International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems最新文献

{"title":"Single-Switched Inductor-Based Active Cell Balancing With PI-Controlled Energy Equalization for Multicell Lithium-Ion Batteries","authors":"Alok Jain,&nbsp;Suman Bhullar,&nbsp;Manvir Kaur","doi":"10.1155/etep/1285004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/1285004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cell imbalance in series-connected lithium-ion battery packs reduces usable capacity, accelerates degradation, and compromises operational safety in electric vehicle (EV) and energy storage system (ESS) applications. While passive balancing techniques are simple and inexpensive, they suffer from significant energy dissipation and prolonged balancing times. Existing active balancing approaches improve efficiency but often require multiple inductors, transformers, or converter stages, leading to increased hardware complexity and cost. This paper proposes a hardware-efficient active cell balancing architecture based on a single-switched inductor (SSI) and a closed-loop proportional–integral (PI)-controlled pulse-width modulation (PWM) strategy for energy-efficient charge equalization in multi-cell lithium-ion battery packs. Unlike conventional inductive balancing methods that employ multiple magnetic components, the proposed SSI topology utilizes a single shared inductor with time-multiplexed energy transfer, thereby reducing component count while maintaining effective balancing performance. A unified MATLAB/Simulink framework is developed to compare passive balancing, conventional inductor–based balancing, flyback converter–based balancing, and the proposed SSI approach under identical operating conditions. Detailed battery, switching, and controller models are incorporated to ensure a reproducible evaluation. The effects of pulse-generator-based switching, sawtooth PWM, and PI-controlled PWM regulation are investigated under both charging and discharging scenarios. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed SSI topology with PI-controlled PWM reduces balancing time by approximately 25% compared with conventional inductive balancing while achieving energy efficiency greater than 90% and maintaining final state-of-charge (SoC) deviation within ±0.5%. Furthermore, the proposed approach exhibits reduced current ripple, improved convergence characteristics, and lower magnetic component requirements, making it a promising solution for next-generation battery management systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/1285004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidding Strategy and Clearing Model of Virtual Power Plants in Energy and Inertia Markets","authors":"Zicheng Liu,&nbsp;Ciwei Gao,&nbsp;Meng Song,&nbsp;Xingyu Yan,&nbsp;Wenqiang Guo,&nbsp;Jinmeng Zhang,&nbsp;Wei Zhang,&nbsp;Zhixing Wu","doi":"10.1155/etep/6877271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/6877271","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ongoing decline in system inertia during the energy transition poses serious challenges to frequency stability. Virtual power plants (VPPs) offer a feasible pathway to enhance system frequency support by aggregating distributed inertia resources from the demand side. To this end, this paper proposes an integrated framework that combines bidding and clearing mechanisms to incentivize VPPs to exploit their potential inertia resources. First, an inertia assessment model is developed to characterize the dynamic characteristics of heterogeneous devices within the VPP. On this basis, a bidding strategy incorporating prospect theory is designed, which introduces competitors’ bids as a reference to improve the VPP’s clearing probability while optimizing its expected revenue. Furthermore, a market-clearing model based on the system marginal pricing principle is established, aiming to minimize total social costs and provide effective price incentives for market participants. Case simulation results demonstrate that compared with a VPP using a conventional expected utility criterion, the proposed strategy significantly improves the VPP’s market clearance rate and increases the VPP’s total revenue by 870.31 CNY, representing a 17.5% relative improvement over the conventional expected utility–based bidding strategy. Meanwhile, the marginal pricing mechanism effectively reflects system inertia scarcity signals, helping to incentivize more inertia resources to participate in the market and ensuring operational security of the system.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/6877271","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Analysis of a Self-Excited Brushless Wound-Field Synchronous Machine With Reduced Torque Ripple","authors":"Muhammad Ahsan ul Haq,&nbsp;Haroon Farooq,&nbsp;Muhammad Akmal","doi":"10.1155/etep/3692957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/3692957","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Permanent magnet synchronous machines are commonly employed in variable-speed applications because they offer high efficiency, easy control, robust construction, and do not require external field excitation. However, rising costs of permanent magnets have significantly increased the overall price of these machines. Wound-field synchronous machines (WFSMs), which have no permanent magnets and are thus less affected by market price changes, can be a good alternative to permanent magnet synchronous machines. WFSMs use slip rings along with brush assemblies to energize the rotor field winding (RFW) with DC. However, the