Critical Review最新文献

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Why Do Experts Disagree? 为什么专家意见不一?
IF 0.8 3区 社会学
Critical Review Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/08913811.2020.1872948
J. Reiss
{"title":"Why Do Experts Disagree?","authors":"J. Reiss","doi":"10.1080/08913811.2020.1872948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2020.1872948","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Jeffrey Friedman’s Power Without Knowledge argues forcefully that there are inherent limitations to the predictability of human action, due to a circumstance he calls “ideational heterogeneity.” However, our resources for predicting human action somewhat reliably in the light of ideational heterogeneity have not been exhausted yet, and there are no in-principle barriers to progress in tackling the problem. There are, however, other strong reasons to think that disagreement among epistocrats is bound to persist, such that it will be difficult to decide who has “the right answer” to a given technocratic problem. These reasons have to do with competing visions of the good society, fact/value entanglement, and the fragility of the facts of the social sciences.","PeriodicalId":51723,"journal":{"name":"Critical Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"218 - 241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08913811.2020.1872948","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41556364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 18
What Follows from the Problem of Ignorance? 无知的问题会带来什么?
IF 0.8 3区 社会学
Critical Review Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/08913811.2020.1846309
Zeynep Pamuk
{"title":"What Follows from the Problem of Ignorance?","authors":"Zeynep Pamuk","doi":"10.1080/08913811.2020.1846309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2020.1846309","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In Power Without Knowledge, Jeffrey Friedman develops a critique of social science to argue that current technocratic practices are prone to predictive failures and unintended consequences. However, he does not provide evidence that the cause he singles out—“ideational heterogeneity”—is in fact a non-negligible source of technocratic limitations, more than or alongside better-known problems such as missing data, measurement issues, interpretive difficulties, and researcher bias. Even if we grant ideational heterogeneity, Friedman’s preferred institutional solution of exitocracy does not necessarily follow. His critical epistemology would also be compatible with radical forms of collective action.","PeriodicalId":51723,"journal":{"name":"Critical Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"182 - 191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08913811.2020.1846309","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45071484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Social Science and the Problem of Interpretation: A Pragmatic Dual(ist) Approach 社会科学与阐释问题:一种语用双重方法
IF 0.8 3区 社会学
Critical Review Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/08913811.2020.1840856
Adam B. Lerner
{"title":"Social Science and the Problem of Interpretation: A Pragmatic Dual(ist) Approach","authors":"Adam B. Lerner","doi":"10.1080/08913811.2020.1840856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2020.1840856","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In Power Without Knowledge, Jeffrey Friedman contends that ideational complexity can stymie social-scientific understanding and prevent the reliable predictive knowledge required of a well-functioning technocracy. However, even this somewhat pessimistic outlook may understate the problem. Ideational complexity has both cognitive and phenomenal dimensions, each of which poses unique dilemmas. Further, due to its methodological individualism, Friedman’s vision may neglect emergent layers of knowledge produced through social interaction, creating yet another source of unknowns. Given these two factors, social science should embrace a pluralism regarding levels of analysis. This would recognize the multifaceted limitations on social-science knowledge production, furthering epistemic humility about the potential role of social science in technocratic policymaking.","PeriodicalId":51723,"journal":{"name":"Critical Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"124 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08913811.2020.1840856","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44320847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Exit, Voice and Technocracy 退出、声音与技术统治
IF 0.8 3区 社会学
Critical Review Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/08913811.2020.1838800
Jonathan Benson
