{"title":"Medical Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease","authors":"Anoop Ravilla MD","doi":"10.1016/j.tvir.2026.101100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvir.2026.101100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a chronic atherosclerotic disease of the lower extremities associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as well as destructive limb-associated complications such as intermittent claudication and ischemic rest pain. While revascularization with surgical and endovascular techniques is important to prevent limb loss in patients with critical limb ischemia, it fails to address the early symptoms of PAD or the systemic cardiovascular risks associated with PAD. The management of PAD incorporates aggressive lifestyle modification and comprehensive medical therapy aimed at reducing systemic cardiovascular risk, preventing limb-related events, and improving quality of life and functional capacity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51613,"journal":{"name":"Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology","volume":"29 1","pages":"Article 101100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147420560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chronic Total Occlusion Crossing Techniques for Infra-Inguinal Peripheral Artery Disease: A Contemporary Guide for Vascular Specialists","authors":"Srini Tummala MD, Aakash Neelupalli Reddy","doi":"10.1016/j.tvir.2026.101103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvir.2026.101103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) represents the most advanced manifestation of peripheral artery disease posing a significant threat to both limb viability and patient survival. Individuals with CLTI frequently exhibit extensive, heavily calcified infrainguinal arterial involvement including chronic total occlusions (CTOs). CTO crossing failure rates can exceed 20% depending on the expertise of the operator. Inadequate revascularization due to unsuccessful CTO crossing can lead to elevated morbidity, major amputation, and increased mortality. As such, contemporary vascular specialists must master CTO crossing techniques for both above-the-knee and below-the-knee disease to optimize procedural success and clinical outcomes. This review outlines and synthesizes the various catheter-based and guidewire strategies currently employed for infrainguinal CTO management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51613,"journal":{"name":"Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology","volume":"29 1","pages":"Article 101103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147420553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neil Trivedi DPM , Robin Tsai DPM , Laura Shin DPM , Nallely Saldana-Ruiz MD, MPH , Jakob I. Wepman BA , Robert Stillwell DPM
{"title":"Amputation Levels in High-Risk Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia Patients","authors":"Neil Trivedi DPM , Robin Tsai DPM , Laura Shin DPM , Nallely Saldana-Ruiz MD, MPH , Jakob I. Wepman BA , Robert Stillwell DPM","doi":"10.1016/j.tvir.2026.101106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvir.2026.101106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lower extremity amputations secondary to diabetes and vascular disease result in huge costs to the healthcare system and have significant psychological effects on patients. Limb salvage has become an important specialty within podiatric medicine, aiming to keep patient's ambulatory and prevent readmissions and repeat amputations. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the different levels of amputation in the foot and ankle and discuss relevant adjunctive surgical procedures to reduce the risk of postoperative complications. A thorough understanding of the biomechanics of the foot and ankle is necessary. Additionally, it is important to utilize any available vascular imaging or non-invasive vascular studies as well as wound stratification systems when planning amputation levels. Outcomes vary widely depending on perfusion and systemic comorbidities. A multidisciplinary team approach is best in limb salvage to treat underlying systemic illnesses which can result in failure of the amputation. Several factors including the current functional status of the patient, should be considered before selecting a surgical procedure for limb salvage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51613,"journal":{"name":"Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology","volume":"29 1","pages":"Article 101106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147420558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neil Trivedi DPM , Robin Tsai DPM , Laura Shin DPM , Nallely Saldana-Ruiz MD MPH , Jakob I Wepman BA , Robert Stillwell DPM
{"title":"Wound Care Basics in High-Risk Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia Patients","authors":"Neil Trivedi DPM , Robin Tsai DPM , Laura Shin DPM , Nallely Saldana-Ruiz MD MPH , Jakob I Wepman BA , Robert Stillwell DPM","doi":"10.1016/j.tvir.2026.101102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvir.2026.101102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of this chapter is to provide a broad summary of the different classes of wound care products and to show their indications for use while providing a list of the products which are most commonly used in the clinical setting. Wound care is a complex specialty and a thorough understanding of the underlying etiology of a wound is essential in determining which wound care products are best to use. Wound care is a large specialty within podiatric medicine and continues to have a significant impact on health-care expenses in the United States (US). Prompt treatment with a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to reduce the burden of healthcare expenses and prevent the detrimental effects caused by chronic wounds on the quality of life of patients. The different types of wounds will be identified and common diagnostic studies ordered for each type of wound will be discussed. Wound care is a dynamic specialty which requires constant evaluation as changes occur, including revascularization procedures and infections. The presence of simultaneous disease processes that interfere with wound healing also adds to the complexity of treatment. The goal of this chapter is to allow healthcare providers in multiple different specialties to learn more about wound care to treat patients with more effectiveness and efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51613,"journal":{"name":"Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology","volume":"29 1","pages":"Article 101102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147420554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brian J. Schiro MD, RPVI, FSIR, Syed Kazmi MD, Constantino Pena MD, FSIR, Alex Powell MD, FSIR, Adam Geronemus MD, FSIR, Ripal Gandhi MD, FSIR, Ronald Mora MD, Daniela Garcia MD
