Sylwia Zawiślak, Joanna Rutkowska, Marta Trzaskowska, Krzysztof Pałka, Leszek Borkowski
{"title":"Influence of heat treatment method on selected physicochemical and biological properties of fluoride-substituted calcium apatite.","authors":"Sylwia Zawiślak, Joanna Rutkowska, Marta Trzaskowska, Krzysztof Pałka, Leszek Borkowski","doi":"10.37190/abb-02484-2024-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/abb-02484-2024-04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose</i>: The synthesis of fluoridated apatite consists of several stages, among which the heat treatment has a significant impact on the physical and chemical properties. The present study aims to elucidate the influence of two different sintering methods on fluoride-substituted apatite properties. <i>Methods</i>: For this purpose, a two F-substituted apatites were produced by heat treatment in different ways called \"rapid sintering\" and \"slow sintering\". Physicochemical properties of the obtained materials were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Cytotoxicity of materials was assessed using MTT test. <i>Results</i>: Sintering conditions significantly influenced some porosity parameters of the materials. The samples subjected to \"rapid sintering\" showed a larger total pore area and mercury intrusion volume, while the samples subjected to \"slow sintering\" showed higher average pore diameter. Other porosity parameters did not differ significantly between the tested materials. The crystalline phases and chemical compositions of both materials were the same. Both materials appeared to be non-toxic since their extracts did not caused reduction in the viability of MC3T3-E1 cells compared to control cells and the results obtained were similar for both materials. <i>Conclusions</i>: Sintering is an important step in the apatite synthesis process. The way apatite is sintered is a factor that influences its physicochemical properties. The study performed on fluoride-substituted apatite showed that sintering conditions influenced some porosity parameters but had no effect on composition, chemical structure or crystalline phase. The cytotoxicity of both materials was at the same level, indicating that both were non-toxic.</p>","PeriodicalId":519996,"journal":{"name":"Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics","volume":"26 3","pages":"183-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Kinetic characterization of adolescent scoliosis patients with Lenke 1B.","authors":"Huai Wang, Rongchang Fu, Kewei Yang","doi":"10.37190/abb-02469-2024-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/abb-02469-2024-03","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose</i>: The purpose of this study was to investigate dynamic responses of Lenke1B+ spines of adolescent scoliosis patients to different frequencies. <i>Methods</i>: Modal analysis, harmonic response analysis and transient dynamics of a full spine model inverted by the finite element method using Abaqus. <i>Results</i>: The first-order axial resonance frequency of 4.51 Hz produced a maximum axial displacement of 30.15 mm. Comparison of the five frequencies indicated that the 10 Hz frequency response curve was smoothest, while the amplitude-frequency curve at 4 Hz showed the greatest fluctuations accompanied by resonance phenomena. At the resonance frequency, the maximum axial displacement of the thoracic spine was at T1, being 31.17 mm, while that of the lumbar spine was at L1, with 0.56 mm. The maximum stress of the intervertebral discs was located between T4 and T5, representing 3.496 MPa, the maximum stress in the small joints was located in the concavity between T7 and T8, with 19.97 MPa and the maximum axial displacement was 54.31 mm, located in the convexity between T6 and T7. <i>Conclusions</i>: The first-order axial resonance frequency was the most harmful to the patient. The uneven stress distribution in the spine was closely related to the degree of spinal deformity, with the thoracic spine being more sensitive to low frequencies than the lumbar spine. The concave side of the spinal deformity was more prone to stress concentrations while the convex side was more prone to deformity, indicating that disc degeneration and small-joint disease are more likely to occur at the most deformed part of the spine.</p>","PeriodicalId":519996,"journal":{"name":"Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics","volume":"26 3","pages":"75-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The real rotational capacity of the human joints - the muscular and gravitational torques and the foot as a platform.","authors":"Jacek Dygut, Monika Piwowar","doi":"10.37190/abb-02462-2024-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/abb-02462-2024-04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose:</i> The purpose was to answer what is the relationship between torques acting on the human body, how does the triceps calf muscle balance the weight of a tilted body and what is the foot's role in the titling body? <i>Methods:</i> Two research models were developed. Model 1 - the one-sided lever system consists of a flat bar with, an axis of rotation, used to determine the weight and torque at a given point on it. Model 2 - the two-sided lever system consists of a flat bar imitating a tilted body counteracted by the Achilles tendon, and a platform