Research in Developmental Disabilities最新文献

{"title":"Pain and sleep difficulties in young children with cerebral palsy does not vary by gross motor function, parent demographics, or parent expectations for rehabilitation therapy","authors":"Ben Reader ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Maus ,&nbsp;Jianing Ma ,&nbsp;Jeff (Xueliang) Pan ,&nbsp;Jill C. Heathcock","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The aims of the present study were to describe the prevalence of pain and sleep difficulties in children (2–8 years) with cerebral palsy (CP) and investigate the relationships between pain and sleep difficulties and gross motor function, parent demographics, and parent expectations for pain and sleep to improve with therapy services.</div></div><div><h3>Methods and procedures</h3><div>This cross-sectional study included parent reports of pain and sleep difficulties in children, demographic data, gross motor function, socioeconomic status (Hollingshead Four-Factor Index of Socioeconomic Status), and parent expectations of rehabilitation therapy services on pain and sleep (Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument).</div></div><div><h3>Outcomes and results</h3><div>Of the 97 participants, 47.4 % experienced pain in the week prior, 20.6 % the day of, and 33.0 % reported sleep difficulties. Pain in the week prior was significantly associated with sleep difficulties (p = 0.003). No significant relationships were found between pain and sleep difficulties and demographics, gross motor function, or parent income. Parent expectations regarding the impact of rehabilitation therapies on pain and sleep varied.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and implications</h3><div>Young children with CP demonstrate a high prevalence of pain and sleep difficulties. While pain is associated with sleep difficulties, gross motor function and parent demographics did not show associations. This underscores the need for comprehensive monitoring and rehabilitative treatments for pain and sleep difficulties in children with CP. Understanding the impact of rehabilitation therapies on pain and sleep in children with CP may help manage expectations for rehabilitation therapy services accurately.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 105029"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using a participative process to implement CRPD articles towards quality of life outcomes","authors":"M. Lombardi ,&nbsp;C. Claes ,&nbsp;H. Vandenbussche ,&nbsp;L.E. Gómez ,&nbsp;R.L. Schalock","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A quality of life (QOL) framework, theoretically grounded and contextually sensitive, has been used to measure the impact of policy outcomes such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). This article presents an operational definition of supports to implement the CRPD toward QOL outcomes using a participative process. Each item of the CRPD has been paired by the means of an international Delphi study to specific support strategies. A panel of 93 experts (by knowledge and experience) from 17 countries participated in a multi-round process to define specific supports and their exportability to people with a disability. Consensus was achieved reaching an agreement of 75 % on 85 pairings of CRPD items-elements of supports and related support strategies to promote the impact of CRPD articles towards QOL outcomes. Furthermore, the operationalization of the CRPD through the development of assessment instruments, and the suggested strategies serve as an exemplary application of a QOL framework for policy implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 105025"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143867750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental coordination disorder and cerebral visual impairment: What is the association?","authors":"Serena Micheletti ,&nbsp;Marika Vezzoli ,&nbsp;Jessica Galli ,&nbsp;Paola Mattei ,&nbsp;Andrea Rossi ,&nbsp;Giulia Paderni ,&nbsp;Lotfi B. Merabet ,&nbsp;Elisa Fazzi","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) experience impairments beyond motor planning, affecting visual perceptual and visual-motor integration abilities, similar to children with Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI), making it challenging to distinguish between the two conditions. This study aimed to identify convergences and divergences in the clinical, neuropsychological, and functional vision-related skills of children with DCD and CVI.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An assessment of the neuropsychological profile (cognitive, visual cognitive, and motor coordination skills) and visual acuity were conducted on 65 children with DCD (mean age: 8 years, 1 month; SD: 1 year, 6 months) and 35 children with CVI (mean age: 8 years, 5 months; SD: 2 years, 6 months) and compared between the two groups. The CVI-Inventory (CVI-I) was used to evaluate functional vision-related problems and to cluster subjects.