{"title":"Approach to Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) and Keys to Building a Practice","authors":"Brian J. Schiro MD, RPVI, FSIR, Syed Kazmi MD, Constantino Pena MD, FSIR, Alex Powell MD, FSIR, Adam Geronemus MD, FSIR, Ripal Gandhi MD, FSIR, Ronald Mora MD, Daniela Garcia MD","doi":"10.1016/j.tvir.2026.101099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvir.2026.101099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) presents both a major public-health challenge and a substantial clinical opportunity for interventional radiologists (IRs) to fill local healthcare gaps and disparities. This article is a practical primer for those who want to enter the peripheral arterial disease space and includes clinical assessment and workup for the patient as well as a discussion on education and hands-on training, building a referral base, creating a multidisciplinary limb-preservation program, and tracking outcomes. In the articles that follow in this issue, a more in-depth discussion will provide readers understanding on some of the tools and techniques necessary for clinical knowledge and practice development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51613,"journal":{"name":"Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology","volume":"29 1","pages":"Article 101099"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147420562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Noninvasive imaging in peripheral arterial disease: Techniques, protocols, and clinical applications","authors":"Yolanda Bryce MD , Jill Sommerset RVT , Constantino Peña MD","doi":"10.1016/j.tvir.2026.101101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvir.2026.101101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Noninvasive imaging represents the cornerstone of diagnosis, characterization, and longitudinal management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), offering both anatomic and physiologic information essential for precision therapy. Each modality—magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), computed tomography angiography (CTA), duplex ultrasonography, and physiologic testing—contributes unique strengths to the comprehensive evaluation of arterial disease. In addition, specialized perfusion-based techniques extend the diagnostic armamentarium for chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51613,"journal":{"name":"Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology","volume":"29 1","pages":"Article 101101"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147420555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tools for Plaque Modification in Peripheral Arterial Disease","authors":"Keith Pereira MD, FSIR","doi":"10.1016/j.tvir.2026.101104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvir.2026.101104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) continues to pose a major global health challenge, driven by population aging and the growing prevalence of diabetes. Effective management of complex, calcified lesions increasingly relies on targeted plaque-modification strategies that enhance vessel compliance and improve long-term patency. This review summarizes current vessel-preparation tools—including specialty balloons, atherectomy systems, and intravascular lithotripsy—highlighting their mechanisms, indications, limitations, and supporting evidence. While registries and observational studies demonstrate acute advantages such as greater luminal gain, improved drug uptake, and fewer severe dissections requiring bailout stenting, randomized data remain limited and heterogeneous. Key outcomes—including primary patency, distal embolization, and long-term clinical benefit—are inconsistently reported. These evidence gaps underscore the need for standardized endpoints and morphology-specific trials to better define optimal use. Collectively, plaque-modification technologies represent an expanding continuum of vessel-preparation options that complement angioplasty and drug-based therapies, aiming to deliver durable, anatomy-guided, and patient-centered revascularization in peripheral arterial disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51613,"journal":{"name":"Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology","volume":"29 1","pages":"Article 101104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147420559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DVA: Updated Evidence, Techniques, and Management Post-Intervention","authors":"Shivraj Grewal MD , Shaan Haider BS , Sreekumar Madassery MD, FSIR","doi":"10.1016/j.tvir.2026.101105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvir.2026.101105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep vein arterialization (DVA) is an evolving revascularization strategy that offers an option for those who classically are considered as no-option critical limb threatening ischemia (CLTI) patients. This patient population, many who may have had multiple revascularization attempts, or sometimes none, face dangerously high rates of amputation and mortality that has been well described in the literature. These patients suffer from small vessel disease and anatomically demonstrate no suitable vessels for endovascular or surgical revascularization (“desert foot”). DVA creation involves a tibial artery-to-vein fistulization, and after additional interventions, enables retrograde delivery of oxygenated blood down the tibial vein towards the pedal venous arch. This article describes the indications and contraindications, pre-operative evaluation, various approaches to arterialization, and postprocedural DVA management. DVA creation can be a technically challenging procedure, particularly in patients with significant arterial inflow disease burden, difficult-to-navigate venous loops, and those with variable venous anatomy. Post-DVA reintervention is quite common, spanning from management of graft occlusion/stenosis, poor maturation, arterial steal, and venous hypertension. Furthermore, these patients require close clinical follow-up involving regular ultrasound surveillance and close collaboration with foot and ankle surgeons for amputation strategy planning. Lastly, there is a continually growing body of evidence demonstrating the efficacy of DVA as well as the benefits of early reintervention; overall, promising results for patients with no-option CLTI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51613,"journal":{"name":"Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology","volume":"29 1","pages":"Article 101105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147420556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nathan Loudon MD , Jonathan Lorenz MD , Ronald Arellano MD , Baljendra Kapoor MD
{"title":"TIPS Revision: Indications, Techniques, and What to Consider When Revision Fails","authors":"Nathan Loudon MD , Jonathan Lorenz MD , Ronald Arellano MD , Baljendra Kapoor MD","doi":"10.1016/j.tvir.2025.101083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvir.2025.101083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To review the current indications, surveillance strategies, and technical approaches for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) revision, with emphasis on ultrasound surveillance limitations, surveillance models, and management of refractory complications, including novel approaches such as parallel TIPS. Comprehensive review of current literature on TIPS revision procedures, surveillance protocols, and management of TIPS-related complications. TIPS dysfunction occurs in 10%-20% of patients within the first year despite covered stent technology. Ultrasound surveillance remains the cornerstone of monitoring but has significant limitations. Novel approaches including parallel TIPS placement and advanced management strategies for refractory ascites show promising results. TIPS revision requires careful patient selection, optimized surveillance protocols, and advanced technical expertise. Emerging technologies and treatment paradigms continue to evolve, improving outcomes for patients with complex portal hypertensive complications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51613,"journal":{"name":"Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology","volume":"28 4","pages":"Article 101083"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145500280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}