Journal of Medical Physics最新文献

{"title":"Dosimetric Comparison of Unmatched Flattening Filter-free and Flattened Beams in Volumetric Arc Therapy Plans for Head-and-neck Cancer.","authors":"Arvind Kumar, Kiran Sharma, Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Abhishek Garg","doi":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_68_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_68_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Conventionally, the fattened beam is being used in radiotherapy for routine clinical cases even after introduction of intensity-modulated radiotherapy with incorporation of multi-leaf collimator system. With the removal of the flattening filter (FF) from the beam's path average energy of the photon gets reduced resulting in reduced scatter, reduction in treatment time, and reduced neutron contamination for high-energy beam and ultimately resulting in treatment plan quality deviations. This study aims to investigate the usefulness of the FF-free (FFF) beam for routine head-and-neck cancer (HNC) cases treated with volumetric arc therapy (VMAT) and dosimetrically compares the result with the FF beam.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this study, 20 patients treated on Halcyon^TM (unmatched 6 megavoltage [6MV] FFF beam) medical linear accelerator with VMAT of different HNC selected and for comparison with 6MV FF beam, 20 equivalent treatment plans are created for Truebeam^TM configuration and the plans have been evaluated for target coverage, doses to the organ at risk (OAR), and other dose quality indices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Comparable target coverage, doses to OARs except for rest right parotid (<i>P</i> = 0.02) between 6MV FFF beam and 6MV FF beam is observed. Insignificant differences in conformity index, homogeneity index, and gradient index have been observed. Higher monitor unit (MU) (<i>P</i> ≤ 0.001) and lesser beam on time (BOT) (<i>P</i> = 0.003) have been observed in 6MV FFF.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>6MV FFF beam provides comparable target coverage and improved dose-sparing effect to most of the OARs. 6MV FFF beam has lesser BOT, but on the other hand number of MUs is higher as compared to 6MV-FF plans.</p>","PeriodicalId":51719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"48 4","pages":"338-344"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10783192/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139467199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overcoming Problems Caused by Offset Distance of Multiple Targets in Single-isocenter Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy Planning for Stereotactic Radiosurgery.","authors":"Takaaki Ito, Kazuki Kubo, Hajime Monzen, Yuya Yanagi, Kenji Nakamura, Yusuke Sakai, Yasumasa Nishimura","doi":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_8_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_8_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of large target offset distances on the dose distribution and gamma passing rate (GPR) in single-isocenter multiple-target stereotactic radiosurgery (SIMT SRS) using volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) with a flattening filter-free (FFF) beam from a linear accelerator.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two targets with a diameter of 1 cm were offset by \"±2, ±4, and ±6 cm from the isocenter in a verification phantom for head SRS (20 Gy/fr). The VMAT plans were created using collimator angles that ensured the two targets did not share a leaf pair from the multi-leaf collimator. To evaluate the low-dose spread intermediate dose spill (R_50%), GPRs were measured with a criterion of 3%/2 mm using an electronic portal imaging device and evaluated using monitor unit (MU), modulation complexity score for VMAT (MCS_v), and leaf travel (LT) parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For offsets of 2, 4, and 6 cm, the respective parameters were: R_50%, 4.75 ± 0.36, 5.13 ± 0.36, and 5.11 ± 0.33; GPR, 95.01%, 93.82%, and 90.67%; MU, 5893 ± 186, 5825 ± 286, and 5810 ± 396; MCS_v, 0.24, 0.16, and 0.13; and LT, 189.21 ± 36.04, 327.69 ± 67.01, and 430.39 ± 114.34 mm. There was a spread in the low-dose region from offsets of ≥4 cm and the GPR negatively correlated with LT (<i>r</i> = -0.762). There was minimal correlation between GPR and MU or MCS_v.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In SIMT SRS VMAT plans with an FFF beam from a linear accelerator, target offsets of <4 cm from the isocenter can minimize the volume of the low-dose region receiving 10 Gy or more. During treatment planning, it is important to choose gantry, couch, and collimator angles that minimize LT and thereby improve the GPR.</p>","PeriodicalId":51719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"48 4","pages":"365-372"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10783189/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139467639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical Progress of Stereotactic Radiation Surgery.","authors":"Navid Khaledi, Rao Khan, James L Gräfe","doi":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_62_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_62_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy have established themselves as precise and accurate areas of radiation oncology for the treatment of brain and extracranial lesions. Along with the evolution of other methods of radiotherapy, this type of treatment has been associated with significant advances in terms of a variety of modalities and techniques to improve the accuracy and efficacy of treatment. