Archiwum medycyny sadowej i kryminologii最新文献

{"title":"A rare case of the coexistence of injuries typical of a fall from height.","authors":"Tomasz Cywka","doi":"10.4467/16891716AMSIK.24.025.21224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/16891716AMSIK.24.025.21224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Falls from heights constitute the second most common cause of suicides in Poland, often resulting in multiple organ injuries. This paper describes a rare case of a 32-year-old man who died after jumping from a four-story building. The autopsy and post-mortem computed tomography analysis revealed a unique coexistence of injuries characteristic of a fall onto extended lower limbs, such as a circular fracture of the base of the skull as well as multiple fractures of the spine, pelvis, and lower limbs. The geodetic analysis enabled the determination of the fall height and flight range, which facilitated further conclusions regarding the active phase of movement and the verification of the circumstances of the event. This case highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach in evaluating the mechanisms of injuries caused by falls from heights. The use of post-mortem computed tomography, supplemented by geodetic data and traditional biomechanical methods, allows for a detailed assessment of the nature of injuries and the circumstances of the event. This type of multidimensional analysis enables more precise differentiation of injury mechanisms and reasoning about the cause of the fall, which is crucial in forensic practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":520255,"journal":{"name":"Archiwum medycyny sadowej i kryminologii","volume":"74 4","pages":"324-336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a method for determining xenobiotics in the form of dried blood spots on cotton material and Whatman® 903 cards.","authors":"Kamila Komajda, Dominika Przygodzka","doi":"10.4467/16891716AMSIK.24.023.21222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/16891716AMSIK.24.023.21222","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>The aim of the study: </strong>The aim of this study was to develop and validate a quantitative analysis procedure for four benzodiazepines (alprazolam, diazepam, flunitrazepam, clonazepam) and one Z-drug (zolpidem), applied to cotton material and Whatman® 903 cards in the form of blood spots.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The extraction was conducted using a mixture of phosphate-carbonate buffer pH=6, acetonitrile, and methanol. The blood spots were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All calibration curves maintained linearity (R²>0.995) in the concentration ranges of 1-50 ng/ml on cotton material and Whatman ® 903 cards. The Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantitation (LOQ) for the analyzed substances were in the ranges of 0.04- 0.40 ng/ml (LOD) and 0.12-1.08 ng/ml (LOQ) isolated from Whatman® 903 cards, and 0.06-1.15 ng/ml (LOD) and 0.17-2.04 ng/ml (LOQ) isolated from cotton. Accuracy for concentrations of 5 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, and 50 ng/ml was comparable in both groups, ranging from 76-101% for Whatman® 903 cards and 73-117% for cotton. No significant matrix effect was observed on the quantitative results of the analyzed benzodiazepines.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In the presented study, a qualitative and quantitative analysis procedure for four xenobiotics from the benzodiazepine group and zolpidem, applied as dried blood spots on cotton material and Whatman® 903 cards, was developed and validated. The extraction method presented focused on isolating xenobiotics from blood spots of known volume. Sample extraction using a simple liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) technique creates opportunities for applying the described method to real samples secured on cotton material or stored on Whatman® 903 cards.</p>","PeriodicalId":520255,"journal":{"name":"Archiwum medycyny sadowej i kryminologii","volume":"74 4","pages":"296-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genital injuries in girls aged 1-2 years - description of 2 cases.","authors":"Piotr Engelgardt, Maciej Krzyżanowski, Marta Perkowska","doi":"10.4467/16891716AMSIK.24.026.21225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/16891716AMSIK.24.026.21225","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Blunt perineal trauma can result from a variety of mechanisms, depending on the child's development and activity level. The younger the child, the greater the risk that the perineal trauma is related to sexual assault. The problem with young children is obtaining reliable information from them regarding the circumstances of the injury. The younger the child, the more severe the problem. Therefore, this type of injury can pose a challenge in determining the actual mechanism of its occurrence. Case study Case 1. A 16-month-old girl was admitted to the hospital with injuries to the perineum. The examination revealed bruising and abrasions of the epidermis around the vaginal vestibule, and a ruptured mucosa of the posterior commissure. The injuries were said to have occurred when the child was with the caregiver and her partner, including approximately 30 minutes in the presence of the man alone. The man denied touching the child, stating that the injuries were supposed to have occurred accidentally following a fall in the bathroom. The confrontation of the explanations of the caregiver and her partner with the child's injuries allowed these explanations to be dismissed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Case 2: &lt;/strong&gt;A 22-month-old girl was admitted to the hospital with a single bruise in the posterior commissure area. The mother suspected that the child may have accidentally sustained a perineum injury while trying to enter or exit a decorative flowerpot. To verify the mother's explanations, at the request of the expert, the flowerpot in question was inspected and the minor's behavior was observed when entering and exiting the flowerpot. This allowed the mother's explanations to be deemed credible.