{"title":"Exit, Voice and Technocracy","authors":"Jonathan Benson","doi":"10.1080/08913811.2020.1838800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2020.1838800","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In Power Without Knowledge, Jeffrey Friedman develops a critique of technocracy and in doing so makes an epistemic case for exit over voice. He argues that a technocracy that fails to take people’s ideational heterogeneity into account is unlikely to possess the knowledge required to solve social problems, and that the alternative of “exitocracy” may, in some cases, overcome these limits. By creating the conditions under which individuals can exit from undesirable social situations, an exitocracy may allow people to escape their social ills without knowing their society-wide causes or solutions. As Friedman recognizes, however, an exitocracy still requires technocratic knowledge, and this paper explores these requirements in further detail. First, it investigates the limits of exit as a solution to social problems, and the extent to which technocratic policies can be substituted for exit. Second, it considers the need for technocratic knowledge in the promotion of exit opportunities, and how this undermines Friedman’s defense of exitocracy.","PeriodicalId":51723,"journal":{"name":"Critical Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"32 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08913811.2020.1838800","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47025844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Disagreement, Epistemic Paralysis, and the Legitimacy of Technocracy 分歧、认知麻痹和技术官僚的合法性
IF 0.8 3区 社会学
Critical Review Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/08913811.2020.1838743
É. Brown, Zoe Williams
{"title":"Disagreement, Epistemic Paralysis, and the Legitimacy of Technocracy","authors":"É. Brown, Zoe Williams","doi":"10.1080/08913811.2020.1838743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2020.1838743","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Jeffrey Friedman convincingly argues that technocrats may often lack the knowledge required to enact public policies that will effectively promote their consequentialist goals. Friedman’s argument is strong enough to produce technocratic paralysis, in many cases, but “epistemic gambles” may present a way out of this problem. His discussion of exitocracy also raises the question of how to square his internal form of technocratic critique with the question of democratic legitimacy.","PeriodicalId":51723,"journal":{"name":"Critical Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"62 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08913811.2020.1838743","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42383425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Spiral of Responsibility and the Pressure to Conflict 责任的螺旋和冲突的压力
IF 0.8 3区 社会学
Critical Review Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/08913811.2020.1841387
Eric MacGilvray
{"title":"The Spiral of Responsibility and the Pressure to Conflict","authors":"Eric MacGilvray","doi":"10.1080/08913811.2020.1841387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2020.1841387","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This essay calls attention to two blind spots in Power Without Knowledge. First, the book has little to say about the role that political institutions can play in promoting effective democratic governance. Drawing on the “mixed government” tradition, I argue that properly designed institutions can correct for the epistemic deficits that Friedman describes by creating what I call the “pressure to conflict.” Second and more importantly, the book has nothing to say about the role of responsible leadership in a democratic technocracy. Drawing on Max Weber’s analysis of the ethics of responsibility and the ethics of conviction, I argue that responsible leadership can promote judicious technocracy in a dynamic that I call the “spiral of responsibility.” The responsible leader recognizes that to recuse oneself from the exercise of technocratic power is to empower the unscrupulous and irresponsible. According to Weber, any theory of politics that fails to embrace the ethics of responsibility will therefore occupy an uneasy middle ground between quietism and enthusiasm. This, I fear, is where Power Without Knowledge may leave us.","PeriodicalId":51723,"journal":{"name":"Critical Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"145 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08913811.2020.1841387","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48748987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Technocracy, Governmentality, and Post-Structuralism 技术官僚、治理和后结构主义
IF 0.8 3区 社会学
Critical Review Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/08913811.2020.1842004
O. Larsson
{"title":"Technocracy, Governmentality, and Post-Structuralism","authors":"O. Larsson","doi":"10.1080/08913811.2020.1842004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2020.1842004","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The technocratic dimension of government—its reliance upon knowledge claims, usually in scientific guise—is of great importance if we wish to understand modern power and governance. In Power Without Knowledge: A Critique of Technocracy, Jeffrey Friedman investigates the often-overlooked question of the relationship between technocratic knowledge/power and ideas. Friedman’s contribution to our understanding of technocracy can therefore be read as a contribution to governmentality studies, one that introduces the possibility of adding normative solutions to this critical tradition.","PeriodicalId":51723,"journal":{"name":"Critical Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"103 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08913811.2020.1842004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42371690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Political Epistemology, Technocracy, and Political Anthropology: Reply to a Symposium on Power Without Knowledge 政治认识论、技术政治学和政治人类学——对一次“无知识的权力”研讨会的回应
