Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI最新文献

{"title":"The Analysis of E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin, Vimentin, HER-2, CEA, CA15-3 and SF Expression in the Diagnosis of Canine Mammary Tumors.","authors":"Chao Yu,&nbsp;Huihua Zheng,&nbsp;Xiangyu Liu,&nbsp;Guanghong Xie","doi":"10.3390/ani12213050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12213050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are one of the most common tumors in female dogs, and they are associated with a poor prognosis owing to their high rate of recurrence and metastasis rates, which make their diagnosis especially important in clinical veterinary medicine. In this study, the characteristics of tumors were observed in dogs suffering from CMTs, and clinical diagnosis and histopathology were used to identify tumors. Furthermore, the expression levels of tumor markers for CMTs were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Upon clinical examination, dogs with CMTs displayed a distinct and irregular mass in the mammary gland, and X-ray (Latero-lateral and ventro-dorsal views) and ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed a moderately echogenic mass at the mammary gland with slightly stronger density than the surrounding tissue. A total of 30 tumors were identified by histopathology, 11 benign and 19 malignant. Changes in some indicators in dogs suffering from CMTs and healthy dogs suggested that there were multiple direct or paraneoplastic changes associated with tumors that could be detected/suspected by hematological examination, and ELISA revealed the HER-2 serum concentrations were significantly different between healthy animals and those with malignant tumors. qPCR indicated that tumor markers N-cadherin, Vimentin, HER-2, CEA, CA15-3 and SF were higher in dogs with malignant tumors than healthy dogs, with a low level of E-cadherin in malignant tumors. This study verified that serological tests and molecular biological tests were essential to the early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of dogs with tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9657150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40466184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adipose Fin as a Natural \"Optical Window\" for Implantation of Fluorescent Sensors into Salmonid Fish.","authors":"Yaroslav Rzhechitskiy,&nbsp;Anton Gurkov,&nbsp;Nadezhda Bolbat,&nbsp;Ekaterina Shchapova,&nbsp;Anna Nazarova,&nbsp;Maxim Timofeyev,&nbsp;Ekaterina Borvinskaya","doi":"10.3390/ani12213042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12213042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Implantable optical sensors are emerging tools that have the potential to enable constant real-time monitoring of various internal physiological parameters. Such a possibility will open new horizons for health control not only in medicine, but also in animal husbandry, including aquaculture. In this study, we analyze different organs of commonly farmed rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) as implantation sites for fluorescent sensors and propose the adipose fin, lacking an endoskeleton, as the optimal choice. The fin is highly translucent due to significantly thinner dermis, which makes the detectable fluorescence of an implanted sensor operating at the visible light range by more than an order of magnitude higher relative to the skin. Compared to the proximal parts of ray fins, the adipose fin provides easy implantation and visualization of the sensor. Finally, we tested fluorescent pH sensors inside the adipose fin and demonstrated the possibility of acquiring their signal with a simple hand-held device and without fish anesthesia. All these features will most likely make the adipose fin the main \"window\" into the internal physiological processes of salmonid fish with the help of implantable optical sensors.</p>","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9654777/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40693188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic and Treatment of Spinal Fracture and Luxation in Italian Wolves (<i>Canis lupus italicus</i>).","authors":"Domenico Fugazzotto,&nbsp;Chiara Costa Devoti,&nbsp;Maria Pia Dumas,&nbsp;Chiara Teani,&nbsp;Elisa Berti,&nbsp;Offer Zeira","doi":"10.3390/ani12213044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12213044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The medical records of 14 Italian wolves (<i>Canis lupus italicus</i>) with a vertebral fracture or luxation (SFL) between C1 and L7 treated at Ospedale Veterinario San Michele from 2017 and 2022 were reviewed. The most common cause of SFL was \"road traffic accident\". Neurological signs were graded from 0 to 6 using a modified Frankel scale. Spinal fractures occurred in C1-C5 in 1 case, in T3-L3 in 11 cases and in L4-L7 in 2 cases. Six wolves were euthanized without treatment because they presented paraplegia without deep pain perception (DPP). Two animals with motor