Metrology Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/metrology4030025

R. Petruse, Carmen Simion, I. Bondrea

{"title":"Geometrical and Dimensional Deviations of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) Additive-Manufactured Parts","authors":"R. Petruse, Carmen Simion, I. Bondrea","doi":"10.3390/metrology4030025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology4030025","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigates the influence of printing parameters and different materials on the geometrical and dimensional deviations of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) additive manufacturing. Using the Taguchi method, experiments with four factors are designed: print layer height, printing material, printing speed, and nozzle size, employing an L9 orthogonal array. Deviations in flatness, perpendicularity, parallelism, cylindricity, spherical form, and surface roughness of 3D-printed parts are evaluated. The results reveal that print speed and nozzle size significantly affect flatness and surface roughness, while layer height and material influence perpendicularity and parallelism deviations. Notably, nozzle size critically impacts cylindricity and spherical form deviations. Our study demonstrates that lower printing speed, smaller nozzle diameter, and reduced layer height are not universally optimal; instead, parameter adjustments based on specific geometrical requirements and part orientation are necessary. These findings are essential for improving the accuracy and quality of FDM-printed parts, supporting their broader application in precision manufacturing industries.","PeriodicalId":514840,"journal":{"name":"Metrology","volume":"41 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Are Unitary Accounts of Quantum Measurements in Relativistic Wigner’s Friend Setups Compatible in Different Reference Frames? 相对论维格纳之友设置中量子测量的单元描述在不同参照系下是否兼容？

Metrology Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.3390/metrology4030022

Jawad Allam, A. Matzkin

引用次数: 0

A Shared Metrological Framework for Trustworthy Virtual Experiments and Digital Twins 可信虚拟实验和数字孪生的共享计量框架

Metrology Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.3390/metrology4030021

G. Maculotti, M. Marschall, Gertjan Kok, Brahim Ahmed Chekh, Marcel van Dijk, Jon Flores, G. Genta, P. Puerto, Maurizio Galetto, Sonja Schmelter

{"title":"A Shared Metrological Framework for Trustworthy Virtual Experiments and Digital Twins","authors":"G. Maculotti, M. Marschall, Gertjan Kok, Brahim Ahmed Chekh, Marcel van Dijk, Jon Flores, G. Genta, P. Puerto, Maurizio Galetto, Sonja Schmelter","doi":"10.3390/metrology4030021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology4030021","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual experiments (VEs) and digital twins (DTs), pivotal for realizing European strategic policies on sustainability and digitalization within Industry 4.0 and the European Green Deal, simulate physical systems and characteristics in a virtual environment, with DTs incorporating dynamic inputs from and outputs to the real-world counterpart. To ensure confidence in their use and outcomes, traceability and methods to evaluate measurement uncertainty are needed, topics that are hardly covered by the literature so far. This paper provides a harmonized definition of VEs and DTs and introduces a framework for evaluating measurement uncertainty. Furthermore, it discusses how to propagate the uncertainty of the contributions coming from the different parts of the DT. For the core part of the DT, the framework derived for VEs can be used. For the physical-to-virtual (P2V) connection and the virtual-to-physical (V2P) connection, additional sources of uncertainty need to be considered. This paper provides a metrological framework for taking all these uncertainty contributions into account while describing a framework to establish traceability for DTs. Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the proposed methodology considering industrially relevant measuring instruments and devices, namely, a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and a collaborative robot arm (cobot).","PeriodicalId":514840,"journal":{"name":"Metrology","volume":" 29","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141829795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Chromogenic Approach for Oxygen Sensing Using Tapered Coreless Optical Fibre Coated with Methylene Blue 使用涂有亚甲蓝的锥形无芯光纤进行氧传感的色原方法

Metrology Pub Date : 2024-06-12 DOI: 10.3390/metrology4020018

Rahul Kumar, Neil Wight

引用次数: 0

An Artificial Neural Network-Based Approach to Improve Non-Destructive Asphalt Pavement Density Measurement with an Electrical Density Gauge 基于人工神经网络的方法改进使用电子密度计进行的沥青路面无损密度测定

Metrology Pub Date : 2024-06-12 DOI: 10.3390/metrology4020019

Muyang Li, Loulin Huang

{"title":"An Artificial Neural Network-Based Approach to Improve Non-Destructive Asphalt Pavement Density Measurement with an Electrical Density Gauge","authors":"Muyang Li, Loulin Huang","doi":"10.3390/metrology4020019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology4020019","url":null,"abstract":"Asphalt pavement density can be measured using either a destructive or a non-destructive method. The destructive method offers high measurement accuracy but causes damage to the pavement and is inefficient. In contrast, the non-destructive method is highly efficient without damaging the pavement, but its accuracy is not as good as that of the destructive method. Among the devices for non-destructive measurement, the nuclear density gauge (NDG) is the most accurate, but radiation in the device is a serious hazard. The electrical density gauge (EDG), while safer and more convenient to use, is affected by the factors other than density, such as temperature and moisture of the environment. To enhance its accuracy by minimizing or eliminating those non-density factors, an original approach based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) is proposed. Density readings, temperature, and moisture obtained by the EDG are the inputs, and the corresponding densities obtained by the NDG are the outputs to train the ANN models through Levenberg-Marquardt, Bayesian regularization, and Scaled Conjugate Gradient algorithms. Results indicate that the ANN models trained greatly improve the measurement accuracy of the electrical density gauge.","PeriodicalId":514840,"journal":{"name":"Metrology","volume":"70 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141353031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Interlaboratory Comparison of Power Measurements at Millimetre- and Sub-Millimetre-Wave Frequencies 毫米波和亚毫米波频率功率测量的实验室间比较