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Visual attention, visual perception, global motor coordination, and visual constructive scores didn’t differ between the two groups even if children with CVI showed lower scores in the intellectual, visual, visual cognitive, and motor abilities. The overlap index confirmed an overlap on most of the variables considered. Six discriminative questions from the CVI-I clustered subjects into two groups: the first, with more children with CVI (62.9 %) and a more compromised neuropsychological profile, and the second, with more children with DCD (86.7 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>DCD and CVI share both similarities and differences. Low visual acuity, low IQ scores, severe visual-motor integration challenges, and difficulties with fine motor and balance skills should prompt clinicians to screen for CVI in children with DCD. Specific functional vision-related problems can assist in this differentiation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 105019"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Less antipsychotics, more Quality of Life tapering strategies for adults with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour","authors":"P. Laermans ,&nbsp;F. Morisse ,&nbsp;C. Claes ,&nbsp;M. Lombardi ,&nbsp;S. Vandevelde ,&nbsp;K. Audenaert ,&nbsp;P. Persoons ,&nbsp;G. de Kuijper","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The long-term off-label use of antipsychotics to manage challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities is common practice. However, there is limited evidence supporting its effectiveness and safety. Additionally, individuals who use off-label antipsychotics are at risk of experiencing side effects that may negatively impact their Quality of Life.</div></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><div>This study investigates the impact of tapering off-label antipsychotics on Quality of Life, challenging behaviour, general functioning, and side effects in adults with intellectual disabilities.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Twenty-five adults with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour were monitored over a 40-week period during which off-label antipsychotic medications were gradually tapered. The tapering process was guided by a multidisciplinary team. The primary outcome was Quality of Life, measured using the Anamnestic Comparative Self-Assessment (ACSA), supplemented by a self-designed instrument tailored to the individual.</div><div>Secondary outcomes included challenging behaviour, general functioning, and side effects, assessed using the Aberrant Behaviour Checklist (ABC), World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0), Section 3B of the Supports Intensity Scale (SIS), and Matson’s Evaluation of Drug Side Effects (MEDS).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At the end of the study (40 weeks), 22 participants were taking lower dosages of antipsychotic medication, with two participants tapering off the antipsychotic drugs entirely. On average, participants reduced their medication dosage by 39.7 %. Following tapering, improvements were observed in Quality of Life and overall functioning, alongside reductions in challenging behaviour and side effects.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The tapering of off-label antipsychotics in adults with intellectual disabilities resulted in a positive impact on Quality of Life. These findings suggest that Quality of Life could serve as a useful outcome measure to support the consideration of more limited off-label use of antipsychotics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 105020"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Healthcare providers' attitudes toward individuals with intellectual disabilities: Implications for education and practice in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Ghaleb Alnahdi","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Healthcare providers' attitudes toward individuals with intellectual disabilities significantly impact healthcare experiences and outcomes. Understanding and addressing these attitudes is crucial for social inclusion and improving the quality of life for individuals with intellectual disabilities.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This study examines the attitudes of healthcare providers towards individuals with intellectual disabilities, focusing on how these attitudes affect healthcare experiences and outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data were gathered from 284 healthcare service providers, such as doctors, nurses, and other staff, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings show notable disparities in discomfort levels across various job roles besides the impact of familiarity and quality of contact with individuals with ID.</div></div><div><h3>Implications</h3><div>The study suggests that specific educational programs could enhance attitudes and knowledge among healthcare providers, ultimately leading to improved healthcare results for individuals with intellectual disabilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 105026"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parenting stress and positive mental health among parents of children with special needs: A moderated serial mediation model","authors":"Shuman Wu ,&nbsp;Fang Liu ,&nbsp;Xinyue Duan ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Mei","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To explore the impact of parenting stress on the mental health of parents of children with special needs, and to analyze the mediating role of family support and resilience, as well as the moderated role of optimism.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study utilized the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, Family Support Scale, Resilience Scale, Subjective Well-being Scale, and Symptom Checklist-90 to survey 372 parents of children with special needs in Guangdong Province, China.