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion: &lt;/strong&gt;In the first case, the presence of multiple injuries (at least 4) located around the entrance to the vagina, characterized by bruising and tears in the mucous membrane, was significant. The number and arrangement of these injuries around the entrance, rather than in a straight line, made the possibility of a fall improbable, particularly given the caregiver's explanations of the circumstances. The nature of the injuries also clearly contradicted the accounts of the caregiver and her partner. In the second case, despite the location of the injury raising suspicions of a possible sexual assault, the additional data provided above substantiated the mother's version.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wprowadzenie . Tępe urazy krocza mogą wynikać z różnych mechanizmów, w zależności od rozwoju i aktywności dziecka. Im młodsze dziecko tym większe ryzyko, że uraz krocza związany był z napaścią seksualną. Problemem w przypadku małych dzieci jest uzyskanie od nich wiarygodnych informacji odnośnie okoliczności powstania obrażeń, im młodsze dziecko tym problem jest bardziej nasilony. W związku z powyższym tego typu urazy mogą stanowić wyzwanie odnośnie ustalenia rzeczywistego mechanizmu ich powstania. Omówienie przypadków Przypadek 1 – dot","PeriodicalId":520255,"journal":{"name":"Archiwum medycyny sadowej i kryminologii","volume":"74 4","pages":"337-347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unusual greenish tissue discoloration in fatal aluminium phosphide poisoning: clinical and forensic perspectives.","authors":"Jayeshkumar Kanani, Mohammed Iliyas Sheikh","doi":"10.4467/16891716AMSIK.24.027.21226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/16891716AMSIK.24.027.21226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>The aim of the study: </strong>Aluminum phosphide poisoning poses significant challenges both in clinical and forensic settings due to its high fatality rate and diverse clinical manifestations. While the clinical symptoms of aluminum phosphide toxicity are well-documented, certain autopsy findings, particularly a rare greenish discoloration of organs, remain poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective observational study was conducted over an eight-month period to analyze the occurrence of unusual green discoloration of tissues during autopsies in aluminum phosphide poisoning cases. This study aimed to document the frequency, distribution, and potential mechanisms behind this rare phenomenon, providing insights into its clinical and forensic implications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 110 suspected poisoning cases were examined, of which 47 were confirmed as aluminum phosphide poisonings. Among these, three cases demonstrated gradual greenish discoloration of organs such as the heart, stomach, brain, and kidneys. Despite the presence of this unique discoloration, histopathological examination revealed no microscopic pigmentation or histological anomalies. The discoloration varied in terms of the organs involved, intensity, and the speed of onset, presenting distinct patterns across the cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The etiology of this discoloration remains unknown, suggesting that biochemical or metabolic processes might play a role. This rare phenomenon underscores the need for further research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, and highlights the importance of documenting such observations in forensic reports.</p>","PeriodicalId":520255,"journal":{"name":"Archiwum medycyny sadowej i kryminologii","volume":"74 4","pages":"348-354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Female violence against men.","authors":"Anna Więcek-Durańska","doi":"10.4467/16891716AMSIK.24.024.21223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/16891716AMSIK.24.024.21223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The phenomenon of violence against men is a significantly less researched topic compared to violence against women. The issue of female violence against men is often overlooked, marginalized, and sometimes even considered less harmful or important. Established social patterns frequently depict women as weaker and defenseless individuals, and men as attackers and aggressors. In reality, there are situations where women become the initiators and perpetrators of acts of violence, and their victims are men. The phenomenon of violence against men is also a shameful topic, which results in a strong reluctance of men to report acts of violence by women to the appropriate authorities. This, in turn, lowers the statistics and fails to show the true scale of the occurrence of the problem of violence against men. The article presents the results of gender-based violence studies involving men. It turns out that the scale of violence against men is significant, with one in three men (34%) experiencing psychological violence from their current partner, 1% experiencing physical violence, and 0.5% experiencing sexual violence. Nearly 8% of the surveyed men indicated physical violence in a relationship from former partners.