Journal of physiological investigation最新文献

{"title":"Neuroprotective Role of Transchalcone in Parkinson's Disease through AMP-activated Protein Kinase-mediated Signaling Pathway.","authors":"Yao Cheng, Shaik Althaf Hussain, Turki Mayudh Alrubie, Xiaomin Zhang","doi":"10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-24-00083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-24-00083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a gradually worsening neurodegenerative condition marked by the deterioration of dopaminergic neurons, motor dysfunction, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Trans-chalcone, a natural flavonoid, has shown promise in various disease models because of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features. This study investigates the neuroprotective effects of transchalcone in a rat model of PD, focusing on its impact on the activation levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, sirtuin1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) proteins, and mitochondrial-inflammatory responses. Male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated into five groups Control, Control plus transchalcone, PD, PD plus transchalcone, PD plus compound-C, and PD plus Compound-C and trans-chalcone. PD was induced using intranigral 6-hydroxydopamine injection. Trans-chalcone (100 μg/kg) and compound-C (20 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally administered daily for 4 weeks in PD rats. Motor function was assessed using rota-rod and grid tests. Striatal dopamine and cytokines (interleukin 1-beta [IL-1 β], IL-10) and p65-nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mitochondrial function was evaluated by fluorometric techniques. The expression of phosphorylated AMPK, PGC-1α, and SIRT1 was analyzed by Western blotting. Trans-chalcone treatment significantly improved motor function, evidenced by increased latency to fall in the rota-rod test and recovered traversal time in the grid test. It also restored dopamine levels, enhanced mitochondrial function (reduced reactive oxygen species levels, increased membrane potential, and adenosine triphosphate production), normalized cytokines (IL-1 β, IL-10) and p65-NF-κB, and upregulated the proteins expression in rats with PD. Inhibition of AMPK activity with compound-C suppressed the neuroprotective impacts of trans-chalcone, highlighting the contribution of AMPK signaling pathway in its mechanism of action. Neuroprotective and mitoprotective impacts of trans-chalcone were mostly mediated through the activation of AMPK-SIRT1-PGC1α pathway. These results indicate that trans-chalcone could be a promising therapeutic agent for PD, warranting further investigation to assess its efficacy and safety in human patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":519921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physiological investigation","volume":"67 6","pages":"312-320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142788203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leptin Promotes the Expression of Pro-inflammatory Mediator Genes but Does Not Alter Osteoclastogenesis and Early Stage Differentiation of Osteoblasts.","authors":"Chien-Ning Hsu, Chih-Hong Kao, Chin-Hua Yang, Ming-Te Cheng, Yu-Pao Hsu, Shinn-Gwo Hong, Chao-Ling Yao, Yu-Hsu Chen","doi":"10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-24-00038","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-24-00038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Leptin, a hormone secreted by adipose tissue, plays a pivotal role in maintaining energy metabolism and bone quality. Dysregulation of leptin can lead to the development of various pathological conditions. For example, the concentration of leptin is increased in individuals with obesity, and this increased concentration is positively correlated with higher bone mass. In addition, mice lacking leptin or the leptin receptor exhibit substantial bone loss, further highlighting the pivotal role of leptin in regulating bone metabolism. However, the precise mechanism through which leptin affects bone remodeling remains unclear. The present study investigated the effect of leptin on osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. Osteoblasts derived from MC3T3-E1 cells and osteoclasts derived from RAW 264.7 cells were used. The findings revealed that leptin did not substantially affect osteoclastogenesis or osteoblastogenesis. Furthermore, leptin did not affect cell viability during osteoclast differentiation. The expression of inflammatory mediators was increased in differentiating RAW 264.7 cells. However, the expression of critical bone resorptive genes, including Ctsk and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, was not elevated following leptin stimulation. By contrast, leptin did not alter the expression of key osteogenic genes in preosteoblasts in the early stage of differentiation. These data demonstrate that leptin can stimulate the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in differentiating osteoclasts. These changes do not affect osteoblastogenesis or osteoclastogenesis. Leptin may downregulate bone resorption and enhance mineralization to increase bone mass.