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the progress in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) over several decades, and includes a review of various articles and research papers, commencing with the emergence of stereotactic techniques in radiotherapy. Key clinical aspects of SRS, such as fixation methods, radiobiology considerations, quality assurance practices, and treatment planning strategies, are presented. In addition, the review highlights the technological advancements in treatment modalities, encompassing the transition from cobalt-based systems to linear accelerator-based modalities. By addressing these topics, this study aims to offer insights into the advancements that have shaped the field of SRS, that have ultimately enhanced the accuracy and effectiveness of treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":51719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"48 4","pages":"312-327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10783188/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139467317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics Performance of Newly Developed Parallel Plate Chamber in Electron Beams.","authors":"Sathiyan Saminathan, Mageshraja Kannan, K M Ganesh, James Mazarello, Rahul Fernandes","doi":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_76_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_76_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To investigate the dosimetric performance of newly developed parallel plate chamber in electron beams.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Rosalina Instruments India Private Limited (Mumbai, Maharashtra, India) has designed and fabricated PRATT2 parallel plate chamber. The various dosimetric characteristics, including pre- and post-irradiation leakage, stability, polarity effect, chamber response with bias voltage, dose linearity, dose rate effect, and chamber absorbed dose calibration, were performed for the developed chamber. The electron beam energies of 4, 6, 8, and 15MeV were used in this study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The pre- and post-irradiation leakage of the developed chamber was within the acceptable limit. The chamber shows good stability over the electron beams used in this study. The maximum error in polarity effect was 0.7% for the developed chamber. The chamber shows the good linear response with dose, and its response is independent of the dose rate for all electron beams. The beam quality correction factor (k_{Q, Q0}) was determined for the all electron beam energies, which was used for determination absorbed dose in electron beams.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The developed parallel plate chamber (PRATT2) is suitable for dosimetry of electron beams in radiotherapy. The chamber is cost effective and shows precise and reproducible response. The study carried out confirms that the newly designed and fabricated ion chamber can be used in the measurement of absorbed dose for therapeutic electron beams.</p>","PeriodicalId":51719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"48 4","pages":"333-337"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10783180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139467190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dosimetric Impact of Air Pockets in the Vaginal Cuff Brachytherapy Using Model-based Dose Calculation Algorithm.","authors":"Lakshmi Venkataramana Puriparthi, Anil Kumar Talluri, Naga Prasanthi Akkineni, Harjot Kaur Bajwa, Venkatappa Rao Tumu, N V N Madhusudhana Sresty, Krishnam Raju Alluri","doi":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_88_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_88_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Endometrial cancer is the most common disease of the female reproductive system. Vaginal cuff brachytherapy (VCB) has intrinsic advantages compared to external beam therapy when treated with radiation. A single-channel cylinder is a standard applicator in VCB. The present study aims to estimate a change in the dose to vaginal mucosa due to air pockets between the cylinder and vaginal mucosa by calculating with the Acuros BV algorithm and comparing it to the Task Group 43 (TG-43) algorithm.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Patients who presented with air packets were included retrospectively. For each patient, three plans were created: the first plan used TG-43, the second plan used dose recalculation with Acuros BV, and the third plan was generated by re-optimization by Acuros BV. On the same axial computed tomography image, the point doses at the cylinder's surface and the displaced mucosa were recorded and the ratios were then estimated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average volume of air pockets was 0.08 cc (range of 0.01-0.3 cc), and 84% of air pockets displaced the vaginal mucosa by ≥0.2 cm. The average ratios of dose were 0.77 ± 0.09 (1 standard deviation [SD]) and 0.78 ± 0.09 (1 SD) for TG-43 and Acuros BV algorithms, respectively. Due to the air pocket, mucosa received a reduced dose by an average of 22.72% and an average of 23.29% for TG-43 and Acuros BV, respectively. The maximum displacement of mucosa and the ratio of doses were negatively correlated for both. In the Optimized Acuros BV plan, total dwell time increased by 1.8% but no considerable change in the dose ratios.