</p>","PeriodicalId":520255,"journal":{"name":"Archiwum medycyny sadowej i kryminologii","volume":"74 4","pages":"308-323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in blood: the effect of the preservative agent.","authors":"Kaja Tusiewicz, Paweł Szpot, Olga Wachełko, Marcin Zawadzki","doi":"10.4467/16891716AMSIK.24.022.21221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/16891716AMSIK.24.022.21221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fluoride anions are believed to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, thus there is a possibility that the activity may be affected by blood sampling into vials containing sodium fluoride as an anticoagulant. The paper aims to draw attention to the effect of the anticoagulant used in blood collection tubes on acetylcholinesterase activity. A stability study was conducted for 176 days on blood samples collected into tubes containing sodium fluoride or sodium EDTA. An improved Ellman procedure, utilizing spectrophotometric determination at 436 nm, was employed in order to determine acetylcholinesterase activity. An immediate decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity was observed in blood samples containing sodium fluoride. A significant decrease was evident immediately after blood collection and on the first day, after which the activity stabilized at 84% of the initial value. Subsequently, the activity increased to a level comparable to the initial value. In samples collected with EDTA, acetylcholinesterase activity was comparable to that in the sample without anticoagulant, and the activity remained constant for about 2 months. In conclusion, it is recommended that acetylcholinesterase activity be tested immediately after blood collection to reduce enzyme inhibition by fluoride anions, or that tubes with another anticoagulant, such as EDTA, be used.</p>","PeriodicalId":520255,"journal":{"name":"Archiwum medycyny sadowej i kryminologii","volume":"74 4","pages":"289-295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The so-called Mongolian spots and suspected child abuse - difficulties in differential diagnosis.","authors":"Szymon Rzepczyk, Paweł Świderski, Damian Rusek, Jakub Czerwik, Ryszard Żaba, Czesław Żaba","doi":"10.4467/16891716AMSIK.24.017.20815","DOIUrl":"10.4467/16891716AMSIK.24.017.20815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The assessment of physical violence against children is an important issue in forensic medicine, particularly in the case of infants and toddlers, who, due to their stage of development, are unable to communicate the violence inflicted upon them. This case describes a two-week-old girl of Roma origin, who was transferred from a temporary to a foster family. While changing the child, the foster parents noticed bruises in the sacral area. Based on the initial assessment of these changes at the hospital, the authorities were notified and an investigation was initiated. The first court expert assessing the changes indicated that the image resembled resorbing haemorrhages resulting from trauma. Another team of experts, consisting of specialists in forensic medicine, dermatology and pathology, was appointed. Based on the analysis of medical records and a physical examination using a dermatoscope, pale-blue spots characteristic of the Mongolian spot were found in the lumbar and buttock areas. Mongolian spots are congenital developmental abnormalities classified as melanocytic naevi. In most cases, the changes appear immediately after birth or shortly thereafter. Clinically, a lesion appears as single or multiple spots on the lower back, sacrum, or buttocks. These lesions can range in colour from dark grey to blue-green and take on various shapes, such as round, oval, or irregular. Lesions on the skin of children can morphologically resemble bruises, so their evaluation requires special attention. In case of doubt as to the nature of the lesion, additional examination should be performed. Furthermore, the analysis of medical records and the evaluation by a dermatologist can be helpful.</p>","PeriodicalId":520255,"journal":{"name":"Archiwum medycyny sadowej i kryminologii","volume":"74 3","pages":"221-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144063846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence in forensic medicine and related sciences - selected issues.","authors":"Michał Szeremeta, Julia Janica, Anna Niemcunowicz-Janica","doi":"10.4467/16891716AMSIK.24.005.19650","DOIUrl":"10.4467/16891716AMSIK.24.005.19650","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of the work is to provide an overview of the potential application of artificial intelligence in forensic medicine and related sciences, and to identify concerns related to providing medico-legal opinions and legal liability in cases in which possible harm in terms of diagnosis and/or treatment is likely to occur when using an advanced system of computer-based information processing and analysis.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The material for the study comprised scientific literature related to the issue of artificial intelligence in forensic medicine and related sciences. For this purpose, Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were searched. To identify useful articles, such terms as \"artificial intelligence,\" \"deep learning,\" \"machine learning,\" \"forensic medicine,\" \"legal medicine,\" \"forensic pathology\" and \"medicine\" were used. In some cases, articles were identified based on the semantic proximity of the introduced terms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Dynamic development of the computing power and the ability of artificial intelligence to analyze vast data volumes made it possible to transfer artificial intelligence methods to forensic medicine and related sciences. Artificial intelligence has numerous applications in forensic medicine and related sciences and can be helpful in thanatology, forensic