</p>","PeriodicalId":519921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physiological investigation","volume":" ","pages":"355-363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142684042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Promising Key Factors Mediating Secondary Neuronal Damage in the Perihematomal Region of Intracerebellar Hemorrhage of Mice.","authors":"Saandeep Bhatia, Ramissh Paramasivam, Mohd Khairul Izamil Bin Zolkefley, Regunath Kandasamy, Sangu Muthuraju, Jafri Malin Abdullah","doi":"10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-24-00013","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-24-00013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The underlying mechanisms of secondary neuronal damage following intracerebellar hemorrhage (ICbH) have not yet been clearly understood. Our previous study reported apoptotic neuronal damage in the perihematomal region (PH) in mice. However, the possible key factors causing secondary neuronal damage in ICbH are not yet known. Therefore, we aimed to study the vital factors in the mediation of secondary neuronal damage following ICbH induced by collagenase type VII (0.4 U/μL of saline) into the cerebellum of mice. The mice were grouped into four groups: (1) control group ( n = 12), (2) day-1 group ( n = 12), (3) day-3 group ( n = 12), and (4) day-7 group ( n = 12). All mice underwent behavior assessment following induction of ICbH and were subsequently sacrificed on days 1, 3, and 7. Perihaematoma samples were collected to study morphological changes, immunohistochemistry, nitric oxide (NO) estimation, and oxidative stress markers, respectively. Mouse behavior was disturbed following ICbH on days 3 and 7 compared to the control. In addition, neuronal damage was found in the PH region. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1) were highly expressed on day 7, while gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1 (GABA A α1)-containing receptor subunit was detected on days 1 and 3. NO increased on day 1 post-induction and decreased on days 3 and 7. The expressions of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), neuronal nitric oxide synthases (nNOSs), glutathione peroxidase 1, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were significantly increased on day 3. Morphological studies of the PH and tissue showed that neuronal damage occurred from day 1 onward and peaked on day 3, associated with alterations in NO, reactive astrocytes (GFAP), glutamate transport regulation (EAAT1), and GABA receptor. Briefly, significant changes in the key markers in the PH regions at different time points are possibly crucial factors facilitating secondary neuronal damage in the PH region. Identifying the time window of these vital changes could help prevent secondary damage and optimize the treatment to occur at proper time points.</p>","PeriodicalId":519921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physiological investigation","volume":" ","pages":"321-334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142550022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic Restraint Stress Did Not Alter Active Avoidance Coping or Neuronal Activation Levels of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex or the Nucleus Accumbens in Male Rats.","authors":"Hsun-Yi Kuan, Chun-Hui Chang","doi":"10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-24-00066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-24-00066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Stress is an adaptive response crucial for survival. However, chronic stress can lead to maladaptive behaviors and health issues. Prolonged stress reduces the flexibility of defensive coping behaviors. Previous studies have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) play critical roles in maintaining active avoidance instead of freezing behaviors in face of threats. This study aimed to investigate whether chronic stress altered the prelimbic cortex, infralimbic cortex, NAc core and the NAc shell neuronal activation levels and the defensive coping in male rats in face of danger, and we hypothesized that the activation levels of these two brain regions would decrease and the animals would spend more time in freezing. The animals underwent a chronic restraint stress procedure (2 h/day) for consecutive 14 days. Using a cued lever-pressing shock avoidance task, we assessed the avoidance coping and the neuronal activities in the mPFC and the NAc. Our results showed that compared to nonstressed controls, animals that underwent chronic restraint stress were slower in gaining body weight and developed despair-like behaviors in the forced swim test. However, contrary to our hypothesis, chronic restraint stress did not alter active avoidance coping or neuronal activation levels of the mPFC and the NAc.</p>","PeriodicalId":519921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physiological investigation","volume":"67 5","pages":"270-280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142515885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morpho-physiological Diversity of Cholecystokinin-expressing Interneurons in the Dentate Gyrus.","authors":"Yu-Jui Li, Chia-Wei Yeh, Wahab Imam Abdulmajeed, Musa Iyiola Ajibola, Cheng-Chang Lien","doi":"10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-24-00065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-24-00065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The hippocampus plays a crucial role in learning, memory, and emotion, with the dentate gyrus (DG) serving as the primary gateway. The DG receives multimodal sensory inputs from outside the hippocampus and relays this integrated information to downstream regions for further processing. Within the DG, inhibitory GABAergic interneurons (INs) regulate information processing, thereby influencing the overall hippocampal function. Cholecystokinin (CCK)-expressing INs in the DG are particularly implicated in emotional behavior due to their expression of cannabinoid and serotonin receptors. However, studying the morpho-electrophysiological features and functions of these INs has been challenging due to the off-target labeling of granule cells (GCs), the primary excitatory neurons in the