Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM最新文献

{"title":"Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) Expression Correlates With Tumor Grade and Prognostic Outcome in Meningiomas.","authors":"Sanjana S James, Hari S Malla, Vishnupriya Gopalakrishnan, Mukund N Sable, Arunkumar Sekar, Sumit Bansal, Saroj K Das Majumder, Suvendu Purkait","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001301","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study assessed the expression of different isoforms of PPAR, an important regulator of cell metabolism and proliferation, in meningiomas and correlated it with different clinicopathological variables and clinical outcomes. A total of 238 meningiomas were studied, including grade 1 (n=133), grade 2 (n=66), grade 3 (n=2), and brain-invasive otherwise benign meningiomas (BIOB) (n=37). The expression of PPAR-γ, phosphorylated PPAR-γ, and PPAR-β was assessed by immunohistochemistry. A semiquantitative grading was used to classify the cases into high and low expression. High nuclear and cytoplasmic immunoreactivity of PPAR-γ was significantly more frequent in grade 2 meningiomas than in grade 1 or BIOB ( P =0.023, 0.006 for nuclear expression, and 0.001, 0.004 for cytoplasmic expression, respectively). It was also associated with higher proliferative activity and p53 positivity ( P =0.002 and 0.001, respectively). Phosphorylated PPAR-γ and PPAR-β expression did not show any association with grade. PPAR-γ immunoreactivity, extent of resection, and histologic grade were associated with overall survival (OS) [ P =0.031 (nuclear)/0.005 (cytoplasmic), 0.002, and <0.001, respectively]. Interestingly, BIOB cases had OS similar to grade 2 tumors, significantly shorter than that of their grade 1 counterparts. Further, high PPAR-γ expression was associated with better outcomes with no death in patients who received adjuvant radiotherapy. The present study, for the first time, highlights that PPAR expression is implicated in the pathobiology of meningiomas and has prognostic implications, especially in cases receiving radiotherapy. Considering the availability of PPAR modulatory drugs, it may be an important therapeutic target. In addition, the meticulous examination of the brain invasion still holds significant promise for prognostication.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":"34 2","pages":"108-118"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147358328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Summary and Analysis of Molecular Biological Changes, PD-L1 Immune Status and Clinicopathological Features of 78 Cases of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (<1 cm in Diameter) Combined With Lateral Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis.","authors":"Xiaoteng Sun, Zhengyan He, Weijie Yu, Baoyuan Li, Xinmiao Xu, Xiaoqin Zhang, Minglong Yin","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001297","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001297","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To observe and analyze the variation status of BRAF, K-RAS, N-RAS, RET, TERT and PIK3CA genes and the expression of PD-L1 immune factors in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (&lt;1 cm in diameter) combined with lateral cervical lymph node metastasis, and to further explore the potential relationship and significance between the above 7 indexes and clinical ultrasound pathology and multiple parameters of ER, PR, and KI-67 protein. Seventy-eight cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma (&lt;1 cm in diameter) combined with lateral cervical lymph node metastasis diagnosed after the first treatment in Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital from April 1, 2013, to April 1, 2021, were retrospectively analyzed (another 102 cases were not included in this study due to incomplete information), and the relevant clinical ultrasonic pathologic data were collected. The tumor DNA was extracted and the mutations of BRAF, K-RAS, N-RAS, RET, TERT, and PIK3CA were analyzed by ARMS fluorescence quantitative PCR. The expressions of PD-L1, ER, PR, and KI-67 were detected by immunohistochemistry. There were 78 patients of papillary thyroid carcinoma (&lt;1 cm in diameter) combined with lateral cervical lymph node metastasis, including 20 males (mean age: 32.75 y) and 58 females (mean age: 49.97 y). Other clinical ultrasound pathologic parameters include: (1) preoperative serological thyroid function analysis includes TSH, FT4, FT3, TGAB, ATPO, and TRAB. (2) Ultrasound abnormalities include calcification, aspect ratio ≥1, unclear boundary and irregular shape. (3) Pathologic image analysis included tumor size, capsule invasion, extraglandular strap muscle invasion, the number of lymph node metastasis and the expression of ER, PR, and KI-67. (4) Postoperative I131 treatment. Combined molecular detection showed that, in 78 cases, BRAF gene mutation was the most common (52 cases), followed by N-RAS gene mutation (30 cases), then K-RAS (12 cases), TERT (7 cases), and RET (4 cases), while PIK3CA gene was wild-type. BRAF and K-RAS gene mutations only appeared in female patients. The former was related to 7 parameters: patient sex ( P =0.000), onset age ( P =0.000), TSH ( P =0.000), ultrasonic aspect ratio ( P =0.030), tumor size ( P =0.002), ER ( P =0.000), and PR ( P =0.003). The latter was related to 5 parameters: sex ( P =0.000), onset age ( P =0.008), TSH ( P =0.018), TGAB ( P =0.049), and strap muscle invasion ( P =0.021). Only one case of N-RAS gene mutation was male, and the other 29 cases were female. It was related to 5 parameters: patient sex ( P =0.000), onset age ( P =0.001), TF4 ( P =0.027), strap muscle invasion ( P =0.048), and KI-67 index ( P =0.009). TERT gene mutation was slightly more in men (4 cases) than in women (3 cases), which was not only related to sex ( P =0.045), but also related to strap muscle invasion( P =0.013). The RET gene mutation was associated with capsule invasion ( P =0.031) and strap muscle invasion ( P =0.022). Single gene, double gene and triple ","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"95-107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146042423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunohistochemical Expression of Sox9 and CD34 in Androgenetic Alopecia Patients.","authors":"Heba A S Bazid, Alaa H Marae, Hadeer E Gaber, Rania A Abdallah","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001308","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most prevalent type of hair loss. Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) and their progeny play a pivotal role in hair regeneration. Pathologic modifications of those stem cells are responsible for dysregulation of hair growth and subsequently hair loss. So we aimed to study the immunohistochemical expression of sex determining region Y-box 9 (Sox9) and cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34) in androgenetic alopecia patients. This case-control study included 40 subjects: 14 males with androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and 6 females with female pattern hair loss (FPHL), in addition to 20 age, sex and site-matched healthy volunteers as a control group. All subjects were subjected to history taking followed by examination. Scalp biopsies were taken from all subjects, followed by immunohistochemical analysis to detect Sox9 and CD34 expression. It was found that CD34 was expressed in all control scalp biopsies in comparison to 60% of frontal bald skin samples of AGA patients. Similar decline in CD34 staining was observed in frontal biopsies when compared with hairy occipital skin of the same AGA patient. Sox9 was expressed with the highest intensities and percentage in all samples of frontal bald, occipital hairy together with control scalp biopsies. We concluded that the diminish in expression of CD34+ progenitor cells in the studied AGA frontal bald biopsies in addition to preserved expression of Sox9 + HFSCs could suggest that dysregulated conversion of HFSCs to progenitors may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of AGA.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146109434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Different Melanin-bleaching Methods on Staining.","authors":"Xinpeng Liu, Peng Li, Wenjuan Jia, Ziyang Wang, Wenhua Qin, Wenfeng Cao, Jun Zhao","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001291","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The melanin affects the pathologic diagnosis, so melanin bleaching must be performed. Our study was to investigate the effect of different melanin-bleaching methods on hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining. We were used 10 malignant melanoma tissues as experimental subjects, and 3 tissues from T cell lymphoma, B cell lymphoma, neurofibroma and colon as control. Melanin was detected in all 10 malignant melanoma tissues before bleaching. Our study compared among permanganate/oxalic acid treatment, hydrogen peroxide treatment, and double oxidation treatment. The antibodies CD3 and MUM1 negative after potassium permanganate/oxalic acid treatment, but normal expression after hydrogen peroxide treatment. Antibodies CD20 and S-100 can be expressed normally after bleaching. Thus, the 10% hydrogen peroxide for 24 hours at 37°C is the mildest on melanin bleaching, its almost no effect on hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining. It is suitable for different tissues and antibodies.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"42-48"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145433675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interobserver and Interassay Concordance in HER2 Immunohistochemistry: Implications on HER2-Low Breast Cancer.","authors":"Ozgur Can Eren, Orhun Cig Taskin, Murat Oktay, Arzu Baygul, Fatma Aktepe, Nilgun Kapucuoglu","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001281","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001281","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adopting a HER2-specific treatment approach for HER2-low breast cancer has been suggested after DESTINY-Breast04 (phase 3) trials. Hence, accurate pathologic evaluation gained higher importance, making interobserver agreement and interassay agreement questionable in this regard. To evaluate these, a cohort of 116 invasive breast cancer cases were stained with Dako A0485 and Ventana 4B5. Cases were evaluated by 5 observers independently and results were compared, together with in situ hybridization findings. Interobserver agreement (Kappa) for Ventana 4B5 and Dako A0485 were 0.62 and 0.63, respectively. Agreement was more prominent for IHC 3+ cases, followed by IHC 0 cases. Comparing the assays with one another, 74 cases had the same score in Ventana 4B5 and Dako A0485, while 37 and 5 cases had higher scores in Dako A0485 and Ventana 4B5, respectively. The results of the study demonstrate that pathologists are relatively unanimous on distinguishing 3+ cases (Kappa-0.76: Ventana/0.78: Dako), but have less consistency in 1+ or 2+ cases (Kappa-0.59: Ventana/0.60: Dako). It also illustrates that the case can obtain different HER2 IHC scores with different assays being used. Therefore, it is suggested for pathologists to recognize the pitfalls in HER2 IHC, be aware of the assay that is being used in their laboratory and hence evaluate the results in the accurate context.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"15-21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144986088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extranodal Histiocytic Sarcoma: A Clinicopathologic Study of Two Cases and Literature Review.","authors":"Jiayu Li, Qiong Liao","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001287","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is an extremely rare hematopoietic neoplasm derived from the monocytic/histiocytic/dendritic cell lineage. While sporadic cases of primary soft-tissue HS have been reported, its clinicopathological and molecular features remain incompletely characterized. This study investigates the clinicopathological features of two cases of soft-tissue HS and reviews the relevant literature. Microscopically, the tumor cells exhibited a diffuse growth pattern, with morphologic features varying from spindle-shaped sarcomatoid to epithelioid subtypes. Occasional bizarre cells were observed. