Imaging Science in Dentistry最新文献

{"title":"Micro-computed tomography for assessing the internal and external voids of bulk-fill composite restorations: A technical report.","authors":"Vincenzo Tosco,&nbsp;Riccardo Monterubbianesi,&nbsp;Michele Furlani,&nbsp;Alessandra Giuliani,&nbsp;Angelo Putignano,&nbsp;Giovanna Orsini","doi":"10.5624/isd.20220007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5624/isd.20220007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This technical report aims to describe and detail the use of micro-computed tomography for a reliable evaluation of the bulk-fill composite/tooth interface.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Bulk-fill composite restorations in tooth cavities were scanned using micro-computed tomography to obtain qualitatively and quantitatively valuable information. Two-dimensional information was processed using specific algorithms, and ultimately a 3-dimensional (3D) specimen reconstruction was generated. The 3D rendering allowed the visualization of voids inside bulk-fill composite materials and provided quantitative measurements. The 3D analysis software VG Studio MAX was used to perform image analysis and assess gap formation within the tooth-restoration interface. In particular, to evaluate internal adaptation, the Defect Analysis add-on module of VG Studio Max was used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The data, obtained with the processing software, highlighted the presence and the shape of gaps in different colours, representing the volume of porosity within a chromatic scale in which each colour quantitatively represents a well-defined volume.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Micro-computed tomography makes it possible to obtain several quantitative parameters, providing fundamental information on defect shape and complexity. However, this technique has the limit of not discriminating materials without radiopacity and with low or no filler content, such as dental adhesives, and hence, they are difficult to visualise through software reconstruction.</p>","PeriodicalId":51714,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Science in Dentistry","volume":"52 3","pages":"303-308"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2a/44/isd-52-303.PMC9530296.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33512145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex determination from lateral cephalometric radiographs using an automated deep learning convolutional neural network.","authors":"Maryam Khazaei,&nbsp;Vahid Mollabashi,&nbsp;Hassan Khotanlou,&nbsp;Maryam Farhadian","doi":"10.5624/isd.20220016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5624/isd.20220016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Despite the proliferation of numerous morphometric and anthropometric methods for sex identification based on linear, angular, and regional measurements of various parts of the body, these methods are subject to error due to the observer's knowledge and expertise. This study aimed to explore the possibility of automated sex determination using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) based on lateral cephalometric radiographs.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 1,476 Iranian subjects (794 women and 682 men) from 18 to 49 years of age were included. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were considered as a network input and output layer including 2 classes (male and female). Eighty percent of the data was used as a training set and the rest as a test set. Hyperparameter tuning of each network was done after preprocessing and data augmentation steps. The predictive performance of different architectures (DenseNet, ResNet, and VGG) was evaluated based on their accuracy in test sets.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CNN based on the DenseNet121 architecture, with an overall accuracy of 90%, had the best predictive power in sex determination. The prediction accuracy of this model was almost equal for men and women. Furthermore, with all architectures, the use of transfer learning improved predictive performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results confirmed that a CNN could predict a person's sex with high accuracy. This prediction was independent of human bias because feature extraction was done automatically. However, for more accurate sex determination on a wider scale, further studies with larger sample sizes are desirable.</p>","PeriodicalId":51714,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Science in Dentistry","volume":"52 3","pages":"239-244"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/92/e6/isd-52-239.PMC9530293.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33512141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical validation of the 3-dimensional double-echo steady-state with water excitation sequence of MR neurography for preoperative facial and lingual nerve identification.","authors":"Dohyun Kwon,&nbsp;Chena Lee,&nbsp;YeonSu Chae,&nbsp;Ik Jae Kwon,&nbsp;Soung Min Kim,&nbsp;Jong-Ho Lee","doi":"10.5624/isd.20220035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5624/isd.20220035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the clinical usefulness of magnetic resonance (MR) neurography using the 3-dimensional double-echo steady-state with water excitation (3D-DESS-WE) sequence for the preoperative delineation of the facial and lingual nerves.