Journal of Public Policy & Marketing最新文献

{"title":"Online Reviews of Credence Service Providers: What Do Consumers Evaluate, Do Other Consumers Believe the Reviews, and Are Interventions Needed?","authors":"Shannon Lantzy, Rebecca W. Hamilton, Yu-Jen Chen, K. Stewart","doi":"10.1177/0743915620950676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915620950676","url":null,"abstract":"Consumer-generated online reviews of credence service providers, such as doctors, have become common on platforms such as Yelp and RateMDs. Yet doctors have challenged the legitimacy of these platforms on the grounds that consumers do not have the expertise required to evaluate the quality of the medical care they receive. This challenge is supported by the economics of information literature, which has characterized doctors as a credence service, meaning that consumers cannot evaluate quality even after consumption. Are interventions needed to ensure that consumers are not misled by these reviews? Data from real online reviews shows that many of the claims made in real reviews of credence service providers focus on experience attributes, such as promptness, which consumers can typically evaluate, rather than credence attributes, such as knowledge. Follow-up experiments show that consumers are more likely to believe experience claims (vs. credence claims) made by other consumers, claims that are supported by data, and longer reviews even if they are not more informative. The authors discuss implications for consumers and credence service providers and possible policy interventions.","PeriodicalId":51437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Policy & Marketing","volume":"87 1","pages":"27 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89046363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the Commentary Series: Inequalities and Divides as We Continue to Grapple with a Global Pandemic","authors":"Maura L. Scott, Kelly D. Martin","doi":"10.1177/0743915620974614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915620974614","url":null,"abstract":"In this editorial update, we provide perspective regarding what has transpired since these commentaries were written and published online in July 2020 (Scott et al. 2020). We remain in the midst of a pandemic that has rapidly and catastrophically spread worldwide. Indeed, as the COVID-19 pandemic rages on, it has underscored social inequalities and divides affecting the world. Though not comprehensive, here we highlight a selection of these pressing issues, which warrant additional critical examination. Namely, we discuss the racial inequalities, gender inequalities, and political divides that have been magnified during the COVID-19 pandemic. As of October 2020, there have been over 50 million COVID-19 infections and over 1.25 million deaths from the disease. More than 6,000 people continue to die each day, with more than 1,000 of those coming from the United States (https://www.statista.com/statistics/1104709/coronavirusdeaths-worldwide-per-million-inhabitants; Yan and Maxouris 2020). Public policy, marketing, and consumer psychology play a crucial role in how public health measures have been embraced or rejected. New terminology such as “COVID burnout” captures the exhaustion faced by individuals, organizations, and governments alike as they persist with steps to prevent the spread of the disease through mask wearing, social distancing, and hygiene practices as well as cope with the accompanying financial, social, and emotional costs (Blaschka 2020; Lufkin 2020). Governments face uncertainty in balancing, on the one hand, health priorities such as reducing the spread of disease to avoid the downstream impact of an overwhelmed healthcare system and, on the other hand, economic priorities such as minimizing bankruptcies among companies and individuals. Differing cultural norms and political infrastructures resulted in varied levels of stringency in governmental responses to COVID-19 in different parts of the world (e.g., containment measures taken, economic support provided, consistency of response; Hale et al. 2020). For example, South Korea, with 8.81 COVID-19 deaths per million, is identified as an exemplar of virus containment; in contrast, the United States and Brazil have struggled with containment, resulting in 679.06 and 744.26 deaths per million, respectively. These varied approaches have affected citizens’ perceptions of their country’s response; for instance, citizens of Australia, Denmark, and South Korea are satisfied with their country’s response, but citizens of the United States and the United Kingdom indicate that their countries have done a poor job (Devlin and Connaughton 2020). Individuals, communities, organizations, and governments have been coping with the impact and uncertainty of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has raged across the globe affecting nearly every aspect of life. Individuals face uncertainty about employment, financial stability, and food and housing availability; and the vulnerable—particularly those who lack f","PeriodicalId":51437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Policy & Marketing","volume":"78 1","pages":"83 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83739594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scarcity and Coronavirus","authors":"R. Hamilton","doi":"10.1177/0743915620928110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915620928110","url":null,"abstract":"In March 2020, when COVID-19 was labeled a pandemic by the World Health Organization, store shelves were emptied of hand sanitizer, disinfectant wipes, and toilet paper. Newspaper headlines documented shortages of these products and