Translational exercise biomedicine最新文献

{"title":"Association of circulating Notch1 and VEGF with flow-mediated dilation and aerobic fitness in healthy adults.","authors":"Brooke R Shepley, Nick J Lester, Lana H Yacoub, Anthony R Bain","doi":"10.1515/teb-2025-0006","DOIUrl":"10.1515/teb-2025-0006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Notch1 is a mechanosensitive endothelial receptor that responds to vascular wall shear stress. However, data on Notch1 activity in humans remains limited, particularly regarding its role in endothelial function.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to determine whether Notch1 is associated with the flow-mediated dilatory (FMD) response and whether it is related to aerobic fitness. A secondary purpose was to determine whether Notch1 is related to concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixteen (8M/8F) young (20-30 yrs old) and healthy (BMI: 25 ± 4.2 kg/m², blood pressure: 117 ± 11.63/69 ± 11.25 mmHg) adults participated in the study. Aerobic fitness was determined by cycle V̇O₂ peak. An FMD was performed on the brachial artery, and blood samples were taken from an antecubital vein at rest (baseline) and 1 min after cuff deflation (to align with peak vessel dilation). Concentrations of Notch1 extracellular domain (NECD) and VEGF were determined from plasma using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In contrast to our hypothesis, concentrations of NECD and VEGF did not change throughout the FMD and were unrelated to allometrically scaled FMD values (p all>0.05). Likewise, there was no relationship between changes in NECD and VEGF (p=0.331, r=0.127). However, the change in NECD across the FMD was moderately (r=0.515) and significantly (p=0.024) correlated with V̇O₂ peak.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These novel data indicate that in healthy young adults, Notch1 activity is linked to aerobic fitness but may not be acutely involved in the shear-mediated vasodilatory response.</p>","PeriodicalId":519893,"journal":{"name":"Translational exercise biomedicine","volume":"2 2","pages":"74-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12239093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144610780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial and cardiovascular responses to aerobic exercise training in supine and upright positions in healthy young adults: a randomized parallel arm trial.","authors":"Nicholas Preobrazenski, Stuart P S Mladen, Ejaz Causer, Eveline Menezes, Hashim Islam, Patrick J Drouin, Michael E Tschakovsky, Brendon J Gurd","doi":"10.1515/teb-2025-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/teb-2025-0002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Aerobic exercise training can increase skeletal muscle mitochondrial content. Supine exercise training with legs above the heart potentially augments these increases. However, the impact of supine exercise training on mitochondrial biogenesis and cardiovascular adaptations remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this single-centred, randomized, parallel arm trial, 19 recreationally active individuals underwent seven sessions of either supine with legs up (SUP; n=9, 6 females) or upright with legs down (UP; n=10, 7 females) aerobic training on a recumbent bike at 71 ± 7 % and 71 ± 2 % of peak work rate (WR_peak), respectively. The study aimed to test the effects of training with decreased muscle oxygenation on indices of muscle mitochondrial remodelling. Secondary outcomes included exercise performance, muscle oxygenation, and cardiovascular responses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Secondary outcomes revealed significant interaction effects for time to fatigue (TTF) and WR_peak in the SUP group during supine testing, suggesting enhanced exercise tolerance and performance. No between group interaction effects were observed for upright testing. No clear effects on mitochondrial biogenesis were observed based on expression of mitochondrial protein subunits and transcriptional regulators. Acutely, HR_peak was lower during the SUP Test compared to the UP Test. No central cardiovascular adaptations were observed following training.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our exploratory analyses showed that supine aerobic training more effectively improves supine exercise tolerance and performance compared with upright training, despite no differences in measured proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these postural-specific training effects.</p><p><strong>Registration: </strong>clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04151095.</p>","PeriodicalId":519893,"journal":{"name":"Translational exercise biomedicine","volume":"2 1","pages":"9-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11987498/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144030965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nicotinic acid improves mitochondrial function and associated transcriptional pathways in older inactive males.","authors":"Colleen S Deane, Craig R G Willis, Iain J Gallagher, Matthew S Brook, Nima Gharahdaghi, Lee J Wylie, Daniel J Wilkinson, Kenneth Smith, Philip J Atherton, Timothy Etheridge","doi":"10.1515/teb-2024-0030","DOIUrl":"10.1515/teb-2024-0030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To examine the effect of the NAD⁺ precursor, nicotinic acid (NA), for improving skeletal muscle status in sedentary older people.