Survival最新文献

{"title":"Noteworthy","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/00396338.2023.2261244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2023.2261244","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51535,"journal":{"name":"Survival","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134948826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detect and Engage: A New American Way of War","authors":"David C. Gompert, Martin Libicki","doi":"10.1080/00396338.2023.2261246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2023.2261246","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe threat that paces American force planning is not from Russia, but rather from China. This is leading to a new way of warfare. The authors call it ‘detect and engage’. The confluence of artificial intelligence, applied quantum mechanics and satellite networking permits dispersed and diverse units and platforms to operate as a unified joint force across sea, air, land and space. Cyber operations, practically indifferent to location, further enable the United States to reduce reliance on geographically concentrated and exposed forces. Advanced technology is just one step in operationalising new forms of warfare. Others include anticipating adversary responses; building robust inventories of extended-range weapons; knowing when and how to conduct close-in operations; integrating and empowering defence allies; and maintaining US forward presence. Harnessing leading-edge technology to improve global US military effectiveness reflects neither an isolationist nor an insular policy, but rather one of ongoing engagement.Key words: anti-access/area denial (A2/AD)artificial intelligence (AI)Chinacyberdetect and engagemultidomain operationsquantum technologiesRussiaspaceUnited States Notes1 See Stephen Biddle, ‘Back in the Trenches: Why New Technology Hasn’t Revolutionized Warfare in Ukraine’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 102, no. 5, September/October 2023; ‘The Future of War: A Special Report’, The Economist, 8 July 2023, https://www.economist.com/weeklyedition/2023-07-08?; and Franz-Stefan Gady and Michael Kofman, ‘Ukraine’s Strategy of Attrition’, Survival, vol. 65, no. 2, April–May 2023, pp. 7–22.2 See International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), The Military Balance 2023 (Abingdon: Routledge for the IISS), pp. 500–1.3 At the same time, intended vulnerabilities of the United States and its forces to cyber war may affect the viability of a strategy that assumes workable longdistance electronic communications.4 John Warden, a retired Air Force colonel and fighter pilot, has articulated the ways in which US airpower can achieve superiority and control and deliver large volumes of precision munitions at great distances, potentially gaining victory with diminished need for invading troops. See, for example, John A. Warden III, ‘Employing Air Power in the Twentyfirst Century’, in Richard H. Shultz, Jr, and Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr (eds), The Future of Air Power in the Aftermath of the Gulf War (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 1992).5 See Harlan K. Ullman and James P. Wade, ‘Shock & Awe: Achieving Rapid Dominance’, National Defense University, Command and Control Research Program, October 1996, http://www.dodccrp.org/files/Ullman_Shock.pdf.6 Emphasising the importance of rapid decision-making is not new. Air Force officer and then consultant John Boyd coined the ‘OODA’ (observe–orient– decide–act) loop in the late twentieth century. It remains a good conception of superior command and control. See John R. Boyd, ed. Grant T. Hammond, A Disco","PeriodicalId":51535,"journal":{"name":"Survival","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134948828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whither Wagner? The Consequences of Prigozhin’s Mutiny and Demise","authors":"Kimberly Marten","doi":"10.1080/00396338.2023.2261245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2023.2261245","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe mutiny and death of Yevgeny Prigozhin, the leader of Russia’s Wagner Group paramilitary outfit, has created great uncertainty about how Russia will manage paramilitary organisations going forward. Wagner has played a key role in expanding Russian influence in the Middle East and Africa at relatively low cost, while keeping official casualty counts limited in Ukraine and Syria in particular. The group or some version of it, whether unified or fragmented, will likely continue to operate, probably under stronger control of the Russian Ministry of Defence, but with a continuing role for one or more oligarchs.Key words: AfricaLibyamutinyRussiaSyriaUkraineVladimir PutinWagner GroupYevgeny Prigozhin Notes1 See, for example, Julian E. Barnes et al., ‘Blast Likely Downed Jet and Killed Prigozhin, U.S. Officials Say’, New York Times, 24 August 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/24/us/politics/plane-crash-prigozhin-explosion.html.2 See Kimberly Marten et al., ‘Potential Russian Uses of Paramilitary Groups in Eurasia’, Center for a New American Security, September 2023.3 See, respectively, ‘Russia’s Prigozhin Admits Links to What U.S. Says Was Election-meddling Troll Farm’, Reuters, 14 February 