announced closures of nonessential businesses. Restaurants, hotels, department stores, and childcare centers temporarily closed their doors, leaving many hourly workers unemployed. Without regular paychecks coming in, resources became scarce for many families. Within a matter of weeks, COVID-19 had caused widespread scarcity—scarcity of products, scarcity of services, and scarcity of resources—for millions of consumers all over the world. Clearly, the effects of such widespread scarcity of products, services, and resources will be long-lasting and complex. Although the COVID-19 crisis is itself unprecedented, there are several valuable insights we can draw from prior research on scarcity to understand consumers’ reactions to the crisis and potentially inform policy developed in response to the crisis. In the following sections, I highlight findings from prior research, discuss how they inform public policy, and propose ideas for future research. How do consumers react to scarcity, and do their immediate reactions differ from their longer-term reactions? Scarcity of either products or resources quickly attracts our attention (Mullainathan and Shafir 2013). Indeed, scarcity is often used by marketers to make products seem more desirable, as in “exclusive” or “limited time only” offers (Cialdini 1993). Learning about the scarcity of hand sanitizer, disinfectant wipes, and toilet paper further increased demand for these products. Yet, later in the consumer journey, consumers may respond to scarcity by consuming products and resources more thoughtfully and creatively (Hamilton et al. 2019). Consumers forced to cook at home began sharing recipes online. Faced with shortages of N95 masks used by health care workers, people began fashioning their own masks using old T-shirts and sewing masks to donate to first responders. From a marketing perspective, the substitutions prompted by scarcity of products, services, and resources may have longterm effects on consumer habits, behavior, and brand loyalty. Scarcity prompts substitution in both consumption and production processes (Hamilton et al. 2014). Stockout of a favorite brand may prompt a consumer to try a new brand, establishing new loyalties. Closure of a health club may motivate consumers to establish new workout routines. With childcare facilities closed, parents substitute other resources, such as their own time, for the money usually spent on childcare. In all of these cases, substitution erodes loyalty to brands, products, and service providers; this erosion may be more severe due to the other changes in consumers’ daily habits and routines caused by COVID-19. Although many product and service scarcities created by COVID-19 are shared by consumers of high and low socioe","PeriodicalId":51437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Policy & Marketing","volume":"10 1","pages":"99 - 100"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79375350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supply Chain Management Amid the Coronavirus Pandemic","authors":"Terry L. Esper","doi":"10.1177/0743915620932150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915620932150","url":null,"abstract":"At the core of supply chain management (SCM) is the conversion of materials and components into finished products as well as the logistics activities to get those products to the market (Srivastava, Shervani, and Fahey 1999). When several supply chains failed to get products to the market during the COVID19 pandemic—specifically, hand sanitizer, cleaning supplies, and toilet paper—many in the consumer market leveraged wide-scale media attention to demand answers. The response highlighted the many processes and people required to move goods through supply chains, the safety and welfare of these workers, and the role of local, state, and federal governments in overseeing the work required to get products to store shelves. This focus also stimulated important research imperatives regarding the consumer welfare and policy impacts of SCM processes, particularly during times of crisis. At the outset of COVID-19, the coronavirus was primarily viewed as a local issue affecting China. However, the SCM impacts were already occurring at the global level, with industry reports suggesting that roughly 95% of Fortune 1000 companies had global supply chain operations in China and were experiencing direct product and inventory flow interruptions. Scholars have long studied such risks of global SCM networks, yet pandemic-related work stoppages brought new SCM risk conversations to the forefront. The SCM risk research focuses primarily on operational risks that threaten inventory investments and supply chain costs (Sodhi, Son, and Tang 2012). However, research is necessary to quantify and investigate the consumer welfare risks of global supply chains, especially in light of COVID-19. Are there certain products and product categories for which such global SCM networks are more risky, in terms of consumer product access? Likewise, are there risk management strategies that should be more prevalent when consumer product access– related risks are more impactful to society? In addition, what government policies, if any, are necessary to oversee exposure to global SCM risks when consumer product access is in the balance? Questions of this type are built on the consideration of consumer welfare as a SCM risk category, something that extant research has yet to explore. In addition to product access, scholars have also shown that consumers often consider the responsible management of upstream SCM activities when making product choices (Kraft, Valdés, and Zheng 2018). The pandemic has stimulated discussions on this matter, as