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Patients underwent MR neurography for a tumor in the parotid gland area or lingual neuropathy from January 2020 to December 2021 were reviewed. Preoperative MR neurography using the 3D-DESS-WE sequence was evaluated. The visibility of the facial nerve and lingual nerve was scored on a 5-point scale, with poor visibility as 1 point and excellent as 5 points. The facial nerve course relative to the tumor was identified as superficial, deep, or encased. This was compared to the actual nerve course identified during surgery. The operative findings in lingual nerve surgery were also described.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten patients with parotid tumors and 3 patients with lingual neuropathy were included. Among 10 parotid tumor patients, 8 were diagnosed with benign tumors and 2 with malignant tumors. The median facial nerve visibility score was 4.5 points. The distribution of scores was as follows: 5 points in 5 cases, 4 points in 1 case, 3 points in 2 cases, and 2 points in 2 cases. The lingual nerve continuity score in the affected area was lower than in the unaffected area in all 3 patients. The average visibility score of the lingual nerve was 2.67 on the affected side and 4 on the unaffected side.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study confirmed that the preoperative localization of the facial and lingual nerves using MR neurography with the 3D-DESS-WE sequence was feasible and contributed to surgical planning for the parotid area and lingual nerve.</p>","PeriodicalId":51714,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Science in Dentistry","volume":"52 3","pages":"259-266"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0e/65/isd-52-259.PMC9530289.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33512634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scalloped border as a possible diagnostic aid for differentiating jaw lesions: A pictorial essay.","authors":"Hamed Mortazavi,&nbsp;Maryam Baharvand,&nbsp;Yaser Safi","doi":"10.5624/isd.20220033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5624/isd.20220033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to introduce a category of jaw lesions comprising cysts and tumors associated with scalloped borders.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>General search engines and specialized databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, PubMed Central, and Scopus, as well as an authoritative textbook, were used to find relevant studies by using keywords such as \"jaw lesion,\" \"jaw disease,\" \"scalloping,\" \"scalloped border,\" \"scalloped margin,\" \"irregular border,\" and \"irregular margin.\" Out of 289 articles, 252 records were removed because they were duplicates, did not have a relevant title, or did not mention the frequency of findings described using the term \"scalloped border.\" Finally, 37 closely related articles were chosen.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>According to the relevant literature, scalloped borders are found most frequently in ameloblastoma, followed by simple bone cyst, central giant cell granuloma, odontogenic keratocyst, and glandular odontogenic cyst.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The lesions most frequently reported to have scalloped borders are ameloblastoma, central giant cell granuloma, odontogenic keratocyst, simple bone cyst, and glandular odontogenic cyst.</p>","PeriodicalId":51714,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Science in Dentistry","volume":"52 3","pages":"309-317"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a9/0b/isd-52-309.PMC9530295.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33512635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mucocele in the maxillary sinus involving the orbit: A report of 2 cases.","authors":"Han-Gyeol Yeom,&nbsp;Wan Lee,&nbsp;Su-Il Han,&nbsp;Jae-Hoon Lee,&nbsp;Byung-Do Lee","doi":"10.5624/isd.20210278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5624/isd.20210278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mucocele of the paranasal sinuses is a benign, slow-growing, expansile lesion. Maxillary sinus mucoceles are usually associated with painless bulging of the cheek; however, orbital expansion is rarely observed. Maxillary sinus mucoceles can be classified as primary or secondary according to their etiology. An impediment to sinus ostium ventilation is thought to be the cause of primary mucocele, while sequestering of residual mucosa after surgery in the wound and long-term retention of tissue fluid have been suggested to lead to the formation of secondary mucocele. This report presents 2 cases of primary and secondary mucoceles, with a focus on radiographic features. As primary and superiorly positioned secondary maxillary sinus mucoceles are uncommon and their close proximity to the orbit predisposes the patient to significant morbidity, the authors expect that this report will contribute to a better understanding and diagnosis of maxillary sinus mucocele involving the orbit.</p>","PeriodicalId":51714,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Science in Dentistry","volume":"52 3","pages":"327-332"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9d/29/isd-52-327.PMC9530297.