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>(1) Parenting stress significantly affected positive mental health (γ = 0.70,p &lt; 0.001). When family support and resilience were included, the direct effect of parenting stress on positive mental health remained significant (γ = 0.45, p &lt; 0.001). (2) Family support and resilience significantly mediated the relationship between parenting stress and positive mental health in a serial manner. (Direct effect =65.35 %, mediating effect =34.65 %). (3) Optimism significantly moderated the mediating effect of family support on positive mental health (γ = 0.13, p &lt; 0.01).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The study results reveal the mechanisms through which parenting stress impacts the positive mental health of parents of children with special needs, as well as the protective roles of family support, resilience, and optimism. These findings have certain implications for promoting the mental health of parents and families of children with special needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 105022"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Superior motor competence in children with ADHD is associated with optimized neurocognitive development of inhibitory control processing: An ERP study","authors":"Ting-Yu Chueh ,&nbsp;Yu-Jung Tsai ,&nbsp;Jia-Hao Wu ,&nbsp;Chiung-Ling Chu ,&nbsp;Chien-Ting Wu ,&nbsp;Tsung-Min Hung","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.104993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.104993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Neurocognitive deficits, especially inhibitory control processing, are common developmental challenges in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although previous studies have suggested that greater motor competence (MC) is associated with better inhibitory control on both behavioral and neuroelectric levels in children with ADHD, some limitations exist.</div></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><div>To examine whether higher MC is associated with improved neurocognitive development in children with ADHD, as indexed by behavioral and neuroelectric indices of inhibitory control in a well-designed study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Sixty children with ADHD were divided into high MC (<em>n</em> = 30) and low MC (<em>n</em> = 30) groups, based on the median total composite scores from the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. Forty-four typically developing (TD) children were recruited as the healthy control. The Stroop task was administered to assess inhibitory control while electroencephalography was recorded to derive P3 component.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The TD children group demonstrated higher accuracy rate (AR), shorter reaction time (RT), and greater P3 amplitude relative to the Low MC ADHD group (<em>p</em>s = .02). However, the TD children group had higher AR compared to the High MC ADHD group, with no significant differences in RT (<em>p</em> = .927) and P3 amplitude (<em>p</em> = .796). Further, the High MC ADHD group demonstrated shorter RT (<em>p</em> = .019) and greater P3 amplitude (<em>p</em> = .041) regardless of congruency compared to the Low MC ADHD group while accounting for intelligence quotient and aerobic fitness.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Superior MC in children with ADHD is associated with favorable neurocognitive development, as evidenced not only by the association of MC with enhanced inhibitory control performance and increased P3 amplitude but also by that such neurocognitive performance is comparable to those of TD children. These findings suggest that enhanced MC plays a role in mitigating typical neurocognitive deficits associated with inhibitory control processing in children with ADHD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 104993"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translation and validation of the multidimensional scale of perceived discrimination (MSPD) among Chinese caregivers of children with congenital disorders","authors":"Yi Zhou ,&nbsp;Long Yang ,&nbsp;Junqun Fang ,&nbsp;Xue Lei ,&nbsp;Dan Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>The original English version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Discrimination (MSPD) was translated and cross-culturally adapted into a Chinese version (MSPD-C).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Psychometric testing was conducted among 194 caregivers of children with congenital disorders. Internal consistency was tested by calculating Cronbach's α. Test-retest reliability was calculated among 30 participants selected randomly to complete the questionnaire again in 2 weeks. Factor structure was tested with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and concurrent validity was examined by investigating the correlations of the MSPD-C with caregiver burden and anxiety.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The Cronbach's α coefficient for MSPD-C is 0.979, and the test-retest reliability values is 0.905. CFA supported the four-factor model with the best goodness-of-fit indices (χ²/df = 2.022, RMSEA = 0.073, SRMR = 0.035, CFI = 0.938, TLI = 0.928). The concurrent validity of the MSPD-C was further supported by its significant positive correlations with caregiver burden (<em>r</em> = 0.384, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.01) and anxiety (<em>r</em> = 0.296, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.01). The average MSPD score of the total sample was 2.21 ± 0.90, which was higher in caregivers of children with structural malformations than those with nonstructural malformations. The group discrimination scores were higher than the individual discrimination scores, and the subtle discrimination scores were higher than the blatant discrimination scores.