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for CD68, Lysozyme, S100, CD4, and CD163, but negative for a comprehensive panel of markers, including those for myeloid, Langerhans, follicular dendritic, lymphoid (T, B, NK), epithelial, vascular endothelial, and melanocytic lineages. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealed distinct mutational profiles: Case 1 harbored mutations in BRAF V600E, BRAF V600E, CDKN2A, and CIITA, while Case 2 exhibited mutations in CREBBP, INPP4B, RB1, PTEN, KMT2D, MSH2, and TP53, which may contribute to tumorigenesis and progression. Despite therapeutic efforts, both patients died within 6 and 9 months of follow-up, respectively. In conclusion, HS is a diagnostically challenging malignancy due to its rarity and morphological overlap with other soft tissue tumors. Immunohistochemical markers (CD68, Lysozyme, S100, CD4, CD163) are essential for diagnosis. Currently, no standard treatment exists. This study characterizes the molecular profiles of two extranodal HS cases, contributing to the understanding of their clinicopathological and genetic features.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"30-37"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145246300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SMARCA4 -deficient Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma Harboring ALK Fusion : A Case Report.","authors":"Anne-Laure Désage, Simon Pointel, Eric Ezingeard, Sophie Bayle-Bleuez, Daniel Pissaloux, Fabien Forest","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001289","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SMARCA4 -deficient non-small cell lung cancers are usually of poor prognosis and associated with smoking-related mutations. Here, we report the case of a SMARCA4 -deficient non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) occurring in a non-smoker female and harboring ALK fusion. Our case highlights for physicians to be especially cautious with molecular biological results in case of SMARCA4 -deficient non-small cell lung cancer occurring in nonsmokers.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"38-41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145246309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical Challenges Faced in Validation of Immunohistochemical Assays That Test for Loss of Protein Expression-Case Studies in Succinate Dehydrogenase B and H3K27ME3.","authors":"Amos Zhi En Tay, Kwee Hua See, Wing Fat Chong, Nadiah Binte Sukma, Timothy Kwang Yong Tay","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001292","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001292","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As compared to most immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays, a minority of IHC tests detect loss of protein expression in tumor tissues. One may encounter unique challenges in assay optimization, validation, and standardization, illustrated here through case studies in implementing Succinate Dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) and H3K27me3 IHC assays. For SDHB, antibody protocols showing stronger staining in internal controls and normal tissues resulted in a staining pattern in some cases of SDH-mutated tumors that was difficult to distinguish from retained staining. For H3K27me3, some malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) and non-MPNST tumors showed heterogeneous staining, with staining results differing between different autostainer platforms used. In IHC tests with loss of protein expression, antibody protocols need to account for optimal staining in internal control elements, in addition to appropriate staining in tumor cells. \"Intermediate\" staining patterns, such as heterogeneous or weak expression, pose a challenge for protocol calibration and diagnostic interpretation. The choice of tissue used for analytical validation is important and warrants further evaluation and guidance. Establishing an optimal balance between analytical sensitivity and analytical specificity during protocol optimization is key.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"22-29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145544720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunohistochemical Profiles of Dermatofibroma and Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Céline S C Hardy, Ali Razavi, Natalie Nunez, William Fitzmaurice, Loma Dave, Amy R Slutzky, Kaitlin Vanderbeck, Ramsay Farah","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001284","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review summarizes the immunohistochemical profiles of dermatofibroma (DF) and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) as reported by primary literature in the past 10 years. 63 studies were included in the review, with staining information for a total of 99 unique IHC markers reported. The most commonly reported stains were CD34, SMA, S100, and FXIIIa. Most studies applied IHC either to explore descriptive features of DF or DFSP or to determine their utility in diagnostic identification of the lesions. Importantly, summary data of percent positivity for key markers such as CD34 and FXIIIa highlights gaps in the existing diagnostic paradigm using these markers alone. A number of studies applied novel biomarkers that may hold promise for distinguishing DF and DFSP, namely WT1, Cx43, LSP-1, and PHH3, which demonstrated considerable expression differences between the 2 lesions. This review highlights the need for validation of existing and emerging IHC markers for the diagnosis of DF and DFSP.</p>","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":" ","pages":"5-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145380251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Suitability of Repurposed, Legacy HER2 Immunohistochemistry Assays for the Detection of HER2 Low and Ultralow Expression: Current Limitations and Potential Considerations.","authors":"Hadi Yaziji, Jason L Hornick, Megan L Troxell","doi":"10.1097/PAI.0000000000001296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0000000000001296","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520562,"journal":{"name":"Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM","volume":"34 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145673430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}