DG, when using the CCK recombinase driver line. To address this issue, we employed an intersectional strategy to selectively label CCK INs, allowing us to investigate their electrophysiological, morphological, and synaptic features, which were further confirmed by post hoc pro-CCK immunostaining. Our analysis identified nine distinct subtypes of CCK INs, each with unique projection patterns targeting specific domains along the axo-somato-dendritic axis of GCs. CCK INs also exhibited diverse passive intrinsic properties and firing patterns. In addition, we found that CCK INs generate action potentials before GCs in response to cortical input, suggesting that they play a role in modulating GC input-output transformation. In summary, our findings indicate that DG CCK INs are diverse subpopulations with distinct roles in network functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":519921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physiological investigation","volume":"67 5","pages":"258-269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142515886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of Neurotransmission by Acid-Sensing Ion Channels.","authors":"Pu-Yeh Wu, Cheng-Chang Lien","doi":"10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-24-00062","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-24-00062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Interstitial pH fluctuations occur normally in the brain and significantly modulate neuronal functions. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), which serve as neuronal acid chemosensors, play important roles in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. However, the specific mechanisms by which ASICs influence neurotransmission remain elusive. Here, we report that ASICs modulate transmitter release and axonal excitability at a glutamatergic synapse in the rat and mouse hippocampus. Blocking ASIC1a channels with the tarantula peptide psalmotoxin 1 down-regulates basal transmission and alters short-term plasticity. Notably, the effect of psalmotoxin 1 on ASIC-mediated modulation is age-dependent, occurring only during a limited postnatal period (postnatal weeks 2-6). This finding suggests that protons, through the activation of ASICs, may act as modulators in synapse formation and maturation during early development.</p>","PeriodicalId":519921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physiological investigation","volume":" ","pages":"242-248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142305794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zhenbao Pill Attenuates Microglia Activation to Improve Spinal Cord Injury via miR-214-5p/SOX4/β-catenin Axis.","authors":"Yanqiang Huan, Juan He, Pengfei Li, Fei Wang, Huidong Zhou, Yongxiong He","doi":"10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-23-00025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-23-00025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Zhenbao pill (ZBP) has been shown to improve outcomes in spinal cord injury (SCI). However, its potential regulatory mechanisms in SCI remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to define the role of ZBP and its underlying molecular mechanisms in SCI, both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings indicated that ZBP ameliorated SCI by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and the inflammatory response through the enhancement of miR-214-5p in vivo. In vitro, ZBP significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory factors, increased cell viability, and decreased apoptosis induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-activated microglia via miR-214-5p. Furthermore, the addition of miR-214-5p diminished the inflammatory response, enhanced cell viability, and suppressed apoptosis in OGD-treated microglia. We identified SRY-box transcription factor 4 (SOX4) as a potential target of miR-214-5p. Overexpression of SOX4 negated the effects of miR-214-5p on the inflammatory response, cell viability, and apoptosis in OGD-activated microglia. ZBP inhibited SOX4/β-catenin activation and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by enhancing miR-214-5p in activated microglia. In summary, our findings demonstrate that ZBP mitigates SCI by inhibiting neuronal damage caused by activated microglia through the miR-214-5p/SOX4/β-catenin axis, providing valuable insights into the molecular basis of ZBP as a therapeutic agent for SCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":519921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physiological investigation","volume":"67 5","pages":"281-291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142515888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postnatal Neuronal Nogo-A Knockdown Decreased the Message of Glutamatergic Synaptic Proteins.","authors":"Alicia M Case, Jonathan D Lautz, Son T Ton, Edward M Campbell, Jody L Martin, Gwendolyn L Kartje, Shih-Yen Tsai","doi":"10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-24-00063","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-24-00063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>It is well known that oligodendrocyte-associated Nogo-A protein is an important regulator of axonal outgrowth and an important inhibitor of functional recovery and anatomical plasticity after central nervous system (CNS) injury. Abundant studies of oligodendrocyte-associated Nogo-A function in the uninjured rodent have suggested a role in neuronal development and synaptic function. On the other hand, the roles of neuron-associated (i.e., neuronal) Nogo-A have not been fully investigated. We have previously shown that neuronal Nogo-A influence dendritic spine density and