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The calculated dose of mucous membrane forced out of the cylinder surface by air pockets by the Acuros BV algorithm was nonsignificantly different from TG-43. Therefore, even in the presence of air pockets, the TG-43 algorithm for calculating the VCB dose is appropriate.</p>","PeriodicalId":51719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"48 4","pages":"373-377"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10783181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139467309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pretreatment Spinal Column Dose Estimation for Spinal SBRT Using Octavius Four-dimensional Phantom and Dose-volume Histograms Four-dimensional Feature: A Dosimetric Analysis.","authors":"Mallikarjuna Adavala, K Chandrasekhar Reddy, Shakambari Sadangi, Kausik Bhattacharya","doi":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_65_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_65_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study was to estimate the spinal column dose for spinal Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) before patient treatment using the PTW dosimetry Octavius dose-volume histograms (DVH) four-dimensional (4D) feature.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Twenty-three patients were included in the study, and a volumetric modulated arc therapy plan with 6MV flattening filter-free (6FFF) was generated for each patient in the Eclipse planning system using the Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm (AAA) algorithm (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) for the TrueBeam STx LINAC machine. The Octavius 4D system was used to estimate the spinal cord dose by delivering the plans to the 4D phantom. The measured dose was compared with the Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) dose.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The spinal cord max and mean doses estimated using Varisoft DVH 4D are in close agreement with the TPS calculated max and mean doses. The deviation between measured dose and TPS dose is ±5% for the spinal max dose, and the deviation between measured dose and TPS dose is ± 3% for the spinal mean dose.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study demonstrates that the PTW Octavius 4D phantom and DVH 4D feature can be used as a tool to estimate spinal cord dose before the treatment in spinal SBRT plans. The system provides an independent dose measurement that is comparable to the TPS dose. The close agreement between measured and calculated doses validates the use of this system as a critical organ dose verification tool.</p>","PeriodicalId":51719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"48 4","pages":"345-349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10783185/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139467324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The <i>Journal of Medical Physics</i> Progresses and Achieves an Impact Factor - Time to Change Guards.","authors":"A S Pradhan","doi":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_151_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jmp.jmp_151_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"48 4","pages":"311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10783187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139467330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development, Construction, and Evaluation of an Alternative Dosimetry Phantom for Computed Tomography.","authors":"Lukmanda Evan Lubis, Windi Dliya Najmah, Yuni Muliyanti, Ika Hariyati, Dea Ryangga, Terry Mart, Hilde Bosmans, Djarwani Soeharso Soejoko","doi":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_92_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_92_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article aims to present the development, construction, and evaluation of an alternative computed tomography dose index (CTDI) phantom. Epoxy resin was mixed with an iodine-based contrast agent to produce radiological characteristics resembling polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a standard CTDI phantom. As a preliminary study, testing was carried out using computed tomography images (80 and 120 kVp) on 12 variations of epoxy-iodine resin mixtures to obtain relative electron density (<i>ρ_e</i>) values and effective atomic numbers (<i>Z_eff</i>) of the samples. The alternative CTDI phantoms were then constructed with a resin-iodine mixture using iodine concentrations that yield on closest <i>ρ_e</i> and <i>Z_eff</i> values to those of PMMA. The evaluation was carried out by comparing dose measurement results at various energies between the alternative phantom and the International Electrotechnical Commission-standard CTDI phantom. At a concentration of 0.46%, the epoxy resin has <i>ρ_e</i> and <i>Z_eff</i> with a deviation against PMMA of 0.12% and 1.58%, respectively, so that composition was chosen for the alternative CTDI phantom construction. The average dose discrepancy values were 5% and 1%, respectively, for the head and body phantoms in the tested tube voltages of 80 kVp, 100 kVp, 120 kVp, and 135 kVp. The Student's <i>t</i>-test result between the alternative and the standard phantoms also showed <i>P</i> < 0.05, indicating the comparability of the alternative CTDI phantom with the standard CTDI phantom.