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russias-prigozhin-admits-links-what-us-says-was-election-meddling-troll-farm-2023-02-14; and Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller III, ‘Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election’, vol. 1, US Department of Justice, March 2019, https://www.justice.gov/archives/sco/file/1373816/download.4 See Elena Cryst, ‘Stoking Conflict by Keystroke’, Stanford Internet Observatory, 15 December 2020, https://cyber.fsi.stanford.edu/io/news/africa-takedown-december-2020; and UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, ‘UK Exposes Sick Russian Troll Factory Plaguing Social Media with Kremlin Propaganda’, 1 May 2022, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-exposes-sick-russian-troll-factory-plaguing-social-media-with-kremlin-propaganda.5 For background analysis, see Kimberly Marten, ‘The GRU, Yevgeny Prigozhin, and Russia’s Wagner Group: Malign Russian Actors and Possible US Responses’, written testimony before the US House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Eurasia, Energy, and the Environment, 7 July 2020, https://www.congress.gov/116/meeting/house/110854/witnesses/HHRG-116-FA14-Wstate-MartenK-20200707.pdf; Kimberly Marten, ‘Russia’s Use of Semi-state Security Forces: The Case of the Wagner Group’, PostSoviet Affairs, vol. 35, no. 3, May 2019, pp. 181–204; and Kimberly Marten, ‘Russia’s Use of the Wagner Group: Definitions, Strategic Objectives, and Accountability’, written testimony before the US House of Representatives Oversight and Reform Subcommittee on National Security, 15 September 2022, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO06/20220921/115113/HHRG-117-GO06-Wstate-MartenK-20220921.pdf.6 See András Rácz, ‘Band of Brothers: The Wagner Group and the Russian State’, Ce","PeriodicalId":51535,"journal":{"name":"Survival","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134948821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One Cold War Among Many?","authors":"Pierre Hassner","doi":"10.1080/00396338.2023.2261273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2023.2261273","url":null,"abstract":"Pierre Hassner, who died in May 2018 at the age of 85, was a long-standing friend of the IISS and contributor to Survival. His acclaimed Adelphi paper, Change and Security in Europe, appeared in 1968. His first book review for Survival was published in 1965, and his first original article, ‘Eurocommunism and Detente’, appeared in 1977. When the journal was relaunched in 2008, he accepted our invitation to become a Contributing Editor, and regularly contributed book reviews and articles until poor health forced him to stop in 2016.One of those articles is reprinted below. We asked him to write it after the August 2008 Russian attack on Georgia, knowing that a native of pre- and Second World War Romania who emigrated with his family to France to escape communism, and who became one of France’s most celebrated and profound philosophers on the canvas of international relations, would have something wise and important to say. He did not disappoint, and it seems especially valuable to reread this early assessment of renewed tension between Russia and the West that has now, 15 years later, metastasised into full-blown hostility.","PeriodicalId":51535,"journal":{"name":"Survival","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134948835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ana Montes: An (Almost) Perfect SpyCode Name Blue Wren: The True Story of America’s Most Dangerous Female Spy – and the Sister She Betrayed, Jim Popkin. New York: Hanover Square Press, 2023. $27.99. 352 pp.","authors":"Russell Crandall","doi":"10.1080/00396338.2023.2261261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2023.2261261","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractArrested on 21 September 2001, Ana Montes’s life as a double agent for Cuba came as a tremendous shock to her Defense Intelligence Agency colleagues who, for more than 15 years, had esteemed the high-flying analyst for her methodical approach, self-effacing personality and brilliant mind. As journalist Jim Popkin writes in Code Name Blue Wren, Montes was a study in how to live a double life. Her betrayal of her country would be equalled only by her betrayal of her own family.Key words: Ana Belén MontesCode Name Blue WrenCubaDefense Intelligence Agency (DIA)Fidel CastroJim PopkinMarta Rita VelázquezOperación AvispaPuerto Rico Notes1 See Jim Popkin, ‘Ana Montes Did Much Harm Spying for Cuba. Chances Are, You Haven’t Heard of Her’, Washington Post, 18 April 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/feature/wp/2013/04/18/ana-montes-did-much-harm-spying-for-cuba-chances-are-you-havent-heard-of-her/.2 I discussed some of the details of Montes’s life and work in an essay published in these pages in 2013. See Russell Crandall, ‘The Cold War and Cuban Intelligence’, Survival, vol. 55, no. 4, August–September 2013, pp. 191–8. See also Popkin, ‘Ana Montes Did Much Harm Spying for Cuba’.3 See Daniel Golden, Spy School: How the FBI, CIA, and Foreign Intelligence Secretly Exploit America’s Universities (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2017).4 Carol Leonnig, ‘Transcript: Jim Popkin, Author “Code Name Blue Wren”’, Washington Post, 5 January 2023, https://www.washingtonpost.com/washington-post-live/2023/01/05/transcript-jim-popkin-author-code-name-blue-wren/.5 See Dina Temple-Raston, ‘Exchange of Spies Was Critical to U.S.