Frontiers in neuroergonomics最新文献

{"title":"Combining EEG and eye-tracking for cognitive and physiological states monitoring: a systematic review.","authors":"Maria Rivas-Vidal, Alberto Calvo Cordoba, Cecilia E García Cena, Fernando Daniel Farfán","doi":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1736672","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1736672","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monitoring situational awareness is critical in highly demanding environments where sustained attention and vigilance are essential for safety and performance. Electroencephalography (EEG) and eye-tracking (ET) provide complementary insights into the perceptual layer of situational awareness, capturing neural and ocular signatures of information processing, attention, and fatigue. However, studies have typically examined perception-related conditions such as workload, fatigue, stress, and drowsiness in isolation, limiting understanding of their shared and distinct physiological patterns. This systematic review synthesizes findings from studies that recorded EEG and ET concurrently to investigate perception-related conditions. Following the PRISMA 2020 statement, five databases were searched, and 47 studies met the inclusion criteria. The most frequently reported EEG features included theta, alpha, and beta activity, while ET metrics commonly involved fixation patterns, pupil diameter, blink dynamics, and percentage of eyes closed (PERCLOS). Across studies, fatigue, mental workload, and stress exhibited overlapping physiological signatures, although multimodal data helped differentiate these closely related states. Drowsiness and vigilance decrement appeared along a shared continuum, with microsleeps showing distinct physiological profiles. Classification models generally achieved higher accuracy when integrating EEG and ET features than when using either modality alone. This review highlights the potential of concurrent EEG and ET monitoring for improving the detection of perception-related conditions and for disambiguating closely related states. These findings also support the need for standardized multimodal protocols and real-time multimodal classification models to strengthen cognitive-state monitoring, operational performance, and error prevention in high-risk domains.</p>","PeriodicalId":517413,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroergonomics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1736672"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12895110/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146204717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The state of the art in assessing mental fatigue in the cockpit using head-worn sensing technology.","authors":"Anneke Hamann, Carmen van Klaren, Rolf Zon, Frédéric Dehais, Nils Carstengerdes, Maykel van Miltenburg, Kalou Cabrera Castillos","doi":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1673268","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1673268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mental fatigue is an important construct for aviation as it can impact pilots' performance. However, its assessment has been and still is challenging. Most research done in this field is based on basic laboratory experiments, and the measurement methods in use have certain limits one needs to overcome in order to apply them in a cockpit. In this review, we present an overview of research on mental fatigue, its assessment and the gap between fundamental research and its application in aviation. We provide an overview over classical experimental paradigms for mental fatigue induction and subjective measures, as well as advanced head-worn sensing technologies (or such that target head and face), namely electroencephalography (EEG), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and eye-tracking. For each measure, we discuss limitations and open challenges. Finally, we draw conclusions on the feasibility of integrating the measurements into the cockpit. We also highlight gaps that future research needs to bridge.</p>","PeriodicalId":517413,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroergonomics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1673268"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12833356/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146069522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated thermo-mechanical therapy for immediate relief in chronic non-specific lower back pain: a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Kyle Donnery, Giuseppina Pilloni, Mohamad FallahRad, Kiwon Lee, Byungyun Han, Soonhi Park, Jihye Kim, Leigh Charvet, Marom Bikson","doi":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1674928","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1674928","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Chronic non-specific lower back pain (cNSLBP) is a prevalent and disabling condition, imposing a substantial socioeconomic burden due to high healthcare costs and productivity losses, with limited accessible and effective long-term treatment options. Automated Thermo-mechanical Therapy (ATT) is a promising, non-drug intervention that leverages innovative technical advances to provide multimodal pain relief, offering accessibility and low-cost delivery. This study tested ATT for immediate pain relief in individuals with cNSLBP in a single-session, double-blind, randomized controlled trial.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty participants with cNSLBP were assigned to receive either active ATT (<i>n</i> = 20) or control ATT (<i>n</i> = 20) in a 40-min session with urn randomization. The active device applied heated cylindrical rollers along the spine, using far-infrared heat and mechanical tissue stimulation tailored to spinal alignment. In the control condition, the device used minimal mechanical therapy intensity without heat, targeting only the cervical area to avoid lower back therapeutic effects. Pre- and post-intervention assessments measured changes in pain intensity (primary outcome) via a 100-mm Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS-P100), alongside secondary outcomes assessing pain characteristics, anxiety, and functional mobility.