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The MSPD-C demonstrates robust reliability and validity and could be used as an effective tool to measure perceived discrimination among caregivers of children with congenital disorders. Further application and validation with other populations and in other countries are recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 105006"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotion socialization practices in non-biological parents of children with FASD","authors":"Carson Kautz-Turnbull,&nbsp;Madeline Rockhold,&nbsp;Emily Speybroeck,&nbsp;Julianne Myers,&nbsp;Zhi Li,&nbsp;Christie L.M. Petrenko","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) represent highly prevalent neurodevelopmental and physical differences associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. People with FASD have difficulty with emotion regulation and are often living with non-biological parents. Caregiver emotion socialization practices have been robustly associated with child emotion regulation development in other populations. Yet no research to date has examined the impact of caregiver factors such as age, relationship to child, and trauma on emotion socialization practices in children with FASD. This research is especially important in non-biological parents given complex parenting challenges they may face.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Eighty-seven children with FASD aged 4–12 and their primary caregivers (all non-biological parents) completed interview, observation, and caregiver-report measures of emotion socialization, caregiver emotion experience, and child emotion regulation and behavior. Emotion socialization included emotion coaching (approaching and encouraging emotion) and emotion dismissing (minimizing and discouraging emotion). Correlational and path analyses were used to understand relationships among caregiver factors and study variables.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Correlations indicated greater emotion coaching was associated with greater emotion dismissing (<em>p</em> = .009). Older caregivers reported less emotion coaching (<em>p</em> &lt; .001), while caregivers with greater adverse childhood experiences reported greater frequency of child disruptive behavior (<em>p</em> = .01).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Emotion coaching was associated was positively associated with emotion dismissing, suggesting caregivers use a combination of both. Results suggest age and childhood trauma may be important factors in caregiver emotion socialization practices, while caregiver type was less important in this sample. This emphasizes the challenges faced by non-biological parents of children with FASD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 105011"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can the Stroop Test be useful in differentiating specific learning disorder from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in medication-free children?","authors":"Hasan Ali Güler ,&nbsp;Furkan Uğur Dündar ,&nbsp;Merve Kuz Keleş ,&nbsp;Mustafa Esad Tezcan","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Specific learning disorder (SLD) is a significant comorbidity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Identifying SLD in patients with ADHD is crucial because individualized educational interventions are the primary treatment for SLD. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of the Stroop Test (ST) in differentiating SLD from ADHD.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 79 patients (42 with ADHD and 37 with ADHD and SLD) participated in the study. ST performance metrics (completion time, errors, and corrections) were collected by a child and adolescent psychiatrist. Additionally, parents completed the Turgay Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ADHD Rating Scale to assess the severity of ADHD symptoms.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The ADHD+SLD group exhibited longer completion times across all sections of the ST. Errors in the third, fourth, and fifth sections were significantly higher in the ADHD+SLD group. After adjusting for age, gender, and ADHD symptom severity, the completion time in the fifth section remained significant. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis identified cut-off scores for the fifth section’s completion time (42 seconds; sensitivity: 0.62, specificity: 0.66) and errors (1 error; sensitivity: 0.64, specificity: 0.61). Moreover, errors in the fifth section predicted being in the ADHD+SLD group (<em>p</em> = .006, odds ratio <em>[OR]</em> = 1.527).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings suggest that the ST may be a valuable tool for diagnosing SLD in patients with ADHD. In particular, the completion time and errors in the fifth section of the ST may serve as useful tools in supporting the diagnostic process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 105021"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}