traumatology, post-mortem identification examinations, as well as post-mortem microscopic and toxicological diagnostics. Analyzing the legal and medico-legal aspects, artificial intelligence in medicine should be treated as an auxiliary tool, whereas the final diagnostic and therapeutic decisions and the extent to which they are implemented should be the responsibility of humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":520255,"journal":{"name":"Archiwum medycyny sadowej i kryminologii","volume":"74 1","pages":"64-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142516225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of cases concerning assessment of the correctness of orthodontic treatment in the material of the Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine of the Medical University of Lodz.","authors":"Paweł Machała, Anna Smędra, Jarosław Berent, Katarzyna Wochna","doi":"10.4467/16891716AMSIK.24.018.20816","DOIUrl":"10.4467/16891716AMSIK.24.018.20816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In assessing the correctness of dentist's proceedings, the expert opinion plays a crucial role and forms the basis for the decision-making process of the procedural authority. Experts, using their knowledge and experience, while also relying on medical standards and recognized international indicators of orthodontic treatment effectiveness, evaluate the medical proceedings. The aim of the study was to analyse the opinions concerning orthodontic treatment in the material of the Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine of the Medical University of Lodz. During the examined period from 2016 to 2023, 14 such opinions were issued. These opinions were analysed in terms of case characteristics and primarily examined whether there is a correlation between the orthodontic specialization of the dentist conducting the treatment and the expert's assessment of their proceedings. Our analysis indicates that the qualifications of the dentist, understood as holding a specialization, affect the objective quality of orthodontic treatment. In cases where an opinion indicated incorrect proceedings, the error was most often made at the stage of orthodontic diagnosis, leading to the implementation of incorrect treatment. Therefore, dentists without a specialization - although no regulation prohibits them from providing orthodontic treatment - should realistically assess their capabilities before undertaking such treatment. This is particularly important because if they do undertake such treatment, their actions will be judged in the same way as those of specialists.</p>","PeriodicalId":520255,"journal":{"name":"Archiwum medycyny sadowej i kryminologii","volume":"74 3","pages":"228-243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144038074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of suicide cases in post-mortem examination files of the Department of Forensic Medicine at the Medical University of Białystok in the years 2016-2021.","authors":"Anna Francuziak, Paulina Kulasza, Kinga Kozłowska, Julia Janica, Urszula Cwalina, Anna Niemcunowicz-Janica, Michał Szeremeta","doi":"16891716AMSIK.24.010.20339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/16891716AMSIK.24.010.20339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>The aim of the study: </strong>The aim of the study is the analysis of suicides based on forensic autopsies and case files from the Department of Forensic Medicine at the Medical University of Białystok.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The number of forensic autopsies conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine in Białystok in the years 2016-2021 equaled 2365. On the basis of post-mortem examinations and circumstances of deaths contained in the case files, 391 cases were qualified as suicides. The analysis accounted for gender, age, time, the dynamics of changes in the number of suicides over the years, the place of suicide, the method of committing suicide, and the state of sobriety. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using the following tests: Chi-square test of independence, Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney U test, non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA by ranks with post hoc multiple comparisons of mean ranks for all samples. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The calculations were performed using the Statistica 13.3 package from StatSoft.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the studied years, suicides accounted for 16.54% of all autopsies. In 82.09% of cases, the suicides were committed by men, and in 17.91% by women. It was found that individuals who chose suicide by poisoning were statistically significantly younger than those who chose suicide by jumping from a height (p=0.0035). A statistically significant correlation was found between gender and the preferred location for committing suicide (p=0.033). A statistically significant correlation was also found between gender and sobriety or the state after alcohol consumption (p=0.00008).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study shows that the main group of suicides still consists of men (82.09%). The age of women and men committing suicide did not differ significantly. Women were more likely to commit suicide in urban areas than men. Women were statistically significantly more likely to be sober or in a state after alcohol consumption at the time of committing suicide. The most commonly chosen method of suicide was death by hanging.</p>","PeriodicalId":520255,"journal":{"name":"Archiwum medycyny sadowej i kryminologii","volume":"74 2","pages":"106-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142550024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}