</p>","PeriodicalId":51719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"48 4","pages":"402-408"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10783184/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139467195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deterministic Modeling for Radiation Attenuation-integrated Radon Transform in Emission Computed Tomography: Algorithm, Curve Fitting Analysis, and Introduction of Attenuation Hadamard Matrix.","authors":"Mohsen Qutbi","doi":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_94_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_94_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of the study is to propose an algorithm to implement and visualize radiation attenuation-integrated Radon transform based on Beer-Lambert law during emission computed tomography simulation using a deterministic model and also to perform image analysis on resulting images.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two types of phantoms are designed: plain-disk phantom and patterned-disk phantom. The large disk is filled with an activity of 5 units and the smaller disks have 10 units of activity of ^99mTc isotope as an emission map. Three transmission maps for patterned-disk phantom are created with uniform linear attenuation coefficient. Phantoms are scanned with 360° and 180° acquisition arcs. Then, using the algorithm designed, the exponential Radon transform is implemented. After that, the projections are back-projected and filtered to generate tomographic slices. Finally, all slices are analyzed using profile plotting and curve fitting. Moreover, an attenuation Hadamard matrix is provided to facilitate attenuation modeling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The uniform intensity of activity in the phantoms is converted to a disk with progressively decreasing intensity from the periphery to the center in the tomographic slices. Similarly, the circles positioned more centrally appear less intense than those positioned in the periphery, despite all circles having equal activity. When the phantom is scanned in 180° arc, the circles closest to the camera are visualized more intensely. The profile curves of the slices generated by exponential Radon transformation are depicted as U-shaped in profile plotting and are fitted to a bi-exponential function with a near-perfect precision.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The incorporation of radiation attenuation results in the development of more realistic models for quantification purposes.</p>","PeriodicalId":51719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"48 4","pages":"384-391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10783194/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139467194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dosimetric Analysis of <i>Rhizophora</i>-based Phantom Material in Radiation Therapy Applications Using Monte Carlo GATE Simulation.","authors":"Siti Hajar Zuber, Muhammad Fahmi Rizal Abdul Hadi, Damilola Oluwafemi Samson, Jayapramila Jayamani, Nor Ain Rabaiee, Mohd Zahri Abdul Aziz, Nurul Ab Aziz Hashikin, Chee Keat Ying, Mohd Fahmi Mohd Yusof, Rokiah Hashim","doi":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_75_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jmp.jmp_75_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to determine the percentage depth dose (PDD) of a phantom material made from soy-lignin bonded <i>Rhizophora</i> spp. particleboard coated with a gloss finish by using Monte Carlo Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) simulation.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The particleboard was fabricated using a hot pressing technique at target density of 1.0 g·cm^-3 and the elemental fraction was recorded for the simulation. The PDD was simulated in the GATE simulation using the linear accelerator Elekta Synergy model for the water phantom and <i>Rhizophora</i> phantom, and the results were compared with the experimental PDD performed by several studies. Beam flatness and beam symmetry were also measured in this study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The simulated PDD for <i>Rhizophora</i> and water was in agreement with the experimental PDD of water with overall discrepancies of 0% to 8.7% at depth ranging from 1.0 to 15.0 cm. In the GATE simulation, all the points passed the clinical 3%/3 mm criterion in comparison with water, with the final percentage of 2.34% for <i>Rhizophora</i> phantom and 2.49% for the water phantom simulated in GATE. Both the symmetries are all within the range of an acceptable value of 2.0% according to the recommendation, with the beam symmetry of the water phantom and <i>Rhizophora</i> phantom at 0.58% and 0.28%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings of this study provide the necessary foundation to confidently use the phantom for radiotherapy purposes, especially in treatment planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":51719,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Physics","volume":"48 4","pages":"358-364"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10783191/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139467197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}