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled design, 18 sedentary yet otherwise healthy older (65-75 y) males were assigned to 2-weeks of NA (acipimox; 250 mg × 3 daily, n=8) or placebo (PLA, n=10) supplementation. At baseline, and after week 1 and week 2 of supplementation, a battery of functional, metabolic, and molecular readouts were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Resting and submaximal respiratory exchange ratio was lower (p<0.05) after 2 weeks in the NA group only, but maximal aerobic and anaerobic function and glucose handling were unchanged (p>0.05). Bayesian statistical modelling identified that leak, maximal coupled and maximal uncoupled mitochondrial respiratory states, increased over the 2-week supplemental period in the NA group (probability for a positive change (pd) 85.2, 90.8 and 95.9 %, respectively) but not in PLA. Citrate synthase and protein content of complex II (SDHB) and V (ATP5A) electron transport chain (ETC) components increased over the 2-week period in the NA group only (pd 95.1, 74.5 and 82.3 %, respectively). Mitochondrial and myofibrillar protein synthetic rates remained unchanged in both groups. NA intake altered the muscle transcriptome by increasing the expression of gene pathways related to cell adhesion/cytoskeleton organisation and inflammation/immunity and decreasing pathway expression of ETC and aerobic respiration processes. NAD⁺-specific pathways (e.g., <i>de novo</i> NAD⁺ biosynthetic processes) and genes (e.g., <i>NADSYN1</i>) were uniquely regulated by NA.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>NA might be an effective strategy for improving ageing muscle mitochondrial health.</p>","PeriodicalId":519893,"journal":{"name":"Translational exercise biomedicine","volume":"1 3-4","pages":"277-294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11653476/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142866920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-sectional analysis of blood leukocyte responsiveness to interleukin-10 and interleukin-6 across age and physical activity level.","authors":"Hashim Islam, Jordan Boultbee, Garett S Jackson, Alice L Mui, Jonathan P Little","doi":"10.1515/teb-2024-0027","DOIUrl":"10.1515/teb-2024-0027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine how the anti-inflammatory actions of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-6 differ across age and physical activity levels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using a cross-sectional design, fasted blood samples were obtained from younger physically inactive (YI: n=10, age: 22.7 ± 3.7 years, BMI: 24.8 ± 4.8 kg/m², <150 min of weekly moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA]), younger highly active (YA: n=11 varsity cross country running athletes, 20.7 ± 2.7 years, 21.1 ± 1.8 kg/m², >300 min of weekly MVPA), and older highly active (OA: 12, 56.0 ± 10.3 years, 22.8 ± 3.2 kg/m², >300 min of weekly MVPA) individuals and analyzed for leukocyte counts, IL-10 and IL-6-related signaling, and cytokine secretion <i>ex vivo.</i></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Total white blood cells and monocytes were similar between groups (p=0.8) but YA and OA had lower lymphocyte counts than YI (p<0.01). The ability of IL-10 (1 ng/mL) to phosphorylate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in CD14 monocytes was greater in YA vs. YI (p<0.03) despite YA having lower IL-10 receptor expression (p<0.01). IL-6 (10 ng/mL) mediated STAT3 phosphorylation in CD4 lymphocytes was higher in OA compared YI (p<0.01), with a similar tendency observed for YA vs. YI (p=0.08). Despite enhanced responsiveness of STAT3 to IL-10/6 in active individuals, the ability of IL-10/6 to inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-⍺) secretion from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole-blood was similar between groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Highly active younger and older individuals demonstrate enhanced IL-10- and IL-6-mediated activation of immune cell STAT3. Although the ability of IL-10/6 to inhibit TNF-⍺ secretion appeared unimpacted by activity level, anti-inflammatory cytokine actions were preserved in older active individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":519893,"journal":{"name":"Translational exercise biomedicine","volume":"1 3-4","pages":"255-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11653474/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142866865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of exercise and fasting on mitochondrial regulators in human muscle.","authors":"Eveline S Menezes, Hashim Islam, Benjamin B Arhen, Craig A Simpson, Chris McGlory, Brendon J Gurd","doi":"10.1515/teb-2024-0014","DOIUrl":"10.1515/teb-2024-0014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the impact of acute energetic stress (acute HIIE and fasting) on <i>ERRγ</i>, <i>PPARβ</i>, <i>NR1D1</i>, <i>NR4A1</i>, and <i>TFEB</i> in human skeletal muscle.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The current study performed secondary analyses using muscle biopsy samples from two previously published studies: study 1) leg muscle biopsies from nine men and eight women were obtained pre and 3 h following acute high-intensity interval cycling exercise (HIIE); study 2) leg muscle biopsies were obtained from nine men pre-, during, and post-an 8 h fast with or without 2 h of arm ergometer exercise. RT-PCR was performed on samples from each study to determine the mRNA expression of <i>ERRγ</i>, <i>PPARβ</i>, <i>NR1D1</i>, <i>NR4A1</i>, and <i>TFEB</i>. Additionally, we retrieved data from meta-analyzed human muscle gene expression using the publicly available database MetaMex.