{"title":"Focused Cardiac Ultrasound for Rapid Hemodynamic Assessment: A Primer for Vascular and Interventional Radiologists","authors":"Khanant M. Desai MD, RPVI","doi":"10.1016/j.tvir.2025.101025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvir.2025.101025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interventional Radiology has evolved to encompass periprocedural and inpatient care of critically ill patients. Acute hypotension and shock can occur in IR patients due to various causes including hemorrhage, sepsis, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism; therefore, the ability to accurately evaluate acutely deteriorating patients must become a part of the IR skillset. Goal-directed sonographic examination of the heart and inferior vena cava provides rapid bedside assessment of anatomic and functional parameters that can be used to determine the etiology underlying a patient's shock. Targets of evaluation include ventricular systolic function/size/thickness, presence of pericardial effusion and tamponade physiology, intravascular volume status, and existence of other structural pathology such as valvular disease and intracardiac masses. Presented is a primer on performing a systematic focused cardiac ultrasound examination for patients experiencing acute hypotension.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51613,"journal":{"name":"Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology","volume":"28 1","pages":"Article 101025"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143870865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fluid Status Assessment and the Role of the Venous Excess Ultrasound (VExUS) Score","authors":"Andrew R. Ahn MD, Khanant M. Desai MD, RPVI","doi":"10.1016/j.tvir.2025.101026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvir.2025.101026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interventional radiologists frequently assume care of patients with high severity of acute and chronic illnesses, many of which can contribute to shock and organ failure in the inpatient setting. The ability to quickly assess the hemodynamic status of a decompensating patient at bedside is therefore a valuable skill for IRs to develop. Assessment of intravascular volume status is fundamental to this—shock and organ failure are commonly precipitated by hypovolemia resulting in decreased circulating blood volume and organ perfusion, but may also develop due to fluid overload resulting in heart failure and organ malperfusion due to venous congestion. The venous excess ultrasound (VExUS) protocol is a rapid point-of-care sonographic exam that scores severity of systemic venous congestion by integrating analysis of multiple venous beds. Here, we review traditional methods of estimating intravascular volume status, technical aspects of the VExUS examination, interpretation of VExUS results, and practical applications for VExUS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51613,"journal":{"name":"Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology","volume":"28 1","pages":"Article 101026"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143870866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Central Venous Recanalization and Right Atrial Thrombectomy Using IVUS","authors":"Rehan Syed Quadri MD","doi":"10.1016/j.tvir.2025.101024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvir.2025.101024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Central venous occlusions (CVOs) of the systemic circulation are highly morbid, causing significant symptoms from venous congestion, venous thromboembolism (VTE) and impaired vascular access. Endovascular recanalization (EVR) has emerged as the treatment of choice for medically refractory nonthrombotic and thrombotic CVOs with Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) playing a pivotal role. Radial and side-firing IVUS catheters are used during central venous recanalization in the chest, abdomen and pelvis. The intraluminal ultrasonic view of a CVO shows dynamic details of pathology not obtained with conventional venography or cone-beam CT, allowing for a more accurate evaluation of clot burden, wall integrity, tumor invasion, occlusion length and luminal caliber. IVUS is also superb for guiding treatment of CVOs involving blunt and sharp recanalization, stenting, and mechanical thromboembolectomy (MTE) of VTE, especially high-risk free-floating thrombi (FFT) and clot in-transit (CIT) in the right atrium (RA). It most accurately assesses procedural endpoints, including successful intravascular traversal across an occlusion, adequate luminal gain after venoplasty and stenting, and complete clot extraction during thrombectomy. Moreover, this is all done without added contrast or radiation, which is paramount to reduce exposure during a challenging recanalization, especially in the aging hemodialysis population. Long-term data is now available that shows IVUS can enhance technical and clinical success and reduce complications during EVR. To achieve these benefits with IVUS interventionalists must be familiar with the available catheters and how to optimize and interpret the intraluminal images obtained. This paper will review the patient evaluation, indications, equipment, steps, challenges, complications, and outcomes for central venous recanalization (CVR) and RA thrombectomy with IVUS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51613,"journal":{"name":"Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology","volume":"28 1","pages":"Article 101024"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143870864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akhilesh Pillai , Achintya A. Patel MD , Ankit Mehta MD , Moaz M. Choudhary MD
