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Tournament Mobility in Mathematics Course-Taking Pathways. 数学选课途径中的竞赛移动性。
IF 4.5
Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-06-08 DOI: 10.1177/2378023120927604
Paul Hanselman
{"title":"Tournament Mobility in Mathematics Course-Taking Pathways.","authors":"Paul Hanselman","doi":"10.1177/2378023120927604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023120927604","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This visualization represents the structure of mathematics course opportunities as seen in the progress through middle and high school for one cohort of students in Texas. Trajectories are consistent with a tournament mobility regime in which there are repeated opportunities to fall behind but almost none to catch up. Pathways are also characterized by staggered starts, with differences in when students begin the mathematics sequence that have consequences for ultimate attainment. The structure of mathematics opportunities provides many points where trajectories diverge, and these branching points disproportionately sort economically disadvantaged students into less advanced pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":513351,"journal":{"name":"Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2378023120927604","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39126053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Diagnosing Gender Bias in Image Recognition Systems. 图像识别系统中的性别偏见诊断。
IF 4.5
Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-11-11 DOI: 10.1177/2378023120967171
Carsten Schwemmer, Carly Knight, Emily D Bello-Pardo, Stan Oklobdzija, Martijn Schoonvelde, Jeffrey W Lockhart
{"title":"Diagnosing Gender Bias in Image Recognition Systems.","authors":"Carsten Schwemmer,&nbsp;Carly Knight,&nbsp;Emily D Bello-Pardo,&nbsp;Stan Oklobdzija,&nbsp;Martijn Schoonvelde,&nbsp;Jeffrey W Lockhart","doi":"10.1177/2378023120967171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023120967171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Image recognition systems offer the promise to learn from images at scale without requiring expert knowledge. However, past research suggests that machine learning systems often produce biased output. In this article, we evaluate potential gender biases of commercial image recognition platforms using photographs of U.S. members of Congress and a large number of Twitter images posted by these politicians. Our crowdsourced validation shows that commercial image recognition systems can produce labels that are correct and biased at the same time as they selectively report a subset of many possible true labels. We find that images of women received three times more annotations related to physical appearance. Moreover, women in images are recognized at substantially lower rates in comparison with men. We discuss how encoded biases such as these affect the visibility of women, reinforce harmful gender stereotypes, and limit the validity of the insights that can be gathered from such data.</p>","PeriodicalId":513351,"journal":{"name":"Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2378023120967171","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40677153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 42
Expensive Childcare and Short School Days = Lower Maternal Employment and More Time in Childcare? Evidence from the American Time Use Survey. 昂贵的育儿费用和较短的上学时间=更低的母亲就业率和更多的育儿时间?来自美国时间使用调查的证据。
IF 4.5
Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Epub Date: 2019-07-29 DOI: 10.1177/2378023119860277
Leah Ruppanner, Stephanie Moller, Liana Sayer
{"title":"Expensive Childcare and Short School Days = Lower Maternal Employment and More Time in Childcare? Evidence from the American Time Use Survey.","authors":"Leah Ruppanner,&nbsp;Stephanie Moller,&nbsp;Liana Sayer","doi":"10.1177/2378023119860277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023119860277","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the relationship between maternal employment and state-to-state differences in childcare cost and mean school day length. Pairing state-level measures with an individual-level sample of prime working-age mothers from the American Time Use Survey (2005-2014; n = 37,993), we assess the multilevel and time-varying effects of childcare costs and school day length on maternal full-time and part-time employment and childcare time. We find mothers' odds of full-time employment are lower and part-time employment higher in states with expensive childcare and shorter school days. Mothers spend more time caring for children in states where childcare is more expensive and as childcare costs increase. Our results suggest that expensive childcare and short school days are important barriers to maternal employment and, for childcare costs, result in greater investments in childcare time. Politicians engaged in national debates about federal childcare policies should look to existing state childcare structures for policy guidance.</p>","PeriodicalId":513351,"journal":{"name":"Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World","volume":"5 ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2378023119860277","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39000787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 37
Job Characteristics, Job Preferences, and Physical and Mental Health in Later Life. 职业特征、职业偏好与晚年身心健康。