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>PGC-1α</i> (p<0.01, d=1.98) and <i>NR4A1</i> (p<0.01, d=1.36) mRNA expression significantly increased while <i>TFEB</i> (p≤0.05, d=0.70) decreased following HIIE. Significant decreases in <i>NR4A1</i> and <i>NR1D1</i> mRNA expression were observed following an 8 h fast. Our MetaMex analyses revealed significant increases (p<0.05) in <i>PGC-1α</i> and <i>NR4A1</i> expression following aerobic and resistance exercise, and in <i>PPARβ</i> expression following resistance exercise.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our data indicate that acute HIIE stimulates increases in <i>NR4A1</i> and <i>PGC-1α</i> and decreases in <i>TFEB</i> mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle. Additionally, a short term (8 h) fast reduced the mRNA expression of the transcriptional regulators <i>NR4A1</i> and <i>NR1D1</i> - potentially as a mechanism of decreasing mitochondrial biogenesis to reduce energy expenditure during a period of restricted energy availability.</p>","PeriodicalId":519893,"journal":{"name":"Translational exercise biomedicine","volume":"1 3-4","pages":"183-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11653475/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142866912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why the dominance of East Africans in distance running? a narrative review","authors":"G. Grivas, Vincent O. Onywera, L. A. Marco-Contreras, Shaun Sutehall, B. Muñiz-Pardos","doi":"10.1515/teb-2024-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/teb-2024-0018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Runners from East Africa including Kenya, Ethiopia and Uganda have dominated middle- and long-distance running events, for almost six decades. This narrative review examines and updates current understanding of the factors explaining the dominance of East Africans in distance running from a holistic perspective.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The dominance of East African distance runners has puzzled researchers, with various factors proposed to explain their unparalleled success. Four key elements emerge: 1) biomechanical and physiological attributes, 2) training characteristics, 3) psychological motivations, and 4) African diet. Runners from East Africa often exhibit ectomorphic somatotypes, characterized by lean body compositions which lead them to an extraordinary biomechanical and metabolic efficiency. Their sociocultural lifestyle, training regimens beginning at a young age with aerobic activities, seem crucial, as well as moderate volume, high-intensity workouts at altitudes ranging from 2,000 to 3,000 m. Psychological factors, including a strong motivation to succeed driven by aspirations for socioeconomic improvement and a rich tradition of running excellence, also contribute significantly. A multifactorial explanation considering these factors, without a clear genetic influence, is nowadays the strongest argument to explain the East African phenomenon.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 To unravel the mystery behind the supremacy of East African runners, it is imperative to consider these multifaceted factors. The predominantly rural lifestyle of the East African population underscores the importance of aligning modern lifestyles with the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens, where physical activity was integral to daily life. Further research is required to explain this phenomenon, with a focus on genetics.\u0000","PeriodicalId":519893,"journal":{"name":"Translational exercise biomedicine","volume":"6 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141926927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A unique pseudo-eligibility analysis of longitudinal laboratory performance data from a transgender female competitive cyclist","authors":"Blair R. Hamilton, Ke Hu, F. Guppy, Y. Pitsiladis","doi":"10.1515/teb-2024-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/teb-2024-0017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The Union Cycliste Internationale has deemed transgender female athlete’s ineligible for the female category due to concerns about performance advantages. We conducted a follow-up analysis on laboratory-based performance indicators of sports performance using data from a longitudinally assessed transgender woman athlete undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 We evaluated laboratory performance indicators in transgender and cisgender women athletes using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning, handgrip strength measurement, jump testing, and cardiopulmonary exercise. Additionally, we assessed a transgender sub-elite cyclist before and after undergoing GAHT.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 After one year of GAHT, the transgender athlete showed declines in handgrip strength (7–13 %), countermovement jump (23–29 %), and V̇O2max (15–30 %). After 3 months, several performance indicators (absolute handgrip, peak power, relative peak power, average power, relative average power, V̇O2max and relative V̇O2max) were above the mean of cisgender female athletes, while others (Relative handgrip, countermovement jump and relative countermovement jump) were below. Similar trends were observed at 6 months and 1 year.