Crime and Justice-A Review of Research最新文献_第2页

Sentencing Members of Minority Groups: Problems and Prospects for Improvement in Four Countries 对少数群体成员量刑:四个国家的问题与改进前景

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2023-06-06 DOI: 10.1086/725721

Julian V. Roberts, Gabrielle Watson, Rhys Hester

{"title":"Sentencing Members of Minority Groups: Problems and Prospects for Improvement in Four Countries","authors":"Julian V. Roberts, Gabrielle Watson, Rhys Hester","doi":"10.1086/725721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725721","url":null,"abstract":"Members of racial, ethnic, and Indigenous minorities have long accounted for disproportionate percentages of prison admissions in Western nations and of prison populations. The minorities affected vary between countries. Discriminatory or differential treatment by criminal justice officials from policing through to parole is part of the problem. Much media and professional attention focuses on sentencing, where the decision-making is most public. An emerging body of research identifies sentencing as a cause—or, at the very least, an amplifier—of minority overincarceration. Solutions aiming to reduce it have been implemented, with varying but modest degrees of success, in the United States, England and Wales, Canada, and Aotearoa New Zealand. Progress toward reducing minority overincarceration has been slow. Most US sentencing commissions have failed to determine the extent to which their guidelines contribute to the problem. The Sentencing Council of England and Wales has taken the limited step of warning judges about racial disparities, without suggesting remedial steps to be taken. Courts in Canada and Aotearoa New Zealand have taken more activist approaches, mitigating sentences when offenders adduce evidence of discrimination or abuse by criminal justice officials.","PeriodicalId":51456,"journal":{"name":"Crime and Justice-A Review of Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45274735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Future of the Prison 新冠肺炎疫情与监狱的未来

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/722434

Shadd Maruna, Gillian Mcnaull, N. O’Neill

引用次数: 6

The Effects of Imprisonment in a Time of Mass Incarceration 大规模监禁时期的监禁效果

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/721018

K. Beckett, Allison Goldberg

引用次数: 4

The Peculiar Journey: Race, Racism, and Imprisonment in American History 奇特的旅程:美国历史上的种族、种族主义和监禁

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/722510

R. Crutchfield

{"title":"The Peculiar Journey: Race, Racism, and Imprisonment in American History","authors":"R. Crutchfield","doi":"10.1086/722510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722510","url":null,"abstract":"“The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color-line” wrote W. E. B. Du Bois in The Souls of Black Folk. That remains true in twenty-first-century America, especially in criminal justice systems generally and particularly in prisons. Racial disparities in sentencing and in imprisonment have declined slightly from historic peaks in the 1980s and 1990s but remain stubbornly high. Differential criminal justice system treatment of Blacks and Whites has changed form since the Civil War but endured as convict labor, prison farms, imprisonment rate disparities, contemporary tough-on-crime laws, and police practices that target members of minority groups, places they frequent, and behaviors for which they are disproportionately often arrested. In earlier times, differential treatment was often openly invidious. In more recent times it is nominally color-blind but produces similarly skewed results. We need to understand why and how differential treatment of Black people has persisted through a century and a half of fundamental changes in criminal justice system policies and practices and how this has happened within the context of shifting notions of what race is and what constitutes racism.","PeriodicalId":51456,"journal":{"name":"Crime and Justice-A Review of Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"105 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41433384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Punishments, Politics, and Prisons in Western Countries 西方国家的刑罚、政治与监狱

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/721278

M. Tonry

{"title":"Punishments, Politics, and Prisons in Western Countries","authors":"M. Tonry","doi":"10.1086/721278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721278","url":null,"abstract":"Imprisonment rates and patterns and the professionalism and decency of prison operations vary widely between countries and, within the United States, between states. The explanations for differences are deeply embedded in national or local histories and political cultures; substantial changes are hard to achieve. Day-to-day life even in the “best” prisons is usually drab, monotonous, and unpleasant; in the worst it is squalid, unhealthy, and sometimes terrifying. Conditions for guards and other staff are often little better. The big difference is that they can go home at shift’s end. They are often poorly paid and little respected; work in claustrophobic, stultifying environments; and deal daily with angry, depressed, mentally ill, and otherwise troubled people. The best run, most humane prisons address those challenges as best they can—in some countries, sometimes, reasonably well. Many prisons—in some countries, most—are terrible places. Sometimes that is because policy makers cannot or will not spend the money needed to run them decently, sometimes because they do not much care what goes on inside, and sometimes because they affirmatively want prisoners to suffer. Staff miseries are collateral damage.","PeriodicalId":51456,"journal":{"name":"Crime and Justice-A Review of Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"7 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41937423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Has the Prison a Future? 监狱有未来吗?

