University of Chicago Law Review最新文献

{"title":"Dynamic Hemispheric Asymmetry in the Hippocampus Throughout Memory Formation and Retrieval","authors":"Jiang, Anqi","doi":"10.6082/uchicago.15110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6082/uchicago.15110","url":null,"abstract":"The hippocampus is critical for forming and stabilizing spatial memories. Within the classic trisynaptic circuit inside the hippocampus, CA1 is the output region of the hippocampus and place cells in CA1 are considered to collectively support spatial representations. While the contribution of unilateral or bilateral CA3 inputs to CA1 (Schaffer collateral pathway) have been well characterized, less is known about how inputs from the left and right CA3 differentially shape spatial representation in CA1. Most models of hippocampal function treat CA3 as a unified region and overlook the possibility of hemispheric specialization within its projections. Recent work has pointed to lateralized features of hippocampal circuitry primarily at the molecular and behavioral levels, yet the functional relevance of this hemispheric asymmetry among place cells in vivo remains poorly understood. In this dissertation, I examine how left and right CA3 projections differentially contribute to the development and stabilization of spatial representations in right CA1 (CA1R) during learning. Using two-photon calcium imaging and optogenetic inhibition in head-fixed mice navigating a virtual environment, I characterize how CA1R spatial maps evolve over experience and how CA3 inputs support this process across distinct phases of learning. I find that CA1R maps emerge upon immediate novel exposure but are initially inaccurate. Over repeated laps, spatial maps gradually improve and stabilize after ~10 laps (early-phase), with later laps marking stability (late-phase). In the early phase, both CA3 inputs contribute to place field formation, but right CA3 inputs predominantly drive high-amplitude, reliable fields that support the development of accurate spatial representations. In the late phase, left CA3 inputs become more prominent, supporting the maintenance of stable and reliable fields. Complementary recordings of CA3 axonal activity within CA1R further reveal this dynamic hemispheric shift. Right CA3 axons exhibit elevated activity during the early phase, consistent with a role in supporting novel experience encoding. As learning continues and the environment becomes familiar, left CA3 axons show increased activity, aligning with their involvement in maintaining stable representations. These findings reveal a dynamic, experience-dependent shift in hemispheric contributions to spatial coding in CA1, moving from right-dominant during early learning to left-dominant during later stabilization. Taken together, these results suggest that CA3 inputs are functionally lateralized and that their roles in spatial representation evolve across phases of learning. In Chapter 1, I introduce the motivation for this work and review prior literature on hippocampal lateralization and familiarization in novel environments. In Chapter 2, I describe the computational methods I developed to detect and functionally analyze the activity of CA3 inputs with axonal resolution. In Chapter 3, I pres","PeriodicalId":51436,"journal":{"name":"University of Chicago Law Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147382121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulator Beliefs","authors":"Chaudhary, Manav","doi":"10.6082/uchicago.14926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6082/uchicago.14926","url":null,"abstract":"Modern financial regulations are forward-looking and operationally rely on regulator models to forecast future outcomes. As a result, through these models, regulations embed views about the future, which I term regulator beliefs. Using the US life insurance sector, I measure regulator and insurer interest rate expectations. Deriving regulator expectations from the economic model they prescribe for risk-based capital and policy reserve calculations, and gathering insurer expectations from investor call transcripts using a large language model. I document three stylized facts: (i) Regulators and insurers disagree about future yields, with disagreement exceeding 2pp for long-horizon expectations; (ii) Regulator expectations missed the decline in yields, but they predict future yields just as, if not more, accurately as professional forecasters and insurers; and (iii) Regulators and professional forecasters exhibit quantitatively similar belief-updating patterns, such as underreacting to new information. In line with large disagreements, I show that regulator expectations induce insurers to adjust their actions materially. Two quasi-experiments confirm that insurers rebalance portfolios to align with regulator expectations—adjusting portfolio duration by over 15%. Furthermore, insurers shift their reported expectations to be more aligned with the regulator—highlighting the need to consider the regulatory environment when interpreting institutional investors' reported beliefs. Finally, I extend the analysis to banks, demonstrating that shifts in Federal Reserve beliefs, due to their influence on stress test design, cause banks to adjust their capital allocations. Overall, the findings lay the groundwork for a broader agenda connecting regulator beliefs to financial institution decisions, asset prices, and financial stability.","PeriodicalId":51436,"journal":{"name":"University of Chicago Law Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147910304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Does 'Welcome' Look Like?: Understanding Private Refugee Sponsorship in the United States","authors":"Kodidek, Abby","doi":"10.6082/uchicago.15853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6082/uchicago.15853","url":null,"abstract":"The