companies such as Amazon and Tyson Foods experienced highly publicized backlash due to poor work conditions in processing plants and distribution centers within their supply chains. More work is needed to investigate consumer responses to such concerns, such as whether more consumers than usual might be inclined to switch brands due to the wide-scale attention given to SCM work conditions during the pandemic. In a broader sense, this issue opens a dialo","PeriodicalId":51437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Policy & Marketing","volume":"93 1","pages":"101 - 102"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86206572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time to Flatten the Curves on COVID-19 and Climate Change. Marketing Can Help.","authors":"Martin Mende, V. Misra","doi":"10.1177/0743915620930695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915620930695","url":null,"abstract":"The health, economic, and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented in our lifetime, and no individual in this globalized, interconnected world is immune from its effects. This pandemic is a fundamental challenge for consumers, companies, and governments. Against this background, our commentary underscores linkages between public health, environment, and economy and explores how lessons from COVID-19 can help prevent other large-scale disasters. We focus on global climate change (GCC), because rising temperatures increase the likelihood of future pandemics. Accordingly, experts consider GCC “the largest public health threat of the century” (Wyns 2020). Although societal crises are underresearched in marketing, we propose that marketers should add their expertise to help avoid future crises. Notably, the Journal of Public Policy & Marketing (JPP&M) is uniquely positioned as a premier outlet for corresponding research at the intersection of marketing and policy.","PeriodicalId":51437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Policy & Marketing","volume":"34 1","pages":"94 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77700022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LGBT Workplace Equality Policy and Customer Satisfaction: The Roles of Marketing Capability and Demand Instability","authors":"Pankaj C. Patel, Cong Feng","doi":"10.1177/0743915620945259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915620945259","url":null,"abstract":"A lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender workplace equality policy (LGBT-WEP) helps signal and reinforce the organizational commitment to workplace equality and diversity. Prior evidence suggests that LGBT-WEP is viewed favorably by stakeholders (customers, employees, and channel partners) and influences firm performance. Drawing on stakeholder theory and the resource-based view of the firm, the authors examine whether LGBT-WEP influences customer satisfaction through marketing capability and whether demand instability dampens these associations. To alleviate endogeneity concerns of LGBT-WEP, they exploit the plausibly exogenous state-to-state variations in workplace equality policies determined by statewide laws on nondiscrimination based on sexual orientation. Empirical results indicate that LGBT-WEP positively influences customer satisfaction both directly and through enhanced marketing capability. Demand instability, however, dampens these associations. Additional analyses with alternate measures of key variables, alternate distributional assumption, and alternate model specifications yield consistent results.","PeriodicalId":51437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Policy & Marketing","volume":"6 1","pages":"7 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87371243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Demonstration of Symbiotic Academic-Social Enterprise in Subsistence Marketplaces: Researching and Designing Customized Sustainability Literacy Education in Tanzania","authors":"M. Viswanathan, Sara Baskentli, S. Gallage, Diane M. Martin, Maria Ramirez-Grigortsuk, Saroja Subrahmanyan","doi":"10.1177/0743915620968506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915620968506","url":null,"abstract":"This article demonstrates symbiotic academic-social enterprise (SASE), a bottom-up approach intertwined with the subsistence marketplace research stream. The SASE approach is unique in coevolving academic and social initiatives in parallel for the express purpose of achieving dual objectives: societally relevant research and social impact over an extended period. Distinct from typical action research approaches, the directionality between research and practice in this approach is circular or mutual rather than linear, the time frame continuous rather than discrete, and the unit of analysis the entire enterprise rather than a single project. Thus, SASE is fundamentally a bottom-up, learning-by-doing approach that developed in contexts characterized by a confluence of uncertainties for communities and a confluence of unfamiliarities for researchers and practitioners. The authors demonstrate this approach in the context of creating sustainability literacy education in Tanzania based on unique climate change impacts in the region. The academic research enterprise provides bottom-up insights about climate change and potential approaches to sustainability literacy education. A sustainability literacy education pilot project demonstrates an initiative in the social enterprise aspect of the approach. Finally, the authors derive public policy and marketing implications of SASE.","PeriodicalId":51437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Policy & Marketing","volume":"49 1","pages":"245 - 