–Cuba Deal’, NPR, 19 December 2014, https://www.npr.org/2014/12/19/371821107/exchange-of-spies-was-critical-to-u-s-cuba-deal.6 See also Lance Moore, ‘Motivations of an Ideologue: A Case Study of Cuban Spy Ana Belen Montes’, Institute of World Politics, 8 September 2019, https://www.iwp.edu/active-measures/2019/09/08/motivations-of-an-ideologue-a-case-study-of-cuban-spy-ana-belen-montes/.7 See US Department of Justice, ‘Unsealed Indictment Charges Former U.S. Federal Employee with Conspiracy to Commit Espionage for Cuba’, 25 April 2013, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/unsealed-indictment-charges-former-us-federal-employee-conspiracy-commit-espionage-cuba.8 Juliana Kim, ‘Ana Montes, Former U.S. Analyst Convicted of Spying for Cuba, Is Released from Prison’, NPR, 8 January 2023, https://www.npr.org/2023/01/08/1147741163/ana-montes-former-u-s-analyst-convicted-of-spying-for-cuba-is-released-from-pris.9 Johanna Neuman, ‘Unrepentant Spy Gets 25 Years’, Los Angeles Times, 17 October 2002, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-17-na-spy17-story.html.10 Popkin notes that this was ‘quite a statement to share with a high schooler’ (p. 299).11 See Kim, ‘Ana Montes, Former U.S. Analyst Convicted of Spying for Cuba, Is Released from Prison’.Additional informationNotes on contributorsRussell CrandallRussell Crandall is a professor of American","PeriodicalId":51535,"journal":{"name":"Survival","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134948829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The AUKUS Anvil: Promise and Peril","authors":"Nick Childs","doi":"10.1080/00396338.2023.2261239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2023.2261239","url":null,"abstract":"The nascent Australia–United Kingdom–United States security partnership, known as AUKUS, aims to secure for the Royal Australian Navy from the US and the UK a capability in nuclear-powered submarines to bolster allied deterrence in the Pacific. The partnership’s strategic loft and immense ambition have already afforded it almost mythical status. But its pathway is hardly free of potential obstacles, which include limited defence-industrial capacities, production delays, personnel shortfalls, cost overruns and geopolitical change. If AUKUS is seen as strengthening the strategic linkage between the US and Australia, as an American endorsement of a close ally, and as Britain’s claim to great-power status, unravelling it would likely have the reverse effect. As the project unfolds, and particularly as divisive issues become more urgent, maintaining political and strategic alignments among the three capitals will inevitably become more challenging.","PeriodicalId":51535,"journal":{"name":"Survival","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134948831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Middle East","authors":"Ray Takeyh","doi":"10.1080/00396338.2023.2261268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2023.2261268","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51535,"journal":{"name":"Survival","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134948839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Meaning of ‘Strategic’ in US National-security Policy","authors":"Jeffrey A. Larsen, James J. Wirtz","doi":"10.1080/00396338.2023.2261249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2023.2261249","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractHow is the term ‘strategic’ used today within the US Department of Defense? To address this question, the article explores the evolution of the term ‘strategic’ from the interwar period to the end of the Cold War era, when Strategic Air Command was responsible for anything deemed strategic. The contemporary use of the term is a manifestation of a growing need to integrate the activities of various commands, capabilities and operations across the Defense Department that can produce significant military or political effects. Several problems could emerge due to a lack of clarity, integration and synchronisation across the US defence establishment. The Pentagon should and could establish greater clarity in defining strategic threats, operations, systems, command relationships and deterrence.Key words: Able ArcherCold Warcyber operationsintegrated deterrencenuclear deterrencespacestrategic deterrencestrategic effectsUS Strategic Command Notes1 Colin S. Gray, The Future of Strategy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2015), p. 26, emphasis in original.2 See White House, ‘National Security Strategy’, October 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/8-November-Combined-PDF-for-Upload.pdf; and US Department of Defense, ‘2022 National Defense Strategy’, 27 October 2022, https://media.defense.gov/2022/Oct/27/2003103845/-1/-1/1/2022-NATIONAL-DEFENSE-STRATEGY-NPR-MDR.PDF.3 See Gray, The Future of Strategy, p. 22.4 See Lawrence Freedman, The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy, 4th ed. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), pp. 1–15; and Lawrence Freedman, Strategy: A History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 3–9.5 See Giulio Douhet, Command of the Air (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 2019).6 See Michael E. Brown, Flying Blind: The Politics of the US Strategic Bomber Program (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), pp. 35–62; and John T. Correll, ‘Daylight Precision Bombing’, Air & Space Forces Magazine, 1 October 2008, https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/1008daylight/.7 See George Quester, Deterrence Before Hiroshima: The Influence of Airpower on Modern Strategy (New York: John Wiley, 1966), p. 52.8 See Brown, Flying Blind, pp. 61–5.9 This paradox is known to undergraduates from the ‘Sagan–Waltz Debate’. See Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: An Enduring Debate, 3rd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2012).10 See Robert Jervis, The Meaning of the Nuclear Revolution: Statecraft and the Prospect of Armageddon (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989).11 Jonathan Schell, The Fate of the Earth (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982).12 See Thomas C. Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966), pp. 1–34.13 See Gregory S. Gilmour, ‘From SAC to STRATCOM: The Origins of Unified Command Over Nuclear Forces’, MA Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, June 1993, pp. 60–2, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA268609.pdf.14 Some theatre commanders also retained the authority for ","PeriodicalId":51535,"journal":{"name":"Survival","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134948820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economy","authors":"Erik Jones","doi":"10.1080/00396338.2023.2261267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2023.2261267","url":null,"abstract":"Maarten Prak and Jan Luiten van Zanden. Ian Cressie, trans. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2022. £35.00/$39.95. 280 pp.","PeriodicalId":51535,"journal":{"name":"Survival","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134948822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Consequences of Generative AI for Democracy, Governance and War","authors":"Steven Feldstein","doi":"10.1080/00396338.2023.2261260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2023.2261260","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe potential impact of generative AI across politics, governance and war is enormous, and is the subject of considerable speculation informed by few hard facts. Yet it is possible to identify some major challenges. They include threats to democracies by privately controlled models that gain tremendous power to shape discourse and affect democratic deliberation; enhanced surveillance and propaganda dissemination by authoritarian regimes; new capacities for criminal and terrorist actors to carry out cyber attacks and related disruptions; and transformed war planning and military operations reflecting the accelerated dehumanisation of lethal force. While new innovations historically require time to take root, generative AI is likely to be adopted swiftly. Stakeholders must formulate pragmatic approaches to manage oncoming risks.Key words: Artificial intelligence (AI)chatbotsChatGPTcyber attackslarge language model (LLM)military planningpropagandasurveillance AcknowledgementsI would like to thank Tom Carothers, Matt O’Shaughnessy and Gavin Wilde for their valuable comments and feedback, and Brian (Chun Hey) Kot for his research assistance.Notes1 See Rishi Bommasani et al., ‘On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models’, Center for Research on Foundational Models, Stanford University, 12 July 2022, https://crfm.stanford.edu/assets/report.pdf; and Helen Toner, ‘What Are Generative AI, Large Language Models, and Foundation Models?’, Center for Security and Emerging Technology, Georgetown University, May 2023, https://cset.georgetown.edu/article/what-are-generative-ai-large-language-models-and-foundation-models/.2 See Kevin Roose, ‘How Does ChatGPT Really Work?’, New York Times, 28 March 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/28/technology/ai-chatbots-chatgpt-bing-bard-llm.html.3 See Jordan Hoffmann et al., ‘An Empirical Analysis of Computeoptimal Large Language Model Training’, Google DeepMind, 12 April 2022, https://www.deepmind.com/blog/an-empirical-analysis-of-compute-optimal-large-language-model-training; and Pranshu Verma and Kevin Schaul, ‘See Why AI Like ChatGPT Has Gotten So Good, So Fast’, Washington Post, 24 May 2023, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/interactive/2023/artificial-intelligence-tech-rapid-advances/.4 See Tom B. Brown et al., ‘Language Models Are Few-shot Learners’, 34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (Neur IPS 2020), Vancouver, Canada, 22 July 2020, https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/1457c0d6bfcb4967418bfb8ac142f64a-Paper.pdf.5 See Lukas Esterle, ‘Deep Learning in Multiagent Systems’, in Alexandros Iosifidis and Anastasios Tefas (eds), Deep Learning for Robot Perception and Cognition (Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, 2022), pp. 435–60; and David Nield, ‘Supercharge Your ChatGPT Prompts with Auto-GPT’, Wired, 21 May 2023, https://www.wired.co.uk/article/chatgpt-prompts-auto-gpt. It is worth noting that the autonomy of an AI system sits on a spectrum, rather than being binary. Whi","PeriodicalId":51535,"journal":{"name":"Survival","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134948832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}