morphology in pyramidal neurons of the intact neocortex. To further examine the role of neuronal Nogo-A in this synaptic population, we designed an RNAi directed against Nogo-A, delivered to the developing rat sensorimotor cortex using a neurotropic viral vector adeno-associated virus (AAV) 2/8. We examined the transduced neocortex for molecules important for synaptic plasticity, including N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits GRIN2A; glutamate receptor subunit epsilon-1 (NR2A), and GRIN2B; glutamate receptor subunit epsilon-2 (NR2B), as well as postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95). Furthermore, we also determined the density of excitatory synapses by examining the presynaptic protein vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGLut1) as a marker for potential excitatory synapses. Our results showed that neuronal Nogo-A knockdown in postnatal pyramidal neurons of the sensorimotor cortex led to a significant decrease in NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B messenger RNA when examined as adults. However, there was no difference in PSD-95 expression in comparison to controls. In addition, the decrease in the number of vGlut1(+) puncta on branches of apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons indicated the loss of synapses that have a strong influence on direct current entering the dendrite. Taken together, these results indicate that neuronal Nogo-A may regulate synaptic plasticity by modulating the components of excitatory synapses. This finding represents a novel role in excitatory synaptic formation for neuronal Nogo-A in developing neurons of the uninjured CNS.</p>","PeriodicalId":519921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physiological investigation","volume":"67 5","pages":"249-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142515887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of the Orbitofrontal Cortex in the Regulation of Fear Coping Strategies.","authors":"Hsun-Yi Kuan, Chun-Hui Chang","doi":"10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-24-00072","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-24-00072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Under threats, individuals exhibit freezing behavior and prepare for active coping. The ability to flexibly shift between freezing and active coping increases survival chances in animals and decreases susceptibility to mental disorders among human beings. For example, patients with psychiatric disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, often show maladaptive coping behaviors. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a critical hub to process higher cognitive functions, sensory inputs, reward learning, and decision-making. It also regulates negative emotions and its aberrant activation level often correlates with numerous mental disorders. The rodent OFC comprises different subdivisions with varying connections to cortical and subcortical regions. Among these subdivisions, the medial orbital area (MO) and the lateral orbital area (LO) have distinct functions in the regulation of fear. Here, we updated the existing rodent literature studying the function of the OFC, with a particular focus on the MO and the LO in different coping strategies of animals. By examining the role of the OFC in the mediation of defensive coping strategies, we aim to deepen the understanding of its functional importance on mental health.</p>","PeriodicalId":519921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physiological investigation","volume":" ","pages":"233-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142336056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Different Muscle Relaxation Techniques on the Upper Trapezius and Its Relationship with the Middle Trapezius.","authors":"Gao Li, Dan Liu, Di Yang, Ling He","doi":"10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-24-00041","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ejpi.EJPI-D-24-00041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The relaxation of trapezius muscles is widely believed to alleviate fatigue or injury of the trapezius muscles and reduce the risk of shoulder and neck pain. This study aims to examine the effects of different muscle relaxation techniques on the physical properties of the trapezius muscle and to explore how changes in the physical properties of the upper trapezius muscle affect those of the middle trapezius muscle. Twenty-four healthy males (mean age: 23.08 ± 0.97 years; height: 172.42 ± 4.61 cm; weight: 66.38 ± 6.68 kg; and body mass index: 22.30 ± 1.81 kg/m2), randomly divided into four groups: stretching relaxation group (ST, n = 6), mechanical vibration massage (MV, n = 6), pulse massage (PU, n = 6), and control (CO, n = 6). Measurements using the Myoton digital muscle assessment system were conducted daily over 2 weeks. The experimental groups demonstrated a notable decrease in tension and stiffness, accompanied by heightened elasticity in the upper trapezius muscles. Conversely, the control group exhibited contrasting trends. Although no significant variances were detected among the relaxation techniques, all proved efficacious compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, relaxation of the upper trapezius muscles significantly influenced the middle trapezius muscles (P < 0.05). Various relaxation methods positively influenced trapezius muscle attributes over 2 weeks, with inter-regional effects noted.</p>","PeriodicalId":519921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physiological investigation","volume":"67 4","pages":"225-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142116790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}