Carl Michael Galang , Ayça Akan , Roland Pfister , Marcel Brass
{"title":"Temporal binding during deliberate rule breaking","authors":"Carl Michael Galang , Ayça Akan , Roland Pfister , Marcel Brass","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rules are deeply ingrained in our cognition. The current study investigates the influence of rule breaking on explicit sense of agency as well as the implicit perceptual illusion of temporal binding. Participants completed a free choice task that involved following or breaking a predetermined rule. The task required pressing a key that matched to a visual stimulus which triggered a corresponding change after a delay. Participants estimated the delay as an index of temporal binding. The results showed similar levels of explicit agency for rule following and breaking. Temporal binding, by contrast, was indeed influenced by rule breaking; however, the relationship is complex. Specifically, participants had smaller interval estimates for rule following vs. breaking at the 100 ms delay, likely reflecting cognitive conflict during rule breaking, whereas this effect reversed for the 400 ms and 700 ms delays. We interpret our results in relation to the wider rule breaking and temporal binding literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 103851"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Task set reconfiguration following masked and unmasked task cues","authors":"Alexander Berger, Markus Kiefer","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerous previous studies have shown that masked stimuli trigger cognitive control processes, including the activation of task sets, and thereby affect subsequent processing. However, it has not been directly tested whether unconsciously activated task sets also need to be reconfigured when switching to a new task, as has been shown for consciously triggered task sets. To test whether unconsciously activated task sets are subject to inhibitory processes, we measured n-2 repetition costs following masked cue presentation in a task switching design. We furthermore simultaneously assessed event-related potentials (ERPs) to gain additional insights into task set reconfiguration processes. Results showed that task sets were inhibited following the presentation of an unmasked task cue, as reflected by n-2 repetition costs. Furthermore, a cue-locked positivity ERP component indicated that task sets were reconfigured following both mere task preparation and task execution. In contrast, no evidence for a reconfiguration of unconsciously activated task sets was observed following masked cue presentation in either measure. Thus, task set reconfiguration, including the inhibition of a task set, is likely tied to conscious task set activation, suggesting that an unconscious process – once initiated – is not terminated by inhibitory processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 103850"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does perceived voluntariness of others’ actions induce vicarious sense of agency? Evidence from human-robot interaction","authors":"Cecilia Roselli , Francesca Ciardo , Davide De Tommaso , Agnieszka Wykowska","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sense of Agency (SoA) is the feeling of control over one’s actions and outcomes. People can experience “vicarious” SoA towards other agents, either other humans or artificial agents such as robots. A commonly used measure of implicit SoA is the Intentional Binding (IB) effect, which is stronger when the action is voluntary, relative to involuntary. However, it remains unclear whether this is true also for vicarious SoA. Thus, in three experiments, participants performed an IB task alone and with another agent, namely with another human (Experiment 1) or with the humanoid robot iCub (Experiments 2 and 3). The co-agents’ actions were presented as voluntary or involuntary- triggered by a mechanical device. Participants reported the time of occurrence of self-generated actions, as well as the other’s human actions (Experiment 1), the robot actions (Experiment 2) or robot outcomes (Experiment 3). Experiment 1 showed that both self- and vicarious IB occurred only when the actions were voluntary. In Experiment 2, IB for self-actions occurred only when voluntary, but vicarious IB over iCub’s actions occurred irrespective of whether the action was presented as “voluntary” or “involuntary”. Experiment 3 showed that IB over tone outcomes occurred for self-generated and robot actions. Our findings suggest that voluntariness of actions plays a role in the emergence of the IB affect (and, by extension, of SoA) only if predictive processes are at play. They also indicate that vicarious IB for robots is based on postdictive processes, and this, perceived voluntariness of the robot actions does not modulate the vicarious IB effect for robots.