 13 cases and 2+ intensity seen in 2 cases, and only 1 case of angiolipoma showed 3+ expression. All positive cases of angiolipoma (55%) showed AR in adipocytes and stromal cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Vascular neoplasms are uncommon tumors in breast and majority of them are benign. Androgen expression is present in >50% of benign vascular neoplasms. Stromal cells and adipocytes typically express AR only in angiolipomas, suggesting a role of androgens in pathogenesis and growth of this neoplasm.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"132-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/PAI.0b013e31828b5116","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40228333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}