function were treated conservatively, and later on one of them was euthanized because of neurological impairment. Six wolves were surgically treated. Seven wolves had good neurological recovery, and six of them were released into the wild. Our results suggest that wolves with DPP before surgery may have a good functional recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9656418/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40466180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complete Mitochondrial Genome, Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Analysis of Pingpu Yellow Chicken (<i>Gallus gallus</i>).","authors":"Sihua Jin,&nbsp;Jingjing Xia,&nbsp;Fumin Jia,&nbsp;Lijun Jiang,&nbsp;Xin Wang,&nbsp;Xuling Liu,&nbsp;Xing Liu,&nbsp;Zhaoyu Geng","doi":"10.3390/ani12213037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12213037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of one female Pingpu Yellow chicken (PYC) and the D-loop sequences obtained from 60 chickens were analyzed to investigate their genetic diversity and phylogeny. The total length of the PYC mitogenome is 16,785 bp and that of the complete D-loop is 1231 to 1232 bp. The mitogenome comprises 22 transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal ribonucleic acids (rRNAs), 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), and 1 non-coding control region (D-loop). Additionally, the total length of the 13 PCGs is 11,394 bp, accounting for 67.88% of the complete mitogenome sequence, and the PCGs region has 3798 codons. A majority of the PCGs have ATG as the start codon. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity of PYC were 1.00000 ± 0.00029 and 0.32678 ± 0.29756, respectively. In the D-Loop data set, we found 25 polymorphic sites, which determined 18 haplotypes and 3 major haplogroups (A-C). Therefore, PYC has a classical vertebrate mitogenome, with comparatively high nucleotide diversity and potentially three maternal lineages. The neighbor-joining (NJ) tree analysis results showed PYC grouped with the Luhua (MT555049.1) and Nandan chickens (KP269069.1), which indicates that PYC is closely related to these two breeds.</p>","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9654125/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40677912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wildlife Disease Monitoring: Methods and Perspectives.","authors":"Maria V Mazzamuto,&nbsp;Anna-Katarina Schilling,&nbsp;Claudia Romeo","doi":"10.3390/ani12213032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12213032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the last few decades, scientific interest in wildlife diseases has steadily grown and has recently been boosted by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which highlighted that the health of humans, livestock, wildlife and, ultimately, of the whole environment is inextricably linked [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9659093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40677909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Upregulation of <i>Cathepsin G</i> Is Associated with Resistance to Bovine Paratuberculosis.","authors":"Maria Canive,&nbsp;Gerard Badia-Bringué,&nbsp;Marta Alonso-Hearn","doi":"10.3390/ani12213038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12213038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An in silico genomic-transcriptomic combined approach allowed the identification of a polymorphism (cis-eQTL-rs41976219) in the <i>Bos taurus</i> genome associated with the CTSG mRNA expression in bovine blood samples, which suggests that individual genetic variation might modulate the <i>CTSG</i> transcriptional response. In the current study, a sandwich ELISA is used to measure the CTSG protein levels in supernatants of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) isolated from cows with the AA (<i>n</i> = 5) and AC (<i>n</i> = 11) genotypes for the rs41976219 and infected ex vivo with MAP. Cows with the AC genotype have significantly higher CTSG protein levels (1.85 ng/mL) in the supernatants of enriched CD14+-MDMs after 2 h of infection when compared with infected CD14+-MDMs from cows with the AA genotype (1.68 ng/mL). Statistically significant differences in the intracellular MAP load at 7 d p.i. are observed between animals with the AA (2.16 log CFUs) and AC (1.44 log CFUs) genotypes. Finally, the association between the rs41976219 allelic variants and resistance to PTB is tested in a larger cattle population (<i>n</i> = 943) classified according to the presence (<i>n</i> = 442) or absence (<i>n</i> = 501) of PTB-associated lesions. The presence of the two minor alleles in the rs41976219 (CC) is more frequent among healthy cows than in cows with PTB-associated lesions in gut tissues (2.2% vs. 1.4%, OR = 0.61). In agreement with this, the CTSG levels in plasma samples of cows without lesions in gut tissues and with the CC (<i>n</i> = 8) genotype are significantly higher than in the plasmas of cows with the