IF 0.8 3区 社会学
Critical Review Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/08913811.2020.1891708
Jeffrey S. Friedman
{"title":"Political Epistemology, Technocracy, and Political Anthropology: Reply to a Symposium on Power Without Knowledge","authors":"Jeffrey S. Friedman","doi":"10.1080/08913811.2020.1891708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2020.1891708","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A political epistemology that enables us to determine if political actors are likely to know what they need to know must be rooted in an ontology of the actors and of the human objects of their knowledge; that is, a political anthropology. The political anthropology developed in Power Without Knowledge envisions human beings as creatures whose conscious actions are determined by their interpretations of what seem to them to be relevant circumstances; and whose interpretations are, in turn, determined by webs of belief built from somewhat heterogeneous streams of incoming ideas. This anthropology, then, has two components. Ideational heterogeneity undermines the aspiration of technocracy to predict human behavior and the aspiration of social science to arrive at lawlike generalizations about it. Ideational determinism, however, which is less important than ideational heterogeneity to the critique of technocracy, may be more important to generating epistemological approaches to other forms of politics, all of which involve the actions of human beings who, as such, are largely at the mercy of the fallible ideas to which they have been exposed.","PeriodicalId":51723,"journal":{"name":"Critical Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"242 - 367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08913811.2020.1891708","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46364150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Power, Knowledge, and Anarchism 权力、知识和无政府主义
IF 0.8 3区 社会学
Critical Review Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/08913811.2020.1872946
Robin B. Reamer
{"title":"Power, Knowledge, and Anarchism","authors":"Robin B. Reamer","doi":"10.1080/08913811.2020.1872946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2020.1872946","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While Jeffrey Friedman’s Power Without Knowledge offers a welcome corrective to the technocratic statism that dominates modern politics, Wittgenstein’s view of language suggests that the problem of ideational heterogeneity is less worrisome than Friedman maintains. In addition, Friedman’s “exitocracy” is as epistemically demanding as ordinary technocracy and thus cannot provide an alternative to it. Anarchism, however, might provide a more consistent alternative to technocracy.","PeriodicalId":51723,"journal":{"name":"Critical Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"192 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08913811.2020.1872946","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43833991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Political Epistemology Beyond Democratic Theory: Introduction to Symposium on Power Without Knowledge 超越民主理论的政治认识论——无知权力研讨会导论
IF 0.8 3区 社会学
Critical Review Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/08913811.2020.1889125
P. Gunn
{"title":"Political Epistemology Beyond Democratic Theory: Introduction to Symposium on Power Without Knowledge","authors":"P. Gunn","doi":"10.1080/08913811.2020.1889125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2020.1889125","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Jeffrey Friedman’s Power Without Knowledge builds a critical epistemology of technocracy, rather than a democratic argument against it. For its democratic critics, technocracy is illegitimate because it amounts to the rule of cognitive elites, violating principles of mutual respect and collective self-determination. For its proponents, technocracy’s legitimacy depends on its ability to use reliable knowledge to solve social and economic problems. But Friedman demonstrates that to meet the proponents' “internal,” epistemic standard of legitimacy, technocrats would have to reckon with the heterogeneity of people’s ideas, which he presents as one of two aspects of a political anthropology of ideational beings. The other aspect is ideational determinism: the shaping of our conscious actions by our interpretations, and of our interpretations by “ideational exposures” (which are, to some extent, heterogeneous). For the most part, our symposiasts agree with this anthropology or leave it uncontested, but they fall back on democratic theory to point toward alternatives to technocracy. This raises the question, which Friedman does not ask, of whether his political anthropology undermines a certain brand of democratic theory: the liberal brand that attaches respect to people’s opinions as products of “free reflection,” i.e., as underdetermined.","PeriodicalId":51723,"journal":{"name":"Critical Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"1 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08913811.2020.1889125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46245467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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