imitating a foot. The centre of gravity was determined without considering \"the foot\". <i>Results</i>: When the centre of gravity of the human body tilts, the foot does not participate in the tilt of the rest of the body, because it tilts on the axis of rotation of the upper ankle joint, and not on the plantar side of the foot. The further the point of gravity is from the axis of rotation, the smaller the weight, but the moments of gravity are the same. The apparent weight loss when lifting it with one-sided support (getting up from a squatting position) is a real decrease in the gravitational moment and the lifting moment counteracting it. <i>Conclusions</i>: When analysing human biomechanics, focusing on real rotational force (not only the forces of muscle and gravity) is necessary (muscle moments balancing gravitational moments). The research may help develop effective rehabilitation methods, surgical procedures and sports training.</p>","PeriodicalId":519996,"journal":{"name":"Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics","volume":"26 3","pages":"111-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wojciech Wolański, Edyta Kawlewska, Ilona Łysy, Anna Lipowicz, Julia Walatek, Krzysztof Dowgierd, Małgorzata Kulesa-Mrowiecka, Bożena Marszałek-Kruk, Andrzej Myśliwiec
{"title":"Morphometric assessment of mandibles with complications resulting from temporomandibular joint ankylosis in children from 4 months to 3 years of age.","authors":"Wojciech Wolański, Edyta Kawlewska, Ilona Łysy, Anna Lipowicz, Julia Walatek, Krzysztof Dowgierd, Małgorzata Kulesa-Mrowiecka, Bożena Marszałek-Kruk, Andrzej Myśliwiec","doi":"10.37190/abb-02439-2024-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/abb-02439-2024-02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose</i>: The main aim of this paper was to perform the morphological assessment of children's mandibles of different etiology of dys-functions within the temporomandibular joint, from isolated idiopathic ankylosis to craniofacial malformations co-existing with genetic disorders. <i>Methods</i>: The investigations encompassed seven patients at the age of 0-3. Measurements were conducted on the basis of data obtained from computed tomography. In the patients' 3D models 12 characteristic anthropometric points were marked, on the basis of which the researchers calculated 9 linear dimensions, 3 angles and, further on, 5 indices defining the proportions of the mandible. <i>Results</i>: The comparisons of the measurements showed that the mandibles with malformations were smaller than obtained for healthy children. The values of the mandible angles (alpha) revealed high changeability among the examined children. It was also revealed the significant asymmetry between the right and left side. <i>Conclusions</i>: This work shows an innovative approach to the evaluation of anatomical malformations, whereas the developed indices enable an objective quantitative assessment of geometry, which can be applied to the analysis of the degree of the deformation severity. An in-depth analysis of the image diagnostics should be a standard procedure in the pre-operative planning of surgical treatment and the preparation of multi-specialist logopaedic, functional and orthodontic rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":519996,"journal":{"name":"Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics","volume":"26 3","pages":"159-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of frictional wear in a follow-up screw-rod kinematic node in GGS transpedicular stabilization.","authors":"Justyna Lichosik, Klaudia Szkoda-Poliszuk, Małgorzata Żak, Celina Pezowicz","doi":"10.37190/abb-02517-2024-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/abb-02517-2024-02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose</i>: The aim of this study was to evaluate the abrasive wear of the sliding screw-rod joint used in growth guidance system (GGS) stabilizers, allowing for the translation of the screw along the rod during the spinal growth process in a standard and modified system. <i>Methods</i>: The study used single kinematic screw-rod pairs made of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. Mechanical tests (cyclic loads) simulated the stabilizer's operation under conditions similar to actual use. A microscopic evaluation was conducted, analyzing abrasive wear based on measured abrasion areas. Numerical simulations were performed for the standard joint system and for a structural change (an additional insert to increase contact area between the rod and sliding screw cap). <i>Results</i>: The study evaluated the abrasive wear of the mating elements of the stabilizer. Mechanical tests showed an increase in the force observed (11.74 ± 2.52 N) with the increasing number of load cycles. Microscopic evaluation showed abrasion of the caps and rods in two areas (upper and lower). Numerical simulations indicated the highest stresses in the standard system were on the mating elements, i.e., the rod and the cap (15.6 MPa). In the modified joint, stress distribution differed, concentrating on the surface of the insert and the rod, with maximum values of 6.0 MPa (PE insert) and 12.4 MPa (PEEK insert). <i>Conclusions</i>: Comparing the stress distributions obtained in the numerical simulations and the abrasive wear effects produced in the mechanical tests, a similar mechanism was observed (the destruction of the top layer of the mating elements of the stabilizer).