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 103835"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The influence of self-experienced iconic finger-postures on numerical processing: Hemispheric asymmetries in semantic integration","authors":"Andrea Adriano , Michaël Vande Velde","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Embodied cognition theories suggest that abstract concepts, like numbers, are understood through the sensory-motor system. Iconic finger gestures have been shown to facilitate number processing, implying a shared semantic code between finger and Arabic numeral representations. This study used the Divided Visual Field paradigm to investigate where this cross-modal priming occurs in the brain. Twenty-four participants identified Arabic digits (2–3–4) by pressing a key with one hand, while their non-responding hand remained in a canonical (culturally-typical) or non-canonical finger posture. Results revealed faster reaction times in the left hemisphere when the hand was in a canonical posture but only when bodily and visual information matched within the same hemisphere. No semantic priming was observed in the right hemisphere, highlighting a hemispheric asymmetry in integrating finger-numeral and Arabic-digit representations. These findings demonstrate a clear left-hemispheric specialization in the semantic integration of finger and numeral representations, at least for small numbers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 103838"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elisabeth Lindner , Tobias Schöberl , Andrea Desantis , Alexander Gail
{"title":"Temporal action-effect prediction does not affect perceived loudness, but the sense of agency","authors":"Elisabeth Lindner , Tobias Schöberl , Andrea Desantis , Alexander Gail","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103837","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103837","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Motor theories propose that predicting sensory consequences of one’s own actions reduces perception and neural processing of these action-effects, a phenomenon known as sensory attenuation, considered an implicit measure of agency. However, recent findings question the link between action-effect prediction and sensory attenuation. This study directly examined the link between temporal action-effect prediction and auditory sensory attenuation, alongside assessing self-reported agency. Participants experienced self-initiated auditory effects with varying latencies and compared their loudness to a reference tone, whose intensities were modulated to measure auditory discrimination. Results showed no change in perceived loudness across delays, while agency ratings decreased with longer delays. A second experiment controlled for hazard rate effects, confirming initial findings. Our results contrast previous behavioral findings from the tactile modality and conclusions drawn from auditory electroencephalography. We suggest reconsidering auditory sensory attenuation as a necessary consequence of action-effect prediction and as an implicit measure of agency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 103837"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experience after Floatation-REST: Relaxation during floating mediates the afterglow effect","authors":"Iraklis Pantazis , Marc Wittmann","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103836","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103836","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The term “afterglow” originally described the heightened mood and relaxation following psychedelics and later extended to other altered states. Despite anecdotal reports, little research has explored this effect, especially in Floatation-REST (Reduced Environmental Stimulation Technique). In this method, individuals float in thermoneutral, supersaturated salt water in a dark, quiet tank. Using a crossover design, 34 participants (17 females, 17 males; avg. age 32.2, SD = 8.8) were randomized to 60 min of Floatation-REST or Bed-REST (a control condition on a waterbed). Floatation-REST induced significantly weaker body boundaries, significantly stronger time distortion, and significantly greater relaxation. Post-exposure, participants reported a significantly stronger afterglow, significantly more state mindfulness, and significantly greater interoceptive awareness. Mediation analysis showed relaxation during floating fully explains the afterglow effect. These findings align with psychedelic research, suggesting Floatation-REST elicits similar effects and laying the groundwork for future studies on prolonged afterglow experiences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 103836"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143570524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Earworms as ‘mental habits’: Involuntary musical imagery is associated with a wide range of habitual behaviors","authors":"Chris M. Dodds","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103834","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103834","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Earworms have been associated with symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), indicating a link to neurocognitive systems involved in the regulation of habitual behavior. The present study investigated whether earworms are associated with a range of habits and compulsions, and with a broader tendency to behave in habitual, routine ways in everyday life. Participants (N = 883) completed an online survey measuring frequency of earworms, other habits and compulsions, everyday habitual tendencies and anxiety. Habitual tendencies in everyday life positively predicted earworm frequency, control and disturbance, even when controlling for anxiety. Furthermore, earworms were strongly associated with 22 other habitual behaviors and compulsions, with the strongest associations being observed for repetitive motor behaviors such as foot tapping, and repetitive mental behaviors such as counting and spelling. These findings suggest that previously observed associations between earworms and OCD symptomatology might be due to a common basis in systems that produce and regulate habitual behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 103834"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143528761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huili Xing , Ronglian Zheng , Yining Kou , Yihan Wu , Jiashan Sima , Shuqing Feng , Yunwen Peng , Feng Zou , Yufeng Wang , Xin Wu , Congcong Liu , Mei Du , Meng Zhang
