Physics Essays最新文献

{"title":"Critical review of classical electrodynamics","authors":"P. Cornille","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.227","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we will review classical electrodynamics, where our main concern will be exclusively the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the vacuum and the interaction of these waves with free charges. We will examine the reasons why the classical Maxwell's equations are not\u0000 complete and consistent. We will show that there are three kinds of waves propagating in the vacuum, namely, transverse waves, longitudinal waves, and helicoidal waves. We will particularly review the theoretical and experimental aspects of longitudinal waves whose existence seems to be proven.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44769309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emission, propagation, and reflection of light as mechanical phenomena: General considerations","authors":"Filip Dambi Filipescu","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.266","url":null,"abstract":"The emission, propagation, and reflection of light as mechanical phenomena are based on the behavior of balls, at the limit when their mass is zero, emitted by a balls source and reflected by a rigid wall in an elastic collision. Light as a wave or particle is a massless entity. Therefore,\u0000 applying the kinematics behavior of the massless balls to light is natural. Consequently, the kinematics of light depends on its kinetics of electromagnetic nature and its kinematics of mechanical nature in interactions with the matter as emission and reflection. By applying the emission,\u0000 propagation, and reflection of light as mechanical phenomena in a vacuum of the frame at absolute rest, this study derives the velocities of a wavefront of light reflected by a fixed and moving mirror when the light comes from a fixed and moving source. The derived velocities apply to the\u0000 modified Michelson interferometer, employed independently by Tomaschek and Miller in their experiments.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"1 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70104476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An accurate analysis of the Michelson‐Morley experiment shows that the speed of light is not a constant relative to a moving frame","authors":"Cyrus Master-Khodabakhsh","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.309","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shows how the miscalculated result of an experiment caused the birth of the theory of relativity. It reveals the error made by Michelson in his calculations to obtain the result of the experiment he performed with Morley, which was designed to detect the speed of the earth\u0000 relative to ether. Thus, Michelson anticipated observing an outcome that understandably would not occur. This paper shows the correct calculations, proving that the very experiment that led to the invention of the theory of relativity can in fact be a proof that the theory is wrong. It also\u0000 shows that as far as the existence of ether is concerned, the Michelson‐Morley experiment is irrelevant.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48999051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal and timeless cognition in physics","authors":"A. Šorli, Štefan Čelan","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.305","url":null,"abstract":"In experimental and theoretical physics, we measure time as the duration of material changes that run into space. We have no scientific evidence that would be based on the elementary perception and would prove that clocks run in some physical time. Universal space is time-invariant,\u0000 in the sense that time is not its fourth dimension. In time-invariant space, motion happens only in space and not in time. Time as duration enters existence as an emergent physical quantity and is the result of the observer's measurement. Linear time “past-present-future” is psychological\u0000 time that runs only in the brain. Universal change runs in time-invariant space, in this sense the universe is timeless. Temporal cognition occurs in the frame of psychological time, and timeless cognition occurs without the impact of psychological time.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49023341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gravitational waves in the dynamic medium of reference theory","authors":"Olivier Pignard","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.300","url":null,"abstract":"The theory of the dynamic medium of reference (DMR) has already been presented in several articles, in particular, Pignard [Phys. Essays 32, 422 (2019]. The objective of this article is to present gravitational waves within the framework of the DMR theory. For this, an important\u0000 relation is established between the gravitational potential and the speed of the flux of the medium. This relation makes it possible to deduce two differential equations verified by the speed of the flux of the medium, one relating to the stationary part and the other to the variational part,\u0000 which corresponds to gravitational waves. Solving these two equations provides the speed of the total flux of the medium. An application of the found formulas is carried out to a binary system, and the link with the metric tensor and the fundamental quadratic form of general relativity is\u0000 established. Finally, in the DMR theory, gravitational waves are waves that propagate through the medium at the speed of light, not ripples of space-time.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43803232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward a gravitational theory based on mass-induced accelerated space expansion","authors":"J. M. Frade","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.258","url":null,"abstract":"The general theory of relativity (GTR) has proved to accurately describe all gravitational aspects of our universe. This theory was developed by Einstein under the premises of the principle of equivalence to describe the behavior of inertial systems in accelerated reference frames,\u0000 but the physical basis for the principle of equivalence and for the existence of accelerated reference frames remains to be understood. Here, we postulate that the principle of equivalence could be explained in terms of an accelerated flow of space toward the origin of the gravitational field,\u0000 which would explain the accelerated reference frames. We provide evidence that the gravitational constant predicts the observed increase in the Hubble constant from early to late universe. This suggests that gravity and accelerated expansion of the universe could derive from the same physical\u0000 principle depending on the mass density operating in each process. Mass-induced accelerated space expansion through a hypothetical fourth spatial dimension could explain the curvature of spacetime. It would be the projection of the expanded space to our three-dimensional universe what would\u0000 lead to relativistic gravitational effects such as time dilation, redshift, and black hole formation. Therefore, a gravitational theory can be envisioned, halfway between classical mechanics and GTR.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47467017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lunar ephemeris at sub microarcsecond accuracy (LESMA) leads to sub-millimeter positional accuracy of the moon","authors":"A. Biswas, Krishnan R. S. Mani","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.294","url":null,"abstract":"The most accurate LLR (lunar laser ranging) initiative, named APOLLO (apache point observatory lunar laser-ranging operation) demonstrated millimeter-range positional accuracy in 2009, thus improving LLR by one order-of-magnitude.