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The active ATT group showed a significant reduction in pain on the VAS-P100, with an average decrease of 46.8%, compared to 17.0% in the control group. Participants in the active group also reported significantly greater subjective pain relief (<i>p</i> = 7.88e-05). Secondary outcomes demonstrated significant improvements in lumbar flexibility (Modified-Modified Schober Test, MMST) for the active ATT group compared to the control group (<i>p</i> = 0.0031). No adverse events were reported, and all participants tolerated the intervention well.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A single session of ATT provides immediate, significant pain relief in individuals with cNSLBP, supporting its potential as a safe, non-invasive option for managing chronic back pain. Future studies should examine the long-term benefits of repeated ATT sessions and explore mechanistic insights into thermo-mechanical stimulation's effects on pain and function.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT06769321.</p>","PeriodicalId":517413,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroergonomics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1674928"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12827622/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146055874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attentional demands during walking are increased by small simulated leg length discrepancy.","authors":"Keisuke Takada, Miyu Sugimoto, Yuma Takenaka, Kenichi Sugawara, Tomotaka Suzuki","doi":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1629128","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1629128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Leg length discrepancy (LLD) is known to disrupt gait symmetry and affect motor control. However, the effects of LLD-induced gait asymmetry on attention functions during walking remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of simulated LLD and walking track on attentional demands and gait parameters in young, healthy adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective study included participants who completed walking trials on straight (<i>n</i> = 14) and circular (<i>n</i> = 16) tracks under randomly assigned LLD conditions (no lift and 10-, 20-, 30-, and 40-mm shoe lifts). Attentional demands during walking were assessed using a simple reaction time (RT) paradigm. Gait symmetry was evaluated by step-time ratio and triaxial trunk acceleration root mean square (RMS) ratios, calculated from timing and accelerometer data. The data were analyzed using a two-way mixed analysis of variance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LLD significantly increased RT and step-time ratio compared to zero LLD. However, the circular walking track did not significantly affect RT or step-time ratio. LLD also significantly increased trunk movement asymmetry (RMS ratios). No significant interaction effects were found for all variables.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Simulated LLD significantly increased attentional demands and gait asymmetry, although the rise in attentional demands was limited in healthy participants. The circular walking track had minimal effects and did not exacerbate the challenges associated with LLD. These results provide insights into the effects of gait asymmetry caused by the degree of LLD and walking environment on human gait strategy and its associated attentional demands.</p>","PeriodicalId":517413,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroergonomics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1629128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12722876/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145829573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the valence and arousal of dyadic conversations using autonomic nervous system responses and regression algorithms.","authors":"Iman Chatterjee, Maja Goršič, Robert A Kaya, Joshua D Clapp, Vesna D Novak","doi":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1671311","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1671311","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Autonomic nervous system responses provide valuable information about interactions between pairs or groups of people but have primarily been studied using group-level statistical analysis, with a few studies attempting single-trial classification. As an alternative to classification, our study uses regression algorithms to estimate the valence and arousal of specific conversation intervals from dyads' autonomic nervous system responses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-one dyads took part in 20-minute conversations following several different prompts. The conversations were divided into ten 2-minute intervals, with participants self-reporting perceived conversation valence and arousal after each 2-minute interval. Observers watched videos of the conversations and separately also rated valence and arousal. Four autonomic nervous system responses (electrocardiogram, electrodermal activity, respiration, skin temperature) were recorded, and both individual and synchrony features were extracted for each 2-minute interval. These extracted features were used with feature selection and a multilinear perceptron to estimate self-reported and observer-reported valence and arousal of each interval in both a dyad-specific (based on data from same dyad) and dyad-nonspecific (based on data from other dyads) manner.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both dyad-specific and dyad-nonspecific regression using the multilinear perceptron resulted in lower root-mean-square errors than a simple median-based estimator and two other regression methods (linear regression and support vector machines).