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33512631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of kilovoltage-peak and the metal artifact reduction tool in cone-beam computed tomography on the detection of bone defects around titanium-zirconia and zirconia implants.","authors":"Rocharles Cavalcante Fontenele,&nbsp;Eduarda Helena Leandro Nascimento,&nbsp;Ana Catarina Imbelloni-Vasconcelos,&nbsp;Luciano Augusto Cano Martins,&nbsp;Andrea Dos Anjos Pontual,&nbsp;Flávia Maria Moraes Ramos-Perez,&nbsp;Deborah Queiroz Freitas","doi":"10.5624/isd.20220040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5624/isd.20220040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to assess the influence of kilovoltage-peak (kVp) and the metal artifact reduction (MAR) tool on the detection of buccal and lingual peri-implant dehiscence in the presence of titanium-zirconia (Ti-Zr) and zirconia (Zr) implants in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Twenty implant sites were created in the posterior region of human mandibles, including control sites (without dehiscence) and experimental sites (with dehiscence). Individually, a Ti-Zr or Zr implant was placed in each implant site. CBCT scans were performed using a Picasso Trio device, with variation in the kVp setting (70 or 90 kVp) and whether the MAR tool was used. Three oral radiologists scored the detection of dehiscence using a 5-point scale. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated and compared by multi-way analysis of variance (α=0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The kVp, cortical plate involved (buccal or lingual cortices), and MAR did not influence any diagnostic values (<i>P</i>>0.05). The material of the implant did not influence the ROC curve values (<i>P</i>>0.05). In contrast, the sensitivity and specificity were statistically significantly influenced by the implant material (<i>P</i><0.05) with Zr implants showing higher sensitivity values and lower specificity values than Ti-Zr implants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The detection of peri-implant dehiscence was not influenced by kVp, use of the MAR tool, or the cortical plate. Greater sensitivity and lower specificity were shown for the detection of peri-implant dehiscence in the presence of a Zr implant.</p>","PeriodicalId":51714,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Science in Dentistry","volume":"52 3","pages":"267-273"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/50/50/isd-52-267.PMC9530290.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33512636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CBCT-based assessment of root canal treatment using micro-CT reference images.","authors":"Alessando Lamira,&nbsp;Jardel Francisco Mazzi-Chaves,&nbsp;Laura Ferreira Pinheiro Nicolielo,&nbsp;Graziela Bianchi Leoni,&nbsp;Alice Corrêa Silva-Sousa,&nbsp;Yara Terezinha Corrêa Silva-Sousa,&nbsp;Ruben Pauwels,&nbsp;Nico Buls,&nbsp;Reinhilde Jacobs,&nbsp;Manoel Damião Sousa-Neto","doi":"10.5624/isd.20220019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5624/isd.20220019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study compared the root canal anatomy between cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) images before and after biomechanical preparation and root canal filling.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Isthmus-containing mesial roots of mandibular molars (n=14) were scanned by micro-CT and 3 CBCT devices: 3D Accuitomo 170 (ACC), NewTom 5G (N5G) and NewTom VGi evo (NEVO). Two calibrated observers evaluated the images for 2-dimensional quantitative parameters, the presence of debris or root perforation, and filling quality in the root canal and isthmus. The kappa coefficient, analysis of variance, and the Tukey test were used for statistical analyses (α=5%).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Substantial intra-observer agreement (κ=0.63) was found between micro-CT and ACC, N5G, and NEVO. Debris detection was difficult using ACC (42.9%), N5G (40.0%), and NEVO (40%), with no agreement between micro-CT and ACC, N5G, and NEVO (0.05<κ<0.12). After biomechanical preparation, 2.4%-4.8% of CBCT images showed root perforation that was absent on micro-CT. The 2D parameters showed satisfactory reproducibility between micro-CT and ACC, N5G, and NEVO (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.60-0.73). Partially filled isthmuses were observed in 2.9% of the ACC images, 8.8% of the N5G and NEVO images, and 26.5% of the micro-CT images, with no agreement between micro-CT and ACC, and poor agreement between micro-CT and N5G and NEVO. Excellent agreement was found for area, perimeter, and the major and minor diameters, while the roundness measures were satisfactory.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CBCT images aided in isthmus detection and classification, but did not allow their classification after biomechanical preparation and root canal filling.</p>","PeriodicalId":51714,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Science in Dentistry","volume":"52 3","pages":"245-258"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/52/0a/isd-52-245.PMC9530298.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33512142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A deep learning approach to permanent tooth germ detection on pediatric panoramic radiographs.","authors":"Emine Kaya,&nbsp;Huseyin Gurkan Gunec,&nbsp;Kader Cesur Aydin,&nbsp;Elif Seyda Urkmez,&nbsp;Recep Duranay,&nbsp;Hasan Fehmi Ates","doi":"10.5624/isd.20220050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5624/isd.20220050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to assess the performance of a deep learning system for permanent tooth germ detection on pediatric panoramic radiographs.