\u0000 Since, LLR is a foundational technique in studying gravity, Murphy (principal investigator of APOLLO) stated in 2009, that with this millimeter-range accuracy, the simulation model has been found to be the limiting-factor in extracting the theoretical science results, and hence, we should:\u0000 (1) develop the science case and expand our ability to model LLR for a new regime of high precision, (2) develop the theoretical tools for honing the science case for submillimeter LLR, and (3) explore which model/code is worth putting our efforts into. (4) Since millimeter-quality\u0000 data are a recent development, the model effort lags. (5) Finally, we will code-in new physics so that we may simulate sensitivities. In connection with simulation model/code, Murphy stated in 2013, that among the four available LLR simulation models: JPL (jet propulsion\u0000 laboratory), CfA (the Harvard-Smithsonian center for astrophysics), LU (leibniz University, Hannover, Germany), and IMCCE (Institut de Mecanique celeste et de calcul des Ephemerides, France), the JPL model currently\u0000 produces weighted RMS (root-mean-square) residuals at ∼18 mm, which is about half of the other models; so, clearly a gap exists from millimeter ranging-precision of APOLLO. Hence, the CfA, LU, and IMCCE are engaged, since 2013, in a stepwise comparative streamlining effort to identify\u0000 the model-differences, errors, and shortcomings. All the four available LLR simulation models can be classified as GR (general relativity)-astronomers model; they are basically similar. Professor Douglas Currie of the University of Maryland, College Park, NASA Lunar Science Institute, stated\u0000 in a Conference presentation, in 2012, that Ground stations, that is, the lunar observatories, have improved by a factor of 200, but the agreement between observations and fitted theory has plateaued at ∼2 cm over the past two decades. However, no substantial progress on improving\u0000 the fit has been reported in the published literature, till date. Based on about a quarter-century of experience in doing high-precision numerical simulation of celestial orbits, the authors have developed LESMA (lunar Ephemeris at sub Microarcsecond accuracy)\u0000 utilizing the methodology of evolved general relativity (EGR) that has incorporated the following two concepts: (1) Relativistic time for integration and (2) methodology of conservation of magnitude of the angular momentum, MΦ , for Φ-rotation\u0000 (in addition to the θ-rotation that leads to the rosetting ellipse) of the orbital plane. Incorporation of the two above-mentioned concepts has led to three orders-of-magnitude accuracy-improvement of the computed (1) precession (compared to JPL's DE405) of Lunar orbit,\u0000 as verified using three independent methods and (2) radial ","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45403044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aether destructive theory of gravity: Calculation of the aether pressure at the surface of the earth","authors":"Peter M. Atkinson, Samuel Nlend","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.252","url":null,"abstract":"The aether theory of gravity basically states that the gravity produced by a large object such as the earth is that aether is destroyed or modified within the earth. This results in a fall in aether pressure within the earth. Aether then accelerates into the earth from outer space in\u0000 order to keep the aether pressure within the earth constant. The aether accelerating into the earth exerts a force on all objects caught in the accelerating aether flow. We have modified the existing theories of what aether is, and using these modifications and existing published figures on\u0000 the structure of atomic nuclei, we have been able to calculate the aether pressure at the surface of the earth, as well as calculating the gravitational force per nucleon at the surface of the earth. We calculated the aether pressure at the surface of the earth as being 3311 N/m2\u0000 or 337.66 kg/m2. The gravitational force per nucleon is 1.627 × 10−26 N/nucleon. We present an entirely new way to calculate the gravitational force acting on an object at the surface of the earth based on the aether theory of gravity and aether\u0000 dynamics. The force of gravity acting on an object (F) is the product of the aether pressure (P), the mass of object in grams (m), the effective surface area of a nucleon (Seff), and Avogadro’s number. The effective surface area is proportional to half\u0000 of the surface area of a nucleon (S) multiplied by a factor (). The factor necessary to modify the effective surface area was calculated using calculus. The fact that this equation, based\u0000 on aether dynamics, actually works demonstrates that the aether theory of gravity may well be correct.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46108755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Einstein's bias blind spot: It is evident that the longitudinal Doppler effect contradicts the constancy of the velocity of light c in reference frames","authors":"Reiner Georg Ziefle","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.287","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract  The physical mystery behind the constancy of the velocity of light is solved after the bias blind spot of Einstein's relativistic physics was illuminated precisely. We have given the physical law f = c/λ. The relative\u0000 frequency shifts of the longitudinal Doppler effect are calculated from the frequency ratio of the frequency f r at the receiver and the frequency f e at the emitter. The very small frequency shift of the so-called relativistic time dilation factor can be\u0000 neglected for low velocities. Comparing electromagnetic radiation, when receiver and emitter are at rest, the wavelengths must be the same and are canceling, so that we obtain: f r/f e = (c/λ r)/c/λ\u0000 e) = c/c = 1/1. If the relative velocity c of light were constant in any inertial frame, independent of the motion of the receiver and emitter, no shift of wavelength and frequency would be possible. Einstein's special relativity\u0000 excludes the possibility of the longitudinal Doppler effect. The longitudinal Doppler effect is explained according to relativity in dependence of gravity (RG), by which Einstein's illogical relativity is replaced. Why do we always measure the constant velocity c on Earth is now physically\u0000 understandable.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47053578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reframing the general theory of relativity","authors":"Michael Kunkler","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.276","url":null,"abstract":"The general theory of relativity extends the special theory of relativity to account for gravity (acceleration) and results in the postulation that matter curves spacetime, where gravitation is the embodiment of the spacetime curvature. The curvature of spacetime is modeled using Riemannian\u0000 geometry. In this paper, it is proposed that matter rotates spacetime hyperbolically, rather than curves spacetime. As a result, gravitation is the embodiment of the hyperbolic rotation of spacetime. Regions in spacetime that have a larger magnitude of rotation relative to other regions of\u0000 spacetime, ceteris paribus, experience stronger gravity, gravitational time dilation, gravitational length contraction, and gravitational frequency shift toward the red (blue) in the electromagnetic waves moving away (toward).","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49000866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}