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The results suggest that physiological measurements can be used to characterize dyadic conversations on the level of individual dyads and conversation intervals. In the long term, such regression algorithms could potentially be used in applications such as education and mental health counseling.</p>","PeriodicalId":517413,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroergonomics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1671311"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12708908/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Let's put a person back into Cyber-Physical-Social research: Public Mental Models Framework.","authors":"Mare Teichmann, Jaanus Kaugerand, Merik Meriste, Kalev Rannat","doi":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1520434","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1520434","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the current paper our focus is on linking Public Mental Models with behavior, Situation Awareness and stress management, with predicting and intervening in public behavior in critical situations. Understanding and influencing behavior within complex Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSS) requires an explicit link between mental models, behavior, situation awareness, and stress management. This paper introduces the Public Mental Models Framework (PMMF) as a systematic approach for analyzing and predicting public behavior in critical situations, thereby improving adaptive decision-making and person-AI collaboration. The PMMF explains how internal and external indicators such as cognitive, social, cultural, political, economic, and technological, that shape perception and behavioral responses across multiple levels: individual, team, organizational, community, and societal. By identifying these triggers and markers, the framework supports why behaviors deviate or stabilize under stress, providing an analytical basis for targeted interventions and resilience-oriented design. In contrast to traditional Situation Awareness models that emphasize what is perceived and how it is processed, PMMF focuses on the interpretive mechanisms through which actors construct meaning and make decisions. Integrating PMMF with the Motivation-Opportunity-Ability (MOA) theory enables systematic assessment of behavioral potential and performance within CPSS. This integration strengthens the neuroergonomic foundation for evaluating human and AI entities and enhances the capacity to design interventions that foster informed, adaptive, and ethically aligned behavior in complex sociotechnical environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":517413,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroergonomics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1520434"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12689925/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145746130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pilot mental workload analysis in the A320 traffic pattern based on HRV features.","authors":"Jiajun Yuan, Bo Jia, Chenyang Zhang, Lu Tian, Han Yi, Lin Wei","doi":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1672492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1672492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pilot mental workload is a critical factor influencing flight safety, particularly during dynamic flight phases with high cognitive demands such as takeoff and landing. This study evaluates pilot workload across different flight phases (takeoff, climb, cruise, descent, and landing) using HRV (heart rate variability) features and machine learning methods. Heart rate data were collected through simulated A320 traffic pattern flight missions, combined with multidimensional task assessments, to obtain flight performance scores. Selected HRV features, Min_HR (minimum heart rate), SDNN (standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals), SD2 (long-term variability index in Poincare Plot), Modified_csi (modified cardiac sympathetic index), were identified and used to train classifiers (RF, KNN, GBDT, XGBoost) for pilot mental workload level classification. The XGBoost model demonstrated optimal performance after feature selection, with accuracy increasing from 50.09% to 66.67% (a 16.58% improvement) and F1-score rising from 37.63% to 58.33% (a 20.70% improvement) compared with all HRV feature. The findings revealed selected HRV suppression during high-workload phases (landing) with the lowest performance scores, whereas HRV recovery and peak performance scores were observed in low-workload phases (cruise). This research establishes a reliable framework for real-time pilot mental workload monitoring and provides predictive insights into cognitive overload risks during critical flight operations.</p>","PeriodicalId":517413,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroergonomics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1672492"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12647116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145644523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards neuroadaptive chatbots: a feasibility study.","authors":"Diana E Gherman, Thorsten O Zander","doi":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1589734","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1589734","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Large-language models (LLMs) are transforming most industries today and are set to become a cornerstone of the human digital experience. While integrating explicit human feedback into the training and development of LLM-based chatbots has been integral to the progress we see nowadays, more work is needed to understand how to best align them with human values. Implicit human feedback enabled by passive brain-computer interfaces (pBCIs) could potentially help unlock the hidden nuance of users' cognitive and affective states during interaction with chatbots. This study proposes an investigation on the feasibility of using pBCIs to decode mental states in reaction to text stimuli, to lay the groundwork for neuroadaptive chatbots.