{"title":"Transvenous biopsy of abdominal-pelvic lesions with no safe percutaneous access: How we do it","authors":"Akhilesh Pillai , Achintya A. Patel MD , Ankit Mehta MD , Moaz M. Choudhary MD","doi":"10.1016/j.tvir.2025.101022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvir.2025.101022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent developments in cancer genomics have allowed for comprehensive genomic profiling of tumors, thereby allowing oncologists to provide targeted therapies for patients with advanced cancers. This has made it even more important to obtain adequate core biopsies of lesions targeted for biopsies. While most lesions can be biopsied safely percutaneously using CT and ultrasound guidance, some lesions do not have a safe percutaneous window, thereby necessitating alternative biopsy techniques, such as transvenous biopsies, to aid in diagnosis and treatment. This review explores the use and technique of the transvenous approach for targeting small abdominal and pelvic masses using intravascular ultrasound guidance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51613,"journal":{"name":"Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology","volume":"28 1","pages":"Article 101022"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143870259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aria Nazeri MD , Alexander Ushinsky MD , Sanjeeva P. Kalva MD , Moaz M. Choudhary MD
{"title":"Intravascular Ultrasound: A Review of Radial and Side Firing IVUS","authors":"Aria Nazeri MD , Alexander Ushinsky MD , Sanjeeva P. Kalva MD , Moaz M. Choudhary MD","doi":"10.1016/j.tvir.2025.101021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvir.2025.101021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has become an essential tool for endovascular procedures, particularly during complex interventions. The benefits include improved visualization of vascular and extravascular anatomy, reduced complication rates, and enhanced accuracy during catheter-based interventions. In this review, we discuss the properties of side-firing (also commonly known as intracardiac echo ICE) and radial IVUS and explore their unique applications in endovascular procedures. The side-firing IVUS is advantageous for visualizing lesions and vascular structures in a plane parallel to the vessel wall, making it effective for guiding portal venous interventions, transvenous biopsies, and endoleak embolization, while the radial IVUS provides a 360-degree view of the vessel lumen, enabling detailed cross-sectional images of normal anatomy, pathologic processes requiring different endovascular therapy and their response to intervention(s).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51613,"journal":{"name":"Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology","volume":"28 1","pages":"Article 101021"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143870862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transcaval endoleak embolization using intravascular ultrasound: A step-by-step guide","authors":"Achintya A. Patel MD, Michael J. Miller MD","doi":"10.1016/j.tvir.2025.101023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvir.2025.101023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Type II endoleaks are common benign complications that occur following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). When traditional transarterial embolization fails in the management of these endoleaks, alternative approaches such as the transcaval approach can be attempted. The transcaval approach can be performed from either right internal jugular or common femoral vein access sites. The technique utilizes intravascular ultrasound or landmark fluoroscopy to visualize direct needle access into the aneurysm sac. Once access is obtained, the source of the endoleak can be embolized with either coils, liquid embolics, or thrombin. The technique is well tolerated by the vast majority of patients. Technical challenges include the need for a capable assistant and approach vectors. Possible complications include iatrogenic type III endoleaks, graft and/or coil pack infections, and persistent or recurrent type II endoleaks. This article will review indications and evaluation of patients for transcaval endoleak embolization, describe the procedure in a step-by-step fashion, and discuss potential technical challenges and complications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51613,"journal":{"name":"Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology","volume":"28 1","pages":"Article 101023"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143870863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
William D. Denton , Nicholas Meredith , Merve Ozen MD