IF 4.5
Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Epub Date: 2019-04-03 DOI: 10.1177/2378023119836003
Jessica Halliday Hardie, Jonathan Daw, S Michael Gaddis
{"title":"Job Characteristics, Job Preferences, and Physical and Mental Health in Later Life.","authors":"Jessica Halliday Hardie,&nbsp;Jonathan Daw,&nbsp;S Michael Gaddis","doi":"10.1177/2378023119836003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023119836003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Existing research linking SES with work primarily focuses on the precursors (educational attainment) and outcomes (income) of work, rather than asking how diverse facets of work influence health. Using four waves of data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, we evaluate whether multiple measures of respondent job characteristics, respondent preferences for those characteristics, and their interaction substantially improve the fit of sociological models of men's and women's physical and mental health at midlife and old age compared to traditional models using educational attainment, parental SES, and income. We find that non-wage job characteristics predict men's and women's physical and mental health over the lifecourse, although we find little evidence that the degree to which one's job accords with one's job preferences matters for health. These findings expand what we know about how work matters for health, demonstrating how the manner and condition under which one works has lasting impacts on wellbeing.</p>","PeriodicalId":513351,"journal":{"name":"Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2378023119836003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38098746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Kinship, friendship, and service provider social ties and how they influence well-being among newly resettled refugees. 亲属关系、友谊和服务提供者的社会关系及其如何影响新安置难民的福祉。
IF 4.5
Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Epub Date: 2019-12-30 DOI: 10.1177/2378023119896192
R Neil Greene
{"title":"Kinship, friendship, and service provider social ties and how they influence well-being among newly resettled refugees.","authors":"R Neil Greene","doi":"10.1177/2378023119896192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023119896192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As refugees move from forced displacement to resettlement, their networks change dramatically alongside their living conditions and surroundings. The relative benefit of different kinds of ties in this context is not well known. Data for this study came from quantitative and qualitative interviews that were part of the Refugee Well-being Project (N=290), a longitudinal RCT study inclusive of refugees resettling from the Great Lakes Region of Africa, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. Quantitative results revealed that greater numbers of kinship ties were related to better psychological quality of life (p<.01) and greater numbers of reported services providers as social ties were related to higher emotional distress (p<.001). Greater numbers of friendship ties were not statistically related to psychological quality of life or emotional distress. Qualitative findings suggest that cultural brokers-social ties that can bridge cultures, languages, and backgrounds--were particularly important to well-being, blending the benefits of strong and weak ties.</p>","PeriodicalId":513351,"journal":{"name":"Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World","volume":"5 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2378023119896192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39221411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
The Coming Divorce Decline. 即将到来的离婚率下降。
IF 4.5
Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Epub Date: 2019-08-28 DOI: 10.1177/2378023119873497
Philip N Cohen
{"title":"The Coming Divorce Decline.","authors":"Philip N Cohen","doi":"10.1177/2378023119873497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023119873497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper analyzes U.S. divorce trends over the last decade, and considers their implications for future divorce rates. Modeling women's odds of divorce from 2008 to 2017 using marital events data from the American Community Survey, I find falling divorce rates, with or without adjustment for demographic covariates. Age specific divorce rates show that the trend is driven by younger women, which is consistent with longer term trends showing uniquely high divorce rates among people born in the Baby Boom period. Finally, I analyze the characteristics of newly-married women and estimate the trend in their likelihood of divorcing based on the divorce models. The results show falling divorce risks for more recent marriages. The accumulated evidence thus points toward continued decline in divorce rates. The U.S. is progressing toward a system in which marriage is rarer, and more stable, than it was in the past.</p>","PeriodicalId":513351,"journal":{"name":"Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2378023119873497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38145040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 29
Social Effects of Health Care Reform: Medicaid Expansion under the Affordable Care Act and changes in Volunteering. 医疗改革的社会影响:《平价医疗法案》下的医疗补助扩张和志愿服务的变化。
IF 4.5
Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World Pub Date : 2017-01-01 Epub Date: 2017-03-24 DOI: 10.1177/2378023117700903
Heeju Sohn, Stefan Timmermans
{"title":"Social Effects of Health Care Reform: Medicaid Expansion under the Affordable Care Act and changes in Volunteering.","authors":"Heeju Sohn,&nbsp;Stefan Timmermans","doi":"10.1177/2378023117700903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023117700903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Do public health policy interventions result in pro-social behaviors? The Affordable Care Act (ACA)'s Medicaid expansions were responsible for the largest gains in public insurance coverage since its inception in 1965. These gains were concentrated in states that opted to expand Medicaid eligibility and provide a unique opportunity to study not just medical but also social consequences of increased public health coverage. This article examines the association between Medicaid and volunteer work. Volunteerism is implicated in individuals' health and well-being yet it is highly correlated with a person's existing socioeconomic resources. Medicaid expansions improved financial security and a sense of health-two factors that predict volunteer work-for a socioeconomic group that has had low levels of volunteerism. Difference-in-difference analyses of the Volunteer Supplement of the Current Population Survey (2010-2015) find increased reports of formal volunteering for organizations as well as informal helping behaviors between neighbors for low-income non-elderly adults who would have likely benefited from expansions. Furthermore, increased volunteer work associated with Medicaid was greater among minority groups and narrowed existing ethnic differences in volunteerism in states that expanded Medicaid eligibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":513351,"journal":{"name":"Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2378023117700903","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35610207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Immigrant-based Disparities in Mental Health Care Utilization. 基于移民的精神卫生保健利用差异。
IF 4.5
Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World Pub Date : 2017-01-01 Epub Date: 2017-01-04 DOI: 10.1177/2378023116685718
Shawn Bauldry, Magdalena Szaflarski
{"title":"Immigrant-based Disparities in Mental Health Care Utilization.","authors":"Shawn Bauldry,&nbsp;Magdalena Szaflarski","doi":"10.1177/2378023116685718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023116685718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies of immigrant-based disparities in mental health care have been limited by small sample sizes and a lack of measures of different dimensions of acculturation. This study draws on the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions to address these limitations. Results indicate first-generation immigrants have lower rates of utilization for both mood and anxiety disorders. Nativity-based disparities in treatment are particularly notable among people from African and Hispanic origins, while there is little evidence of disparities among people from European origins. Of three dimensions of acculturation, only the identity dimension has a positive association with mental health care utilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":513351,"journal":{"name":"Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2378023116685718","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35303256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 42
Who Is This "We" You Speak of? Grounding Activist Identity in Social Psychology. 你说的“我们”是谁?社会心理学中积极分子身份的基础。
IF 4.5
Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World Pub Date : 2017-01-01 Epub Date: 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1177/2378023117717819
Jonathan Horowitz
{"title":"Who Is This \"We\" You Speak of? Grounding Activist Identity in Social Psychology.","authors":"Jonathan Horowitz","doi":"10.1177/2378023117717819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023117717819","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>What is an activist identity? Prior answers have focused almost exclusively on collective identity, without a) considering the possibility of role-based identities or b) grounding collective identities in broader social-psychological theories. The present study investigates activist identity through the lens of role-based and category-based identities, and reports two major findings. First, there is a distinct role-based activist identity, one that involves internalizing role responsibilities and the expectations of friends and family. Second, collective identity represents a relationship between a social identity and an injustice frame; it either involves incorporating an injustice frame into a pre-existing social identity, or using the injustice frame to create a new in-group. The present findings help to illuminate the processes underlying collective identity, indicate that a great deal of role-based activist identity is mistaken for collective identity, and suggest new directions for the study of micro-mobilization and organizational forms and tactics in social movements.</p>","PeriodicalId":513351,"journal":{"name":"Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2378023117717819","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36496846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
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