</p>","PeriodicalId":519996,"journal":{"name":"Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics","volume":"26 3","pages":"135-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Importance of the assessment of knee joint function after a stroke.","authors":"Agnieszka Wareńczak-Pawlicka, Ewa Lucka, Mateusz Lucki, Przemysław Lisiński","doi":"10.37190/abb-02510-2024-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/abb-02510-2024-03","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose</i>: This study aimed to assess knee joint function in post-stroke patients using wireless motion sensors and functional tests. This type of evaluation may be important for improving gait quality. <i>Methods</i>: The study included 25 post-stroke patients (age 53.5 ± 8.4 years) and 25 healthy controls (age 51.1 ± 7.7 years). Knee function was assessed using passive range of motion (PROM), active range of motion (AROM) at any speed, maximum speed AROM (FROM), and joint position sense (JPS). Orthyo<sup>®</sup> motion sensors and a mobile app were used for measurements. The following functional tests have been used: Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST) and Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). <i>Results</i>: Before rehabilitation, the average values of PROM ( <i>p</i> = 0.006), AROM ( <i>p</i> = 0.005), FROM average ( <i>p</i> < 0.001) and maximal velocity ( <i>p</i> < 0.001), JPS 30° ( <i>p</i> = 0.002), JPS 60° ( <i>p</i> = 0.002) and JPS 80° ( <i>p</i> < 0.001) were significantly worse in the paretic limb than in healthy people. The applied rehabilitation contributed to improving the PROM and AROM and the average and maximum speed of rapid movement in the knee joint. Proprioception (JPS) also improved. Only the average ( <i>p</i> < 0.001) and maximum speed ( <i>p</i> < 0.001) in the FROM test in the knee joint of the paretic limb after rehabilitation significantly differed from the values in healthy people. The patients' performance (functional tests) improved after rehabilitation (TUG ( <i>p</i> < 0.001) and FTSST ( <i>p</i> < 0.001)), but it did not reach the level of healthy people. <i>Conclusions</i>: The function of the knee joint in the paretic limb is significantly impaired and requires inclusion in the therapy plan in the early period after stroke.</p>","PeriodicalId":519996,"journal":{"name":"Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics","volume":"26 3","pages":"147-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Strength and size relationships of toe flexor muscles in three different functional force production tasks.","authors":"Yuki Kusagawa, Toshiyuki Kurihara, Sumiaki Maeo, Takashi Sugiyama, Hiroaki Kanehisa, Tadao Isaka","doi":"10.37190/abb-02455-2024-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/abb-02455-2024-02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose</i>: Toe flexor strength (TFS) has been determined to evaluate the toe flexor muscle function. However, it is unclear how strength and size relationships of toe flexor muscles vary depending on the toes intended for force production. We aimed to clarify this by examining the relationship between TFS and toe flexor muscle size, and hypothesized TFS produced by all toes (TFS-All), the great toe (TFS-Great) and lesser toes (TFS-Lesser) would be specifically associated with the size of the muscles specialized in each corresponding toe flexion. <i>Methods</i>: The maximal anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA<sub>max</sub>) of each toe flexor muscle was measured by magnetic resonance imaging in twenty healthy young men. The three types of TFS were measured using a custom-made toe push dynamometer. <i>Results</i>: TFS-All was significantly associated with ACSA<sub>max</sub> of the adductor hallucis transverse head (ADDH-TH) (<i>r</i> = 0.58, <i>P</i> = 0.01) and flexor hallucis brevis (FHB) (<i>r</i> = 0.56, <i>P</i> = 0.01). TFS-Great and TFS-Lesser were not significantly correlated with ACSA<sub>max</sub> of any analyzed muscles, except for a significant correlation between TFS-Lesser and dorsal/plantar interosseous muscle (<i>r</i> = 0.48, <i>P</i> = 0.03). <i>Conclusions</i>: The size of two plantar intrinsic foot muscles, FHB, anatomically specialized for the great toe flexion, and ADDH-TH, supplementary flex the great toe, may be the determinant for TFS-All. However, TFS-Great and TFS-Lesser are not associated with the size of the muscles anatomically specialized in each corresponding toe flexion, perhaps due to difficulty in maximally and separately activating individual muscles (i.e., neural/anatomical reasons) during the TFS-Great and TFS-Lesser production.