use of slip rings and brushes introduces sparking and increases maintenance requirements. Consequently, brushless wound-field synchronous machines (BLWFSMs) have recently been developed to overcome these limitations. This paper introduces a novel BLWFSM designed to mitigate the volatility of permanent magnet prices and the maintenance challenges of conventional WFSMs using slip rings and brushes. Unlike existing brushless topologies that necessitate dual inverters, the proposed design utilizes a single three-phase inverter. The proposed machine’s rotor incorporates an excitation winding and a field winding, connected via an embedded rotating bridge rectifier. The stator MMF is dominated by a 30-Hz subharmonic component and a 60-Hz fundamental component. Brushless excitation is achieved by utilizing a subharmonic stator MMF component (30 Hz) that induces an AC voltage in the excitation winding, which is rectified by a rotating rectifier and supplied as DC to the field winding. Two-dimensional finite element analysis validates the performance of an 8-pole, 18-slot configuration. The results demonstrate a rated torque of 8.975 Nm with an exceptionally low torque ripple of 0.501%. These characteristics, combined with a reduced volume and weight profile, position the proposed BLWFSM as a robust alternative for air blowing, aerospace power generation, and electric vehicle applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/3692957","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-Driven Comprehensive Error Modeling and Optimization Strategy for Transformers and Electricity Meters","authors":"Xu Chen,&nbsp;Haomiao Zhang,&nbsp;Chao Zhang,&nbsp;Yinzhe Xu,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Cheng,&nbsp;Yu Yan","doi":"10.1155/etep/3420012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/3420012","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In actual operation, it is difficult to accurately evaluate the comprehensive measurement error of transformers and electricity meters due to the coupling of working and environmental operating conditions, nonlinear response, and other factors. This article proposes a data-driven modeling and optimization strategy that integrates multidimensional operation parameters such as voltage, current, harmonic content, temperature, and load rate collected in the field and constructs a comprehensive error prediction model based on random forest. Then, based on this, three optimization measures are designed: dynamic compensation, equipment matching optimization, and early risk warning. The results show that the root mean squared error (RMSE) of the model is 0.15% and the <i>R</i>₂ is 0.93 on the test set, which is obviously superior to the traditional method. After the implementation of the optimization strategy, the average error of the three typical stations decreased from 0.31%–0.58% to 0.14%–0.21%, with the largest decrease of 63.8%, and the annual electricity fee dispute decreased by 89,000 yuan. These results indicate that the data-driven method can effectively capture the coupling error characteristics of the metering link under the tested complex operating conditions. The proposed strategy has good engineering applicability and economic value and provides a feasible way to improve the high-precision measurement level of the smart grid.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/3420012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enzyme Action Optimization–Based Maximum Power Point Tracking for Solar Photovoltaic Systems","authors":"Tummala S. L. V. Ayyarao,&nbsp;G. Indira Kishore,&nbsp;Ark Dev,&nbsp;U. Siddaraj","doi":"10.1155/etep/5846961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/5846961","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique for solar photovoltaic systems based on the enzyme action optimization (EAO) algorithm, inspired by catalytic enzyme behavior in biological processes. The proposed EAO-based MPPT approach effectively balances exploration and exploitation to ensure rapid and accurate tracking of the global maximum power point under both uniform and partial shading conditions. The algorithm is first implemented in MATLAB and evaluated across seven test scenarios representing various irradiance patterns. Its performance is benchmarked against conventional perturb and observe, particle swarm optimization, salp swarm optimization, and hybrid particle swarm–genetic optimization algorithms. To validate real-time applicability, hardware-in-the-loop simulations are performed using the OPAL-RT platform under different operating conditions. The results demonstrate that the EAO algorithm achieves faster convergence, reduced oscillations, and higher tracking efficiency compared to existing methods. Specifically, the proposed EAO-based MPPT achieves an average tracking efficiency of 99.02% across all seven test scenarios, outperforming PSO (98.58%), SSA (93%), and P&amp;O (80.55%) methods. The algorithm successfully tracks the global maximum power point within 0.34 s under partial shading conditions and exhibits negligible steady-state power oscillations. Hardware-in-the-loop validation on the OPAL-RT platform under four different irradiance patterns confirms an average tracking efficiency exceeding 99%, demonstrating the practical applicability and robustness of the proposed approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/5846961","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Load-Center–Oriented Equivalent Modeling and Benchmark Construction for Voltage Security Studies in Receiving-End