AA + AC (<i>n</i> = 36) genotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9655680/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40693184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socially Induced Infertility in Naked and Damaraland Mole-Rats: A Tale of Two Mechanisms of Social Suppression.","authors":"Nigel C Bennett,&nbsp;Christopher G Faulkes,&nbsp;Cornelia Voigt","doi":"10.3390/ani12213039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12213039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The naked mole-rat (<i>Heterocephalus glaber</i>) and the Damaraland mole-rat (<i>Fukomys damarensis</i>) possess extreme reproductive skew with a single reproductive female responsible for reproduction. In this review, we synthesize advances made into African mole-rat reproductive patterns and physiology within the context of the social control of reproduction. Non-reproductive female colony members have low concentrations of luteinising hormone (LH) and a reduced response of the pituitary to a challenge with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). If the reproductive female is removed from the colony, an increase in the basal plasma LH and increased pituitary response to a GnRH challenge arises in the non-reproductive females, suggesting the reproductive female controls reproduction. Non-reproductive male Damaraland mole-rats have basal LH concentrations and elevated LH concentrations in response to a GnRH challenge comparable to the breeding male, but in non-breeding male naked mole-rats, the basal LH concentrations are low and there is a muted response to a GnRH challenge. This renders these two species ideal models to investigate physiological, behavioural and neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The recently discovered neuropeptides kisspeptin and RFamide-related peptide-3 are likely candidates to play an important role in the regulation of reproductive functions in the two mole-rat species.</p>","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9657576/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40693186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity and Relative Abundance of Ungulates and Other Medium and Large Mammals in Flooded Forests in the Dahomey Gap (Togo).","authors":"Gabriel Hoinsoudé Segniagbeto,&nbsp;Kokouvi Gbétey Akpamou,&nbsp;Yawo Konko,&nbsp;John Kokou Toviho Gaglo,&nbsp;Guillaume Koffivi Ketoh,&nbsp;Daniele Dendi,&nbsp;Julia Elizabeth Fa,&nbsp;Luca Luiselli","doi":"10.3390/ani12213041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12213041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\"The Dahomey Gap\" is a human-derived mostly savannah region that separates the Guineo-Congolian rainforest block into two major units: the Upper Guinean and the Lower Guinean Forest blocks. Several forest patches are distributed throughout this savannah-dominated habitat. The mammal communities in the Dahomey Gap region have been poorly studied. In this paper we analyse the species richness and abundance of, as well as conservation implications for, medium and large mammals (especially ungulates) inhabiting a complex of flooded forests near the Mono river in south-eastern Togo. We use several field methods to describe the species richness of mammals in this area, including camera-trapping, recce transects, Kilometric Index of Abundance (KIA) estimates, examination of hunters' catches and face-to-face hunter interviews. Overall, we directly recorded 19 species that coexist in these forests. Based on interviews, nine other species were confirmed as present in the study area. Only five species were common: <i>Cephalophus rufilatus</i>, <i>Tragelaphus scriptus</i>, <i>Chlorocebus aethiops</i>, <i>Atilax paludinosus</i> and <i>Herpestes ichneumon</i>. The area still contains various threatened species such as <i>Tragelaphus spekii</i> and <i>Hippopotamus amphibius</i>. We stress that to ensure the protection of the Dahomey Gap mammals, it is important to seriously consider protecting not only the forest patches but also the surroundings, mainly savannah landscapes.</p>","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9654704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40693187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Interactive Effects of Thymol and Thymoquinone: Moving towards an Enhanced Performance, Gross Margin, Immunity and <i>Aeromonas sobria</i> Resistance of Nile Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>).","authors":"Doaa Ibrahim,&nbsp;Sara E Shahin,&nbsp;Leena S Alqahtani,&nbsp;Zeinab Hassan,&nbsp;Fayez Althobaiti,&nbsp;Sarah Albogami,&nbsp;Mohamed Mohamed Soliman,&nbsp;Rania M S El-Malt,&nbsp;Helal F Al-Harthi,&nbsp;Nada Alqadri,&nbsp;Mohamed Tharwat Elabbasy,&nbsp;Marwa I Abd El-Hamid","doi":"10.3390/ani12213034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12213034","url":null,"abstract":"Simple Summary In modern aquaculture, fish have been subjected to intensive stressful conditions, which threaten their growth rate and increase