U.S. is the most recent of several refugee-receiving countries to develop a private refugee sponsorship program–the Welcome Corps program–to bolster refugee admissions. Private sponsorship constitutes an alternative model of refugee resettlement to the traditional government-assisted sponsorship, wherein groups of private citizens are responsible for raising funds for resettlement and delivering core resettlement services to refugees. This research aims to provide the first in-depth investigation of the Welcome Corps program through the eyes of sponsors. Through semi-structured interviews with 15 sponsors, I examine how sponsors encounter, navigate, and contest the stated bounds of their roles. I find that while sponsors are fairly successful at fulfilling their prescribed sponsorship tasks, sponsors struggle to navigate the disagreement and conflict inherent in the sponsor-sponsee relationship. I conclude with recommendations for improvements in the Welcome Corps program and U.S. refugee resettlement more generally, as well as future research directions.","PeriodicalId":51436,"journal":{"name":"University of Chicago Law Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147381965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Womb of One's Own: Artifice, Artificiality, and <i>Takwīn</i> in the Jābirian Corpus","authors":"Pellegrino, Samantha","doi":"10.6082/uchicago.15401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6082/uchicago.15401","url":null,"abstract":"“A Womb of One's Own: Theorizing Artifice, Artificiality, and <i>Takwīn</i> in the Jābirian Corpus,” explores how categories of making are theorized within the Jābirian corpus, the most extensive Arabic collection of alchemical, pharmacological, philosophical, and occult-scientific treatises from the 8th-10th centuries attributed to Jābir ibn Ḥayyān. It does so by placing the use and appearance of two terms, <i>ṣanʿa</i> and <i>takwīn</i>, into cross-disciplinary conversation with a wide selection of early Arabo-Islamic texts on craft, artisanry, and creation. <i>Ṣanʿa</i> refers to both artifice, broadly conceived, and the art of alchemy specifically. Situated within and around the corpus’ theorizations of <i>ṣanʿa</i> are key techniques, ingredients, and rituals necessary for practices that complicate and confuse clearly-delineated categories of human, natural, and divine making, including <i>takwīn</i>, the semi-religious production of new and unique lifeforms in an alchemical laboratory. <i>Takwīn</i> has customarily been translated as “artificial generation”. However, this translation carries assumptions and interpretations about the content of Jābirian writings that have become deeply and problematically naturalized. “A Womb of One’s Own” argues that understanding <i>takwīn</i> as “artificial generation” flattens the actual theorization of notions of artifice, artificiality, and <i>takwīn</i> that the Jabirian corpus undertakes. <i>Takwīn</i> should be understood as a category of creative action that is included within an interdisciplinary theorization of artifice (<i>ṣanʿa</i>) in the 8th-10th centuries, found in not only alchemical texts but also works of craftsmanship, literary criticism, religious literature, philosophy, and more. Artifice in this broader cultural conceptualization is theorized as a particular type of careful, creative action that scales cosmologically. Furthermore, artifice perpetually participates in positive divine imitation by way of an aesthetics of wonder (<i>ʿajab</i>). Thus to translate and understand <i>takwīn</i> as “artificial generation” misses the way <i>takwīn</i> and, more broadly, human creative artifice, was understood as part of a larger and universal system of creative, devotional making.","PeriodicalId":51436,"journal":{"name":"University of Chicago Law Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147899411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scapegoated Muslims: How Christian and Hindu Nationalists Racialize Religious Minorities","authors":"Dushaj, Gabriele","doi":"10.6082/uchicago.15347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6082/uchicago.15347","url":null,"abstract":"This investigation explores the global racialization of Muslims through comparisons between Christian and Hindu Nationalism. This is a discussion of their rhetoric and how it perpetuates, instigates and justifies violence; as well as how ethnocentric nationalism is rooted in colonialism. This paper takes a critical lens to describe how religious and racial identities were constructed in the 20th century, and discusses the current ramifications of these ideologies, especially in relation to social stratification in the United States and India. This will beg the question of whether the act of racialization inspires ethnic based populism in society. If so, how do political leaders like Trump and Modi inspire violence towards racialized Muslims? Racialization theory is vital to explore how this ideology materializes into social inequity. Furthermore, the comparison of these two specific ideologies will situate how broad and all encompassing racecraft is cross continentally because of the continued legacy of imperialism. The shared aspect of British colonialism in both cases has created two different movements that are similar, yet very unique in their own rights. This research is an especially pertinent conversation to have with both Donald Trump and Narendra Modi in office, both prominently labelled as Christian and Hindu Nationalists respectively. It is significant to analyze these status quo parties because their rhetoric can be easily dismissed by those who are more critical of systemic violence as immature ramblings, but it is when their propaganda goes unchecked that it is more easily spread. The