Power Systems","authors":"Jiawei Ren,&nbsp;Xianlong Li,&nbsp;Da Xie","doi":"10.1155/etep/4803355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/4803355","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Modern receiving-end power systems are characterized by concentrated load centers, long-distance power transfer, and increasing penetration of inverter-based renewable resources. To support reproducible voltage-security studies for such systems, this paper develops a load-center–oriented equivalent benchmark based on the classical 3-machine 9-bus framework. The proposed benchmark construction explicitly defines the transformation from the original system, including bus and branch data, generator dispatch, load allocation, corridor ratings, renewable locations, SVG/OLTC/ESS/capacitor parameters, and coordinated-control variables. Beyond steady-state voltage profiles, the validation framework incorporates quantitative load-center representativeness indices, renewable-output sensitivity, load-growth screening, selected N-1 contingency results, and a reduced-Jacobian modal indicator. The benchmark reproduces a dominant transfer corridor with 81.50% loading, a minimum bus voltage of 0.9700 p.u., and a high-renewable overvoltage case reaching 1.0807 p.u. Coordinated multiresource control reduces the maximum target-bus voltage magnitude by 0.0526 p.u. relative to the uncontrolled high-renewable case. The model is intended as a transparent steady-state benchmark for voltage-security, renewable-hosting, and coordinated-control studies. Fast electromagnetic and converter-control phenomena are identified as necessary extensions for dynamic studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/4803355","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early-Life State-of-Health Prediction of High-Capacity Pouch Lithium-Ion Batteries Utilizing Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Gaussian Process Regression","authors":"Vincent Masabiar Tingbari,&nbsp;Jaehyeong Lee,&nbsp;Jimin Oh,&nbsp;Jonghoon Kim","doi":"10.1155/etep/6412152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/6412152","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate battery state-of-health (SOH) prediction is a crucial requirement in advanced battery management, particularly in the expanding domain of electric vehicles (EVs) where safety concerns are of great importance. The challenge in predicting the SOH during the early stages of battery life is predominantly linked to the limited correlation between health indicators and actual SOH. In this context, the efficiency of degradation indicators (DIs) plays a critical role and is emerging as a key determinant that significantly affects the precision of the SOH prediction. This paper proposes a machine learning approach for SOH prediction of high-capacity pouch lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the early life cycle using low-frequency real and magnitude parts of impedance spectroscopy, which contains rich information regarding battery degradation, considering the impact of the battery state-of-charge (SOC). The DIs are extracted from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data using Pearson correlation analysis to select the DIs with a strong relationship with the SOH and minimal influence from the SOC to improve the transferability of the selected features under the same cell type and controlled experimental conditions. This approach also led to a dimensionality reduction in the EIS measurements, reducing the time required to perform the EIS measurements by 33.6% while maintaining SOH-relevant information. The proposed methodology is validated using a Gaussian process regression (GPR) model with different kernel functions and a dataset measured at different SOCs. The results show that the proposed DIs, which are from 15 selected frequencies, can accurately predict the SOH with an average maximum RMSE and MAE of 0.073% and 0.0576%, respectively. The proposed methodology provides a practical EIS feature-selection framework for early-life SOH prediction under controlled experimental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/6412152","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distributed Static Series Compensators (DSSCs) in Modern Power Systems: A Systematic Literature Review","authors":"N. Mbuli","doi":"10.1155/etep/1934849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/1934849","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Distributed static series compensators (DSSCs) are modular power-electronic devices that dynamically regulate transmission-line reactance by injecting a controlled quadrature voltage. This paper presents the first comprehensive systematic literature review focused exclusively on DSSCs, covering studies published from 2004 to 2024. Using a PRISMA-based methodology, 60 high-quality publications were identified and synthesized across eight themes: technology development, steady-state constraints, protection, stability enhancement, quality of supply, economic analysis, optimization, and controller interactions. The review reveals a clear research evolution, from early conceptual work, modeling, and prototypes to studies addressing operational challenges such as congestion, fault-current limitation, and voltage or stability support, and more recent advances in optimal siting, coordinated control, and system-level integration. Although DSSCs demonstrate strong technical potential, existing evidence is largely simulation-based, with limited field testing, no standardized benchmarking methods, and an incomplete understanding of multidevice coordination, lifecycle reliability, and deployment constraints. Overall, DSSCs appear technologically mature but require further research to support widespread practical adoption. The review concludes with targeted research questions on protection-aware control design, real-world performance validation, coordinated operation with other FACTS/DFACTS devices, techno-economic assessment under uncertainty, and system-level planning for high-renewable grids.