{"title":"Tracking and Navigation Technologies for Image-Guided Trans-Arterial Interventions","authors":"William D. Denton , Nicholas Meredith , Merve Ozen MD","doi":"10.1016/j.tvir.2024.101010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvir.2024.101010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trans-arterial interventions are an increasingly utilized approach for diagnosing and treating a wide range of pathologies, providing superior patient outcomes compared to traditional open surgical methods. Recent advancements in tracking and navigation technologies have significantly refined these interventions, enhancing procedural precision and success. Advanced imaging modalities, such as fluoroscopy, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), are frequently used strategies offering critical real-time guidance. Although fluoroscopy remains the primary choice for many procedures, advancements in CBCT and IVUS have enabled the delivery of detailed volumetric and intravascular imaging while reducing radiation exposure. Aiming to enhance imaging capabilities further, image fusion and augmented reality technologies show substantial potential for integrating multiple datasets into cohesive models, improving instrument tracking and spatial orientation during interventions. Innovations in navigation systems, including electromagnetic, fiberoptic, and robotic navigation, provide additional tracking capabilities for enhanced intra-arterial navigation. This article will review the current advancements in imaging, tracking, navigation, and image fusion technologies and explore their utility in enhancing trans-arterial interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51613,"journal":{"name":"Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology","volume":"27 4","pages":"Article 101010"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143016052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruben Geevarghese MBBS , Sylvain Bodard MD , Afareen Jaleel M.Eng , Stephen B. Solomon MD , Hooman Yarmohammadi MD , Francois H. Cornelis MD, PhD
{"title":"Image-Guided Percutaneous Robotic Interventions for Lung","authors":"Ruben Geevarghese MBBS , Sylvain Bodard MD , Afareen Jaleel M.Eng , Stephen B. Solomon MD , Hooman Yarmohammadi MD , Francois H. Cornelis MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.tvir.2024.101002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvir.2024.101002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interventional radiology (IR) has aided advances in the diagnosis and treatment of lung pathologies through procedures such as percutaneous biopsy, tumor ablation and drainage of intra-thoracic collections. The success and safety of these interventions largely depend on timely and accurate needle/device placement. Additionally, there is an inherent need to minimize radiation exposure during image-guided procedures. Robotic systems offer potential solutions to improve procedure time and accuracy, as well as reduce radiation dose. This article summarizes the existing data for clinically utilized robotic systems in the context of percutaneous lung intervention. Additionally, practical considerations are outlined when implementing robotic systems in clinical practice. Whilst robotic systems can be useful adjunctive tools, currently available systems require significant physician supervision and are therefore limited by a lack of true system autonomy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51613,"journal":{"name":"Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology","volume":"27 4","pages":"Article 101002"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143016110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katelyn Vlastaris , Annabelle Alrez , Samantha Friedland , Antonina Randazzo , Rayan Abboud MD, MS , Charles Martin III, MD, MBA, FSIR
{"title":"The Transformative Impact of AI, Extended Reality, and Robotics in Interventional Radiology: Current Trends and Applications","authors":"Katelyn Vlastaris , Annabelle Alrez , Samantha Friedland , Antonina Randazzo , Rayan Abboud MD, MS , Charles Martin III, MD, MBA, FSIR","doi":"10.1016/j.tvir.2024.101003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvir.2024.101003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interventional Radiology is at the forefront of integrating advanced imaging techniques and minimally-invasive procedures to enhance patient care. The advent of Digital Health Technologies (DHTs), including artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and extended reality (XR), is revolutionizing healthcare, particularly in IR due to its reliance on innovative technology and advanced imaging. Since 2016, the proportion of these DHT-related publications in IR has consistently increased. The proportion of AI-related studies published in IR was 69% higher than in surgery, XR-related studies were 94% higher, and robotics studies were 192% higher, indicating a more rapid growth rate in IR compared to surgery. This article explores the transformative impact of these technologies on IR, emphasizing their potential to enhance precision, efficiency, and patient outcomes. Despite the promising advancements, there is a lack of standardization and clinical consensus on the optimal use of DHTs in IR. The variability in IR procedures and imaging systems across hospitals complicates the standardization of workflows and comparison of studies. This underscores the importance of integrating DHTs as aids to IR practitioners rather than replacement, ensuring that these technologies enhance both clinical and procedural practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51613,"journal":{"name":"Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology","volume":"27 4","pages":"Article 101003"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143016051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}