261"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78029117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Patient Satisfaction in Hospitals’ Medicare Reimbursements","authors":"Lu Liu, Dinesh K. Gauri, Rupinder P. Jindal","doi":"10.1177/0743915620984723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915620984723","url":null,"abstract":"Medicare uses a pay-for-performance program to reimburse hospitals. One of the key input measures in the performance formula is patient satisfaction with their hospital care. Physicians and hospitals, however, have raised concerns regarding questions related to patient satisfaction with pain management during hospitalization. They report feeling pressured to prescribe opioids to alleviate pain and boost satisfaction survey scores for higher reimbursements. This overprescription of opioids has been cited as a cause of current opioid crisis in the United States. Due to these concerns, Medicare stopped using pain management questions as inputs in its payment formula. The authors collected multiyear data from six diverse data sources, employed propensity score matching to obtain comparable groups, and estimated difference-in-difference models to show that, in fact, pain management was the only measure to improve in response to the pay-for-performance system. No other input measure showed significant improvement. Thus, removing pain management from the formula may weaken the effectiveness of the Hospital Value-Based Purchasing Program at improving patient satisfaction, which is one of the key goals of the program. The authors suggest two divergent paths for Medicare to make the program more effective.","PeriodicalId":51437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Policy & Marketing","volume":"36 1","pages":"558 - 570"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88184569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operationalizing Critical Race Theory in the Marketplace","authors":"Sonja Martin Poole, Sonya A. Grier, Kevin D. Thomas, Francesca Sobande, A. E. Ekpo, Lez Trujillo Torres, Lynn A. Addington, Melinda Weekes-Laidlow, Geraldine R. Henderson","doi":"10.1177/0743915620964114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915620964114","url":null,"abstract":"Race is integral to the functioning and ideological underpinnings of marketplace actions yet remains undertheorized in marketing. To understand and transform the insidious ways in which race operates, the authors examine its impact in marketplaces and how these effects are shaped by intersecting forms of systemic oppression. They introduce critical race theory (CRT) to the marketing community as a useful framework for understanding consumers, consumption, and contemporary marketplaces. They outline critical theory traditions as utilized in marketing and specify the particular role of CRT as a lens through which scholars can understand marketplace dynamics. The authors delineate key CRT tenets and how they may shape the way scholars conduct research, teach, and influence practice in the marketing discipline. To clearly highlight CRT’s overall potential as a robust analytical tool in marketplace studies, the authors elaborate on the application of artificial intelligence to consumption markets. This analysis demonstrates how CRT can support an enhanced understanding of the role of race in markets and lead to a more equitable version of the marketplace than what currently exists. Beyond mere procedural modifications, applying CRT to marketplace studies mandates a paradigm shift in how marketplace equity is understood and practiced.","PeriodicalId":51437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Policy & Marketing","volume":"44 1","pages":"126 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88371095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes Effective? Reviewing the Evidence Through a Marketing Systems Lens","authors":"Marius Claudy, G. Doyle, L. Marriott, N. Campbell, G. O'Malley","doi":"10.1177/0743915620965153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915620965153","url":null,"abstract":"The overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with noncommunicable diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. Voluntary industry codes have largely failed to curb the overconsumption of sugar, and governments globally are increasingly willing to impose taxes on SSBs. However, the effectiveness of SSB taxation varies significantly. Drawing on a systematic review of the most recent literature (N = 79), the authors find that heterogeneity in outcomes is likely to result from idiosyncratic conditions within marketing systems. Building on marketing systems theory, they identify and critically evaluate (omitted) factors within the marketing environment that have an impact on the effectiveness of SSB taxation. Findings reveal that most studies to date focus on demand-side issues, often omitting supply-side responses such as reformulation or pass-through rates. Furthermore, studies largely disregard evidence from marketing and behavioral sciences, which show that taxation works through psychological mechanisms other than price. Finally, the authors find that few studies have systematically evaluated the complementary effects of SSB taxation and other health-promoting policies. By highlighting these blind spots in the current SSB taxation knowledge, the authors provide fruitful avenues for future research at the nexus of marketing and public policy.","PeriodicalId":51437,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Policy & Marketing","volume":"23 1","pages":"403 - 418"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73735727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}