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/1934849","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Two, Four, and Six Plate Structures of Capacitive Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles","authors":"Parameswari Murthi,&nbsp;Chellammal Nallaperumal,&nbsp;Ramesh C. Bansal","doi":"10.1155/etep/9744354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/9744354","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Capacitive power transfer (CPT) is a new wireless transmission technique using an electric field instead of a magnetic field, and has merit in low EMI, weight reduction, and simple structure. However, traditional CPT systems have had difficulty with transmission efficiency and coupling stability, especially under misalignment conditions for high-power applications such as EV charging. In this paper, a comparative study among three CPT coupler topologies, two-plate type, four-plate type, and six-plate type, coupled with an LCL-LL compensation network for achieving the resonance and power load independent operation is presented. The designs were simulated with ANSYS Maxwell 3D to accurately predict the electric field distribution, coupling capacitance and wireless power transfer performance under an input voltage of (270 VDC, 5 A). Simulation results indicate that the six-plate coupling exhibits 93.7% highest efficiency with dominating field confinement and excellent misalignment tolerance, which is the best system for the aggressive EV industry’s demand. This four-plate coupler shows the best case of trade-off between efficiency (91.3%) and complexity, but the 2-plate system, although simplest, appears to have poor return loss (81.1%) with high sensitivity to displacement. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that electric field isolation, coupling capacitance and frequency performance are significantly improved with a larger number of plates, which further strengthens CPT as an easily scalable and viable solution for integration in emerging electric mobility infrastructure.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/9744354","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Fast and Efficient Chaos Game Optimizer for Reconfiguration, DG, and Capacitor Allocations in Electrical Distribution Networks","authors":"Ali S. Aljumah,&nbsp;Mohammed H. Alqahtani,&nbsp;Ahmed R. Ginidi,&nbsp;Abdullah M. Shaheen","doi":"10.1155/etep/5307421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/etep/5307421","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, a modified chaos game optimization technique (MCGOT) is developed for the optimal allocation of renewable distributed generators (DGs) and capacitors (CRs) with a reconfiguration network (RN) while considering the reconfiguration ability of power distribution systems (RPDS). The CGOT is inspired by fractal geometry and chaos theory, where candidate solutions are iteratively updated based on geometric interactions among the global best, mean group, and current solutions within the search space. To address the high computational burden associated with multiple offspring evaluations, an MCGOT is further developed. In MCGOT, an adaptive offspring selection mechanism is introduced to generate and evaluate only a single candidate solution per iteration, thereby significantly reducing the number of function evaluations. In addition, a crossover operator is incorporated to enhance solution diversity, while a stage-based control strategy dynamically balances exploration and exploitation. These modifications improve the computational efficiency and convergence characteristics of the original CGOT, making it more suitable for large-scale and computationally expensive optimization problems. The proposed MCGOT and the conventional CGOT are applied to a practical case study of the 59-bus Cairo distribution system in Egypt and the large IEEE 135-bus distribution system. The simulation results show that integrating renewable DGs and CRs through MCGOT significantly minimizes active power losses and mitigates voltage fluctuations. When tested on two systems, MCGOT outperformed traditional methods like CGOT, slime mold algorithm (SMA), artificial rabbits optimization (ARO), and honey badger algorithm (HBA) in mean, worst, and standard deviation metrics. Moreover, to enhance the practical applicability and clean renewable integration, a probabilistic multiobjective formulation was developed considering annual operating losses and carbon emission costs amid renewable generation and load uncertainties using the Hong point estimate method (PEM). Results from the 135-bus distribution feeder indicate that the proposed MCGOT improves convergence characteristics, lowering the expected annual operating cost from $91,394.95 to $88,307.80 and simultaneously reducing expected emissions under stochastic conditions regarding renewable resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":51293,"journal":{"name":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/etep/5307421","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}