Metrology Pub Date : 2024-05-24 DOI: 10.3390/metrology4020017

Murat Celep, Daniel Stokes, E. Danacı, F. Ziadé, Przemysław Zagrajek, Marcin Wojciechowski, G. Phung, Karsten Kuhlmann, Alireza Kazemipour, S. Durant, J. Hesler, Ian Instone, H. Sakarya, D. Allal, Jürgen Rühaak, James Skinner, D. Stalder

{"title":"Interlaboratory Comparison of Power Measurements at Millimetre- and Sub-Millimetre-Wave Frequencies","authors":"Murat Celep, Daniel Stokes, E. Danacı, F. Ziadé, Przemysław Zagrajek, Marcin Wojciechowski, G. Phung, Karsten Kuhlmann, Alireza Kazemipour, S. Durant, J. Hesler, Ian Instone, H. Sakarya, D. Allal, Jürgen Rühaak, James Skinner, D. Stalder","doi":"10.3390/metrology4020017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology4020017","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to compare the power measurement capabilities in millimetre- and sub-millimetre-wave frequency bands of several national metrology institutes and one research institute. The first comparison, in WR-6.5 waveguide (110 GHz to 170 GHz), involved NPL, TUBITAK UME and PTB. The second comparison, in WR-1.5 waveguide (500 GHz to 750 GHz), involved NPL, METAS, TUBITAK UME, LNE, WAT, GUM and VDI. Two types of travelling standards were used for these comparisons: a thermoelectric power sensor in the WR-6.5 band and a calorimetric power sensor in the WR-6.5 and WR-1.5 bands. The thermoelectric power sensor was characterised by the participants against their own standards and a generalised effective efficiency was calculated. The calorimetric power sensor operating in the WR-6.5 band was measured to observe its behaviour during the comparison and was also measured in the WR-1.5 band after being fitted with a suitable waveguide taper and used in conjunction with a frequency multiplier. The participants measured the output of the calorimetric power sensor and their own power sensor standard. A normalised power ratio method was used as a comparison parameter for the WR-1.5 band measurements. In addition, a pyroelectric power standard was used by METAS to measure absolute power, and a frequency of 650 GHz was used as a link between the absolute power and the power ratios. Finally, all but two of the measurement points compared between the participants achieved agreement in terms of En scores less than 1. For the first time, an interlaboratory comparison of power measurements at sub-millimetre frequencies has been performed and, overall, good agreement was achieved between the different laboratories.","PeriodicalId":514840,"journal":{"name":"Metrology","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141102219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Lightweight Convolutional Network with Integrated Attention Mechanism for Missing Bolt Detection in Railways 具有综合注意机制的轻量级卷积网络用于铁路螺栓缺失检测

Metrology Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.3390/metrology4020016

Mujadded Al Rabbani Alif, Muhammad Hussain

{"title":"Lightweight Convolutional Network with Integrated Attention Mechanism for Missing Bolt Detection in Railways","authors":"Mujadded Al Rabbani Alif, Muhammad Hussain","doi":"10.3390/metrology4020016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology4020016","url":null,"abstract":"Railway infrastructure safety is a paramount concern, with bolt integrity being a critical component. In the realm of railway maintenance, the detection of missing bolts is a vital task that ensures the stability and safety of tracks. Traditionally, this task has been approached through manual inspections or conventional automated methods, which are often time-consuming, costly, and prone to human error. Addressing these challenges, this paper presents a state-of-the-art solution with the development of a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) featuring an integrated attention mechanism. This novel model is engineered to be computationally efficient while maintaining high accuracy, making it particularly suitable for real-time analysis in resource-constrained environments commonly found in railway inspections. The proposed CNN utilises a distinctive architecture that synergises the speed of lightweight networks with the precision of attention-based mechanisms. By integrating an attention mechanism, the network selectively concentrates on regions of interest within the image, effectively enhancing the model’s capability to identify missing bolts with remarkable accuracy. Comprehensive testing showcases a remarkable 96.43% accuracy and an impressive 96 F1-score, substantially outperforming existing deep learning frameworks in the context of missing bolt detection. Key contributions of this research include the model’s innovative attention-integrated approach, which significantly reduces the model complexity without compromising detection performance. Additionally, the model offers scalability and adaptability to various railway settings, proving its efficacy not just in controlled environments but also in diverse real-world scenarios. Extensive experiments, rigorous evaluations, and real-time deployment results collectively underscore the transformative potential of the presented CNN model in advancing the domain of railway safety maintenance.","PeriodicalId":514840,"journal":{"name":"Metrology","volume":" 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140990810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Importance of Dimensional Traceability in Microfluidic Systems 微流控系统尺寸可追溯性的重要性

Metrology Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.3390/metrology4020015

Elsa Batista, João Alves e Sousa, Fernanda Saraiva, André Lopes, V. Silvério, Rui F. Martins, Luis Martins

引用次数: 0

Analyzing Power Law Extensions of Newtonian Gravity Using Differential Force Measurements 利用差分力测量分析牛顿万有引力的幂律扩展

Metrology Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.3390/metrology4020014

Thomas Bsaibes, Ricardo Decca

引用次数: 0

Comparison of Dimensional Accuracy between a Laser Scanner and a Laser Tracker with Handheld Scan in a Laboratory Setting 在实验室环境中比较激光扫描仪和激光跟踪仪与手持扫描仪的尺寸精度

Metrology Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.3390/metrology4020013

Alex Krummenauer, Douglas Bergamo, Roberto Serpa Soares, Victor Emmanuel de Oliveira Gomes, V. C. Nardelli