</p>","PeriodicalId":519996,"journal":{"name":"Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics","volume":"26 3","pages":"25-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparison of stop-jump muscle synergies in amateur basketball players with and without asymptomatic patellar tendon abnormalities during simulated games.","authors":"Dongxu Wang, Dong Sun, Zhanyi Zhou, Fengping Li, Xuanzhen Cen, Yang Song, Monèm Jemni, Yaodong Gu","doi":"10.37190/abb-02504-2024-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/abb-02504-2024-02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose</i>: Asymptomatic patellar tendon abnormality (APTA) is considered a precursor to patellar tendinopathy (PT), but its pathogenesis remains unclear, especially regarding changes in muscle coordination. Therefore, it is essential to explore the muscle synergy patterns in individuals with APTA. <i>Methods:</i> This study recorded sEMG data during stop-jump tasks in 8 APTA and 8 healthy amateur male basketball players in a simulated basketball game. Muscle synergies were extracted using Non-Negative Matrix Factorization and <i>K</i>-Means clustering. <i>Results</i>: Three synergies were identified in both groups. In Synergy 1, tibialis anterior, semitendinosus and vastus lateralis weights primarily influenced the waveform. In Synergy 2, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis and medial gastrocnemius weights primarily influenced the waveform. In Synergy 3, peroneus longus, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis weights primarily influenced the waveform. Key findings include higher vastus medialis weight in the APTA group during P1 and P2, and higher semitendinosus weight in P3 and P4. Additionally, the gastrocnemius and biceps femoris showed significant differences between groups across phases. <i>Conclusions:</i> The APTA group exhibited different muscle synergy patterns under specific phases and load accumulation conditions, particularly in the vastus medialis, medial gastrocnemius, biceps femoris and peroneus longus. The APTA group demonstrated distinct synergy patterns, suggesting a compensatory mechanism to reduce patellar tendon load, potentially increasing knee injury risk. This finding provides new guidance for clinical assessment and intervention strategies for the training and rehabilitation of APTA individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":519996,"journal":{"name":"Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics","volume":"26 3","pages":"97-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A study on the performance of WordSID thorax module for thorax injury prediction in e-Bike rider based on real accident data.","authors":"Yi Chang, Yongcheng Long, Xinming Wan, Yu Liu, Guojie Wang, Guanjun Zhang, Zhi Xiao","doi":"10.37190/abb-02489-2024-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/abb-02489-2024-02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, the analysis of 2824 vulnerable road users (VRU) accident data from China's FASS (Future mobile traffic Accident Scenario Study) database indicates that VRU side impacts are the most common collision scenarios. A typical accident (minivan-toeBike) from the FASS database was selected for accident reconstruction. WordSID thorax module has been employed to evaluate e-Bike rider thorax injuries and its kinematic difference has been investigated as well. The e-Bike rider was simulated by THUMS (Total Human Model for Safety). The kinematic data of THUMS thorax obtained from the accident reconstruction were used as the boundary conditions of WorldSID dummy thorax to simulate the collision between thorax and accident vehicle, and the deflection of WorldSID dummy thorax was outputted and compared with THUMS rib deflection. The accident reconstruction results using the THUMS model match the human thorax injury conditions. The WorldSID thorax module can effectively replicate the motion of the thorax and predict thorax injury conditions in the minivan-to-eBike collision, but it does not reflect the bending of the spine during the e-Bike rider impact process, nor does it consider the impact of forces on the head, neck, and lower limbs. Therefore, further improvements are still necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":519996,"journal":{"name":"Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics","volume":"26 3","pages":"171-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magdalena Kromka-Szydek, Gabriela Chwalik-Pilszyk, Zygmunt Dziechciowski
{"title":"Analysis of vibrations transmitted to the feet of a wheelchair user.","authors":"Magdalena Kromka-Szydek, Gabriela Chwalik-Pilszyk, Zygmunt Dziechciowski","doi":"10.37190/abb-02435-2024-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/abb-02435-2024-05","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose</i>: The aim of the study was to quantitatively evaluate the vibrations received on the wheelchair footrest and to determine whether wheelchair users are at risk of vibration-white foot. This assessment was made using the ISO 2631 standard. <i>Methods</i>: The measurements were taken on the footrest of a universal wheelchair. The tests were carried out on five surfaces frequently found in public spaces and measurements were carried out on a study group of eight non-disabled people. <i>Results</i>: The vibration values received on the footrest of a universal wheelchair are higher compared to the vibrations received on the seat. It was found that the comfort limit defined by the ISO 2631 standard for frequencies in the range of 30-40 Hz was exceeded. <i>Conclusions:</i> Research shows that a wheelchair user is exposed to whole body vibrations occurring on the footrest. It therefore seems reasonable to take steps to minimize this factor.</p>","PeriodicalId":519996,"journal":{"name":"Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics","volume":"26 3","pages":"35-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}