{"title":"Investigating automatic processing preference in high trait anxiety individuals: Behavioral and neuroelectrophysiological evidence","authors":"Huili Xing , Ronglian Zheng , Yining Kou , Yihan Wu , Jiashan Sima , Shuqing Feng , Yunwen Peng , Feng Zou , Yufeng Wang , Xin Wu , Congcong Liu , Mei Du , Meng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103833","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103833","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Trait Anxiety Attention Control Theory suggests an imbalance in high trait anxiety individuals between bottom-up and top-down processing. To investigate this theory, we designed an experimental paradigm combining task-switching and Stroop tasks to investigate behavioral and neuroelectrophysiological features in trait anxiety. The results revealed a significant negative correlation between trait anxiety levels and switch costs, indicating a preference for automatic processing among those with high trait anxiety. Additionally, the EEG findings demonstrated that individuals with high trait anxiety exhibit a preference for automatic processing, as evidenced by the N4 latency and increased beta power during switch tasks. The consistency of these results across behavioral, ERPs, and time–frequency analyses suggests a propensity for automatic processing in high trait anxiety individuals, disrupting the equilibrium between top-down and bottom-up processes. This research offers empirical support for the Attention Control Theory, enhancing our comprehension of behavioral deviations and neural mechanisms in trait anxiety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 103833"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143520142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Disentangling task conflict and information conflict in the Stroop task","authors":"Eldad Keha , Eyal Kalanthroff","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to test the interplay between task and information conflicts in the Stroop task. Specifically, we will measure task conflict (RTneutral words − RTneutral shapes) while controlling for frequency and contingency learning effects. By doing so, the current study will resolve inconsistencies and potential confounds that existed in previous studies. We will recruit 500 participants who will perform the color-word Stroop task and will be randomized to one of four different groups: mostly words with congruent trials, mostly symbols with congruent trials, mostly words with incongruent trials, and mostly symbols with incongruent trials and task conflict will be measured in each group. We predict a strong task conflict in the mostly symbols with congruent condition, indicating that task conflict can manifest independently of information conflict. Additionally, we expect an increased task conflict marker in the presence of incongruent trials, indicating that information conflict enhances task control activation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 103820"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143520143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charlotte Van den Driessche , Clotilde Chappé , Mahiko Konishi , Axel Cleeremans , Jérôme Sackur
{"title":"States of mind: Towards a common classification of mental states","authors":"Charlotte Van den Driessche , Clotilde Chappé , Mahiko Konishi , Axel Cleeremans , Jérôme Sackur","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103828","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2025.103828","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thanks to the wealth of studies on mind-wandering, the stream of thought has now become, again, the focus of mainstream investigations in cognitive psychology. Yet, how one should describe and measure the stream of thought is still very much left undecided. Here, we approach the problem through the notion of mental states. Based on conceptual analysis and previous empirical data, we identify five states: focus, task-related interference, external distraction, daydream, and blank. We ask the question whether this classification (the Classification of Mental States − CoMS-5T) − provides an adequate partition of mental states. To do so, first, we rely on participants’ free verbal reports of their mental contents, that were then classified off-line by external raters. We provide evidence for the construct validity of the CoMS-5T and for its neutrality, in the sense that it does bias participants’ reports. Second, we provide evidence for the criterion validity of the CoMS-5T: by means of a reanalysis of a large data set made available by <span><span>Beikmohamadi and Meier (2022)</span></span>, we find distinct behavioural signatures for four of the five states in the CoMS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 103828"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}