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/722453

Sandra M. Bucerius, M. Tonry

{"title":"Has the Prison a Future?","authors":"Sandra M. Bucerius, M. Tonry","doi":"10.1086/722453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722453","url":null,"abstract":"The prison may or may not be always with us. Only time will tell. Half a century ago, it appeared to be in terminal decline. Imprisonment rates were falling inmost developed countries, including theUnited States. Prison abolition movements were emerging, particularly in Scandinavia and the Netherlands, and a call for a “national moratorium on prison construction” was being heard in the United States. Foundations were being laid for what later became known as the restorative justicemovement.New community programs for diversion of cases from the criminal justice system were everywhere proliferating. Most of what we now think of as communitybased penalties—community service, victim-offender mediation, home confinement, day reporting centers, intensive probation supervision, electronic monitoring, financial penalties including day fines, prosecutorial diversion—were being invented or greatly expanded. From the 1940s through themid-1970s, leading practitioners and scholars believed the prison’s days were numbered, except possibly residually for the very most serious crimes and most troubled offenders. In 1942, Hermann Mannheim of the London School of Economics, then and in following decades Britain’s most influential criminologist, observed, “The days of imprisonment as a method of mass treatment of lawbreakers are largely over. What remains of it will have to employ much more scientific methods of selection and treatment in order to survive” (1942, p. 222).","PeriodicalId":51456,"journal":{"name":"Crime and Justice-A Review of Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42280466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Drug Use Disorders before, during, and after Imprisonment 监禁前、期间和之后的药物使用障碍

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/722353

Ojmarrh Mitchell

{"title":"Drug Use Disorders before, during, and after Imprisonment","authors":"Ojmarrh Mitchell","doi":"10.1086/722353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722353","url":null,"abstract":"Drug-involved offenders have been long overrepresented in prisons. Intensified drug law enforcement in many countries increased both incarceration rates, especially for drug offenses, and numbers of drug-involved prisoners. This is attributable to four features of drugs and drug markets. Drug use disorders typically are not the only problems facing drug-involved prisoners. A high proportion exhibit severe mental health problems such as major depression, personality disorders, and psychotic disorders. Before incarceration, many drug-involved prisoners have unstable housing and are at high risk of homelessness; incarceration increases that risk. The high concentration of drug-involved offenders in prisons presents numerous challenges. After release, the most obvious are high rates of drug relapse and recidivism. Former prisoners have extraordinarily high risks of drug overdoses shortly after release; in the long term, diseases acquired during imprisonment are transmitted in the community. Effective prison-based drug treatment holds promise to break this cycle and mitigate physical and mental health problems of drug-involved prisoners. Unfortunately, access to treatment modalities proven to be effective in reducing drug use and recidivism is limited. A paradigm shift in drug enforcement and treatment is needed to meet the challenges presented by individuals with drug use disorders more effectively.","PeriodicalId":51456,"journal":{"name":"Crime and Justice-A Review of Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"307 - 347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47392197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Careers in Criminalization: Reentry, Recidivism, and Repeated Incarceration 在刑事定罪的职业:再入，累犯，和反复监禁

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/721742

B. Western, D. Harding

引用次数: 5

Indigenizing Prisons: A Canadian Case Study 本土化监狱:一个加拿大案例研究

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/720943

Justin Tetrault

{"title":"Indigenizing Prisons: A Canadian Case Study","authors":"Justin Tetrault","doi":"10.1086/720943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/720943","url":null,"abstract":"Mass incarceration of Indigenous peoples is a fundamental Canadian human rights problem. One response since the 1970s has been to “Indigenize” prisons by teaching Indigenous culture and history, facilitating spirituality, involving Elders and communities in rehabilitation, and creating special prisons called “healing lodges.” Criminologist proponents of “critical prison studies” are widely dismissive of these programs, with some arguing that Indigenized programming advances cultural genocide. They are wrong. University of Alberta Prison Project researchers interviewed nearly 600 prisoners in six prisons across western Canada, of whom 40 percent self-identified as Indigenous. Respondents generally praised Indigenizing initiatives for teaching them about their history and culture and helping them feel empowered and proud of their Indigenous identity. They said the initiatives helped them feel better able to cope with colonial traumas, including residential school and foster care system experiences; created a support network between Elders and fellow prisoners; and facilitated basic religious accommodation. Respondents’ criticisms focused on prison management, particularly security restrictions and staff prejudice that can prevent access to Indigenized resources. Indigenized programming supports the dignity and religious rights of incarcerated Indigenous peoples. Participants wanted expanded, more easily accessible cultural programming.","PeriodicalId":51456,"journal":{"name":"Crime and Justice-A Review of Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"187 - 236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48906028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Preface 前言

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/722452

Michael Tonry

引用次数: 0