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In total, 4518 anonymized panoramic radiographs of children between 5 and 13 years of age were collected. YOLOv4, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based object detection model, was used to automatically detect permanent tooth germs. Panoramic images of children processed in LabelImg were trained and tested in the YOLOv4 algorithm. True-positive, false-positive, and false-negative rates were calculated. A confusion matrix was used to evaluate the performance of the model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The YOLOv4 model, which detected permanent tooth germs on pediatric panoramic radiographs, provided an average precision value of 94.16% and an F1 value of 0.90, indicating a high level of significance. The average YOLOv4 inference time was 90 ms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The detection of permanent tooth germs on pediatric panoramic X-rays using a deep learning-based approach may facilitate the early diagnosis of tooth deficiency or supernumerary teeth and help dental practitioners find more accurate treatment options while saving time and effort.</p>","PeriodicalId":51714,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Science in Dentistry","volume":"52 3","pages":"275-281"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/df/2f/isd-52-275.PMC9530294.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33512632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for external root resorption of maxillary second molars associated with third molars.","authors":"Jinwoo Choi","doi":"10.5624/isd.20220401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5624/isd.20220401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of panoramic images compared to cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging for maxillary third molar (M3)-associated external root resorption (ERR), and to identify the risk factors of ERR on panoramic images.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study population was composed of all patients who underwent panoramic imaging at Dankook University Dental Hospital from May to October 2019. In total, 397 cases of maxillary M3s in 247 patients (147 men and 100 women) were included. The diagnostic accuracy of ERR in panoramic images compared to CBCT images was evaluated using the chi-square test. To identify risk factors for ERR, dental records and panoramic findings were evaluated by logistic regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The diagnostic accuracy of ERR on panoramic images was 0.79 compared to CBCT images (<i>P</i><0.05). Superimposition of M3s onto second molars (M2) was associated with an approximately 33 times higher risk of ERR than separated M3s (<i>P</i><0.05). Impacted M3s showed a 5 times higher risk of ERR than erupted M3s (<i>P</i><0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ERR related to M3s is a common clinical condition, and superimposition of M3 onto M2 on panoramic images was the most important risk factor for ERR. It seemed that CBCT examinations for maxillary M3s might be indicated for ERR diagnosis especially if panoramic radiographs show superimposition of M3 onto M2. Impaction itself was also a risk factor, and it should be carefully examined.</p>","PeriodicalId":51714,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Science in Dentistry","volume":"52 3","pages":"289-294"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/70/3a/isd-52-289.PMC9530300.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33512144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A retrospective study of incidental findings occurring in a consecutive case series of lateral cephalograms of 12- to 20-year-old patients referred for routine orthodontic treatment.","authors":"David MacDonald,&nbsp;Akash Patel,&nbsp;Bingshuang Zou,&nbsp;Edwin Yen,&nbsp;Siddharth R Vora","doi":"10.5624/isd.20220402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5624/isd.20220402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Lateral cephalograms of orthodontic patients may contain incidental findings that could potentially lead to harm.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The lateral cephalograms of 1765 consecutive 12- to 20-year-old patients, being considered for routine orthodontic treatment, were retrospectively reviewed. These patients were considered normal, because no abnormalities were found either in their medical history or on their clinical examination.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall prevalence of incidental findings was 18.8%, of which 10.3% were ponticulus posticus and 4.2% were bridging of the sella turcica. Although occipital spurs and ponticulus posticus were more prevalent in males, the size of the sella turcicas did not differ between sexes. Of the 1156 patients completing treatment about 2 years later, only one lateral cephalogram displayed progression of the ponticulus posticus in that time.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The prevalence of incidental findings on lateral cephalograms of otherwise normal orthodontic 12- to 20-year-old patients was almost a fifth, of which ponticulus posticus, vertebral fusion, and enlarged parietal foramina were clinically significant.</p>","PeriodicalId":51714,"journal":{"name":"Imaging Science in Dentistry","volume":"52 3","pages":"295-302"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f5/cd/isd-52-295.PMC9530292.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33512633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}