their susceptibility to bacterial diseases. Innovative and sustainable production strategies in aquaculture have encouraged the utilization of plant-derived bioactive molecules (phytogenics) in fish diets, especially when they were used in a unique blend offering enumerable growth and health benefits. Therefore, our research was conducted to uncover the potential nutritional and immunological impacts of thymol (Thy) and/or thymoquinone (ThQ) with a disease shielding effect against Aeromonas sobria. Herein, the integration of dietary Thy and ThQ provided an efficient way to improve fish growth-related parameters and muscle antioxidant capacity. Moreover, we presented evidence for the unique immune-stimulating role of a Thy and ThQ combination with a successful forefront defense against A. sobria experimental infection in Nile tilapia. Our key findings motived the application of a dietary blend comprising Thy and ThQ as a functional feed that fights the challenges facing the aquaculture industry with maximized fish productivity. Abstract Plant-derived bioactive compounds with promising nutritional and therapeutic attributes (phytogenics) are among the top priorities in the aquaculture sector. Therefore, the impact of thymol (Thy) and/or thymoquinone (ThQ) on the growth, immune response antioxidant capacity, and Aeromonas sobria (A. sobria) resistance of Nile tilapia was investigated. Four fish groups were fed a control diet and three basal diets supplemented with 200 mg/kg diet of Thy or ThQ and a blend of both Thy and ThQ at a level of 200 mg/kg diet each. At the end of the feeding trial (12 weeks), the tilapias were challenged intraperitoneally with virulent A. sobria (2.5 × 108 CFU/mL) harboring aerolysin (aero) and hemolysin (hly) genes. The results revealed that tilapias fed diets fortified with a combination of Thy and ThQ displayed significantly enhanced growth rate and feed conversion ratio. Notably, the expression of the genes encoding digestive enzymes (pepsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, α-amylase and lipase) and muscle and intestinal antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase) was significantly upregulated in Thy/ThQ-fed fish. An excessive inflammatory response was subsided more prominently in the group administrated Thy/ThQ as supported by the downregulation of il-β, il-6 and il-8 genes and in contrast, the upregulation of the anti-inflammatory il-10 gene. Remarkably, dietary inclusion of Thy/ThQ augmented the expression of autophagy-related genes, whilst it downregulated that of mtor gene improving the autophagy process. Furthermore, Thy/ThQ protective effect against A. sobria was evidenced via downregulating the expression of its aero and hly virulence genes with higher fish survival rates. Overall, the current study encouraged the inclusion of Thy/ThQ in fish di","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9658592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40677911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological Assessment and Biomarkers of Low-Grade, Chronic Intestinal Inflammation in Production Animals.","authors":"Igor Soares,&nbsp;Bruna L Belote,&nbsp;Elizabeth Santin,&nbsp;Gabriela C Dal Pont,&nbsp;Michael H Kogut","doi":"10.3390/ani12213036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12213036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The complex interaction between the intestinal mucosa, the gut microbiota, and the diet balances the host physiological homeostasis and is fundamental for the maximal genetic potential of production animals. However, factors such as chemical and physical characteristics of the diet and/or environmental stressors can continuously affect this balance, potentially inducing a state of chronic low-grade inflammation in the gut, where inflammatory parameters are present and demanding energy, but not in enough intensity to provoke clinical manifestations. It's vital to expand the understanding of inflammation dynamics and of how they compromise the function activity and microscopic morphology of the intestinal mucosa. These morphometric alterations are associated with the release of structural and functional cellular components into the feces and the blood stream creating measurable biomarkers to track this condition. Moreover, the identification of novel, immunometabolic biomarkers can provide dynamic and predictors of low-grade chronic inflammation, but also provide indicators of successful nutritional or feed additive intervention strategies. The objective of this paper is to review the mechanisms of low-grade inflammation, its effects on animal production and sustainability, and the biomarkers that could provide early diagnosis of this process and support studies of useful interventional strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":519482,"journal":{"name":"Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9654368/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40693185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}