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This hypothetical analysis, although with limited evidence, suggests the transgender athlete could compete equitably in elite cycling events within the female category after one year of GAHT. Adjustments based on competition data would ensure fairness. Further analysis after an additional 12 months is recommended to assess the impact of 2 years of GAHT. An outright ineligibility for the female category for transgender women athletes would hinder a true assessment of performance fairness.\u0000","PeriodicalId":519893,"journal":{"name":"Translational exercise biomedicine","volume":"25 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141796766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caveolin-3 regulates slow oxidative myofiber formation in female mice","authors":"Xinyuan Zhang, Xiaoyang Shi, Jinjie Li, Guangning Kou","doi":"10.1515/teb-2024-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/teb-2024-0004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Caveolin-3 (Cav-3) plays a pivotal role in maintaining skeletal muscle mass and function. Mutations or deletions of Cav-3 can result in the development of various forms of myopathy, which affect the integrity and repair capacity of muscle fiber membranes. However, the potential effect of Cav-3 on myofiber type composition remains unclear.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 To investigate the effect of Cav-3 on muscle strength and running capacity, we examined the grip force test and the low/high-speed running test. Oxidative and glycolytic myofiber-related genes, proteins, and skeletal muscle fiber composition were measured to determine the role of the Cav-3 in oxidative myofiber formation.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 We report the impact of Cav-3 on enhancing muscle endurance performance in female mice, and the discovery of a new physiological function to increase the proportion of slow-twitch oxidative muscle fiber by analyzing the gastrocnemius and soleus. Skeletal muscle-specific ablation of Cav-3 in female mice increased oxidative myofiber-related gene expression and type I oxidative myofiber composition, with resultant improvements in endurance performance. In male mice, the absence of Cav-3 in skeletal muscle reduced in the expression of glycolytic fiber-related genes and proteins.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study identified Cav-3 as a regulator of slow-twitch oxidative muscle fiber formation acting on female mice, which may provide a potential target for improving muscle oxidative function.\u0000","PeriodicalId":519893,"journal":{"name":"Translational exercise biomedicine","volume":"55 44","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141799535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the Olympic and Paralympic games","authors":"Fabio Pigozzi","doi":"10.1515/teb-2024-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/teb-2024-0023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":519893,"journal":{"name":"Translational exercise biomedicine","volume":"22 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141801061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender equality policy of the Olympic Movement in Chinese sport governing bodies: the case of elite volleyball","authors":"Xingmeng Ava Huang, Patrick Wing Chung Lau","doi":"10.1515/teb-2024-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/teb-2024-0007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This research based on the theoretical framework of globalisation focuses on the development of gender equality policy in the Olympic Movement and the implementation of IOC’s gender equality policy in the context of Chinese elite volleyball.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In addition to documentary analysis, 17 semi-structured interviews were conducted with key insiders within Chinese elite volleyball system to provide a comprehensive understanding of the IOC’s gender equality policy implementation. The analysis involved perspectives of athletes’ participation, coaching positions, and leadership roles according to three main elements of the IOC’s gender equality policy.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The findings demonstrated that the responses of Chinese elite volleyball to IOC’s gender equality policy are participative, conflictual, and passive in terms of the gender balance of athletes’ participation, coaches’ positions, and the representation of leadership roles respectively.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 IOC recommended subordinated stakeholders including NOCs to implement gender equality policy. The attitude of Chinese elite volleyball governing body towards gender equality is generally positive. However, IOC’s gender equality policy is not consistently transferred at national level. Policy might be implemented with symbolic measure in China without monitoring system. Referees should be included in policy contents in addition to athletes, coaches and leaders. In addition, since IOC’s gender equality policy and statistics have been keeping updated, further results with respect to the case of volleyball should be demonstrated in future research.\u0000","PeriodicalId":519893,"journal":{"name":"Translational exercise biomedicine","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141804377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}