decoding of dog whistles is a constant battle taken upon by academics to problematize what can easily be taken for granted. As our world has globalized, Hindu Nationalism has also taken its hold on the United States with the creation of HSS USA, serving as a threat to both American Indian Muslims and lower caste Indians in the United States. Ultimately, this investigation explores the global trends in Muslim racialization, situates the act in a shared history of colonialism, and raises awareness about the violence that is produced by ethno-nationalism.","PeriodicalId":51436,"journal":{"name":"University of Chicago Law Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147921682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Encoding and Routing of Task-Relevant Information in Mouse PPC During Continuous Visuomotor Control","authors":"Ravishankar, Poojya","doi":"10.6082/uchicago.16441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6082/uchicago.16441","url":null,"abstract":"Animals need to select what features to act on from a deluge of incoming sensory input. However, it is unclear how the computations underlying this process are distributed across the brain. In my thesis, I focused on how information selection is performed at the level of association areas during learned behaviors and how this information is propagated forward to motor areas in mice performing a novel visuomotor control task. The general introduction provides a brief background of one of the key brain regions, Posterior Parietal Cortex and its role in visuomotor control; highlights potential gaps in the space of visuomotor paradigms used to study this region; surveys the different approaches to probe information flow between regions and finally draws up different candidate models for information routing based on existing studies. In chapter 2, I present findings on the following fronts; first, that mice learn to perform a continuous visuomotor control task with a learned behaviorally-relevant component; second, that association and motor areas play a distinct role in performing this task; third, that, decision areas strongly enrich behaviorally-relevant information and route their entire representation to motor areas. In chapter 3, I synthesize the findings in the context of the broader literature and outline potential future directions.","PeriodicalId":51436,"journal":{"name":"University of Chicago Law Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147908146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children’s Digital Play during the COVID-19 Pandemic: insights from the Play Observatory","authors":"Kate Cowan, John Potter","doi":"10.20368/1971-8829/1135590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20368/1971-8829/1135590","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on many aspects of children’s day-to-day lives, including their play. Measures such as lockdowns, school and playground closures, quarantine, isolation and social distancing introduced to curb transmission have resulted in major consequences for where, when, how and with whom children can play. This article reports on interim findings from ‘The Play Observatory’, a 15-month project researching children’s play experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Collecting data through an online survey and online case studies, the research offers insights into ways in which children’s play has endured, adapted and responded to restrictions brought about by the pandemic. This article focuses on children’s digital play throughout this period, including examples of digital gaming, online play, social media, playful creation of digital media texts and hybrid online-offline play. Drawing on theories relating to dynamic literacies, multimodal perspectives and the Reggio Emilia concept of the ‘hundred languages’, this article examines the role of the digital in children’s contemporary play practices and the specific affordances of digital play during times of stress, uncertainty and physical distancing. The findings highlight ways in which digital play continued, adapted, evolved and reflected children’s experiences and understandings of the pandemic. The study reveals the complexity of digital play and its place within contemporary digital childhoods, troubling simplistic notions of ‘screen time’ and highlighting the increasingly blurred boundaries around digital and non-digital practices, calling for educational approaches that value digital play as significant meaning-making.","PeriodicalId":51436,"journal":{"name":"University of Chicago Law Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147884652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-ordinating Research Action : Air Quality & COVID-19","authors":"Sarah Julia Moller","doi":"10.15124/yao-kjnr-qr92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15124/yao-kjnr-qr92","url":null,"abstract":"The report arising from a meeting held in May 2020 to co-ordinate research action around air quality and COVID-19. The report contains details of knowledge gaps and calls to action for the research community.","PeriodicalId":51436,"journal":{"name":"University of Chicago Law Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/168565/1/Air_Quality_COVID_19_full_report_FINAL.