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two paradigms were created to elicit moral judgment and error-processing with text stimuli. Electroencephalography (EEG) data was recorded with 64 gel electrodes while participants completed reading tasks. Mental state classifiers were obtained in an offline manner with a windowed-means approach and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for full-component and brain-component data. The corresponding event-related potentials (ERPs) were visually inspected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Moral salience was successfully decoded at a single-trial level, with an average calibration accuracy of 78% on the basis of a data window of 600 ms. Subsequent classifiers were not able to distinguish moral judgment congruence (i.e., moral agreement) and incongruence (i.e., moral disagreement). Error processing in reaction to factual inaccuracy was decoded with an average calibration accuracy of 66%. The identified ERPs for the investigated mental states partly aligned with other findings.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>With this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of using pBCIs to distinguish mental states from readers' brain data at a single-trial level. More work is needed to transition from offline to online investigations and to understand if reliable pBCI classifiers can also be obtained in less controlled language tasks and more realistic chatbot interactions. Our work marks preliminary steps for understanding and making use of neural-based implicit human feedback for LLM alignment.</p>","PeriodicalId":517413,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroergonomics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1589734"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12568581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145411318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An EEG-network-metric based approach to real-time trust inference in human-autonomy teaming.","authors":"Gregory Bales, Allison P A Hayman, Torin K Clark, Jason Dekarske, Sanjay Joshi, Zhaodan Kong","doi":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1627483","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1627483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Efficient and effective teaming between humans and autonomous systems requires the establishment and maintenance of trust to maximize team task performance. Despite advances in autonomous systems, human expertise remains critical in tasks fraught with deviations from procedures or plans that cannot be pre-programmed. As autonomous systems become more sophisticated, they will possess the ability to positively influence interactions with their human partners, provided the autonomous systems have a real-time estimation of their human partner's cognitive state (including trust). In this paper, we report our results in ascertaining a human's trust in an autonomous system via electroencephalogram (EEG) measurements. We report that trust can be measured continuously and unobtrusively, and that using analysis techniques which account for interactions among brain regions shows benefits compared to more traditional methods which use only EEG signal-power. Inter-channel connectivity network-metrics, which measure dynamic changes in synchronous behavior between distant brain regions, appear to better capture cognitive activities that correlate with a human's trust in an autonomous system.</p>","PeriodicalId":517413,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroergonomics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1627483"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12500554/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145254385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning performance in EEG-based mental workload classification across task types: a systematic review.","authors":"Miloš Pušica, Bogdan Mijović, Maria Chiara Leva, Ivan Gligorijević","doi":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1621309","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1621309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The literature features a variety of tasks and methodologies to induce mental workload (MWL) and to assess the performance of MWL estimation models. Because no standardized benchmark task or set of tasks exists, the comparison of different machine learning (ML) solutions in this field is difficult, as their performance is significantly dependent on these factors. In this paper, we present the first comprehensive examination of ML models' performance in EEG-based MWL classification across task types. To achieve this, we categorized ML studies based on the task type used in their experiments and compared models' performances across these categories. Notably, a significant drop in MWL classification accuracy was observed among the best-performing models in multitasking studies where MWL was rated based on quantitative task load, compared to those in single-tasking studies and studies where MWL was subjectively rated. This points to the inherent challenges associated with estimating MWL in more complex tasks such as multitasking. This is particularly relevant for practical applications, as real-world tasks typically involve some degree of multitasking. By comparing ML models' performances across task types, this review provides valuable insights into the state-of-the-art of EEG-based MWL estimation, highlights existing gaps in the field, and points to open questions for further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":517413,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroergonomics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1621309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145202680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}