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147888290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frankfurter, Abstention Doctrine, and the Development of Modern Federalism: A History and Three Futures","authors":"L. Weinberger","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3574692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3574692","url":null,"abstract":"In its first century and a half, the Supreme Court never used the term “federalism” in its opinions. The Court had talked about federal-state relations before but the concept had gone unlabeled. That changed in 1939. Something new was happening, thanks in large part to Justice Felix Frankfurter. Just a month after joining the Court, Frankfurter authored the Court’s first opinion using the term “federalism.” Frankfurter introduced federalism as a key concept for analyzing the relationship between state courts and federal courts. Before long, Frankfurter would rely on federalism to fashion an original and enduring doctrine of judicial federalism: abstention, requiring federal courts to sometimes refrain from hearing cases that were within their jurisdiction. \u0000 \u0000This article provides a historical study of Frankfurter’s contribution to the modern law of judicial federalism. It documents Frankfurter’s theory of federalism in his judicial opinions with a focus on the abstention cases. It also shows how the abstention cases and their concept of federalism were rooted in Frankfurter’s Progressive politics. They were a reaction to what he perceived as the federal courts’ anti-regulatory and anti-labor attitudes. \u0000 \u0000The history—relevant again today, as the political discussion around the courts again echoes the Progressive era—sets the stage for considering the future of abstention. I suggest three possibilities. The first, an originalist future, would more or less maintain the contemporary Supreme Court’s current status quo on abstention, somewhat more modest than what Frankfurter envisioned: a cautious use of abstention in a relatively small number of equitable cases. A second possibility would be a liberal future that backtracks from abstention, as legal liberals recognize a cautionary lesson in Frankfurter’s hostility to an assertive, rights-protecting judiciary. The third future would be one of embracing Frankfurter’s vision of abstention in the name of judicial restraint. Abstention has potential to curb federal court power and, at least on the margins, put more adjudicative power in state courts. This possibility might bring together modern progressives, who are wary about a largely-conservative federal judiciary, with conservatives who want to promote judicial restraint and an increase in democratic accountability.","PeriodicalId":51436,"journal":{"name":"University of Chicago Law Review","volume":"31 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80298820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remedies for Robots","authors":"Mark A. Lemley, B. Casey","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3223621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3223621","url":null,"abstract":"What happens when artificially intelligent robots misbehave? The question is not just hypothetical. As robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) systems increasingly integrate into our society, they will do bad things. They have already killed people. \u0000 \u0000These new technologies present a number of interesting substantive law questions, from predictability, to transparency, to liability for high stakes decision making in complex computational systems. Our focus here is different. We seek to explore what remedies the law can and should provide once a robot has caused harm. \u0000 \u0000Where substantive law defines who wins legal disputes, remedies law asks, “What do I get when I win?” Remedies are sometimes designed to make plaintiffs whole by restoring them to the condition they would have been in “but for” the wrong. But they can also contain elements of moral judgment, punishment, and deterrence. For instance, the law will often act to deprive a defendant of its gains even if the result is a windfall to the plaintiff, because we think it is unfair to let defendants keep those gains. In other instances, the law may order defendants to do (or stop doing) something unlawful or harmful. \u0000 \u0000Each of these goals of remedies law, however, runs into difficulties when the bad actor in question is neither a person nor a corporation but a robot. We might order a robot—or, more realistically, the designer or owner of the robot—to pay for the damages it causes. (Though, as we will see, even that presents some surprisingly thorny problems.) But it turns out to be much harder for a judge to “order” a robot, rather than a human, to engage in or refrain from certain conduct . Robots can’t directly obey court orders not written in computer code. And bridging the translation gap between natural language and code is often harder than we might expect. This is particularly true of modern AI techniques that empower machines to learn and modify their decision making over time. If we don’t know how the robot “thinks,” we won’t know how to tell it to behave in a way likely to cause it to do what we actually want it to do. \u0000 \u0000Moreover, if the ultimate goal of a legal remedy is to encourage good behavior or discourage bad behavior, punishing owners or designers for the behavior of their robots may not always make sense—if only for the simple reason that their owners didn’t act wrongfully in any meaningful way. The same problem affects injunctive relief. Courts are used to ordering people and companies to do (or stop doing) certain things, with a penalty of contempt of court for noncompliance. But ordering a robot to abstain from certain behavior won’t be trivial in many cases. And ordering it to take affirmative acts may prove even more problematic. \u0000 \u0000In this paper, we begin to think about how we might design a system of remedies for robots. It may, for example, make sense to focus less of our doctrinal attention on moral guilt and more of it on no-fault liability systems (or at lea","PeriodicalId":51436,"journal":{"name":"University of Chicago Law Review","volume":"76 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91290917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}