Physics Essays最新文献

{"title":"Double-slit interference and single-slit diffraction experiments on electrons","authors":"Huawang Li","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.313","url":null,"abstract":"De Broglie proposed the matter wave in 1924. The de Broglie wave is neither a mechanical wave nor an electromagnetic wave and has a very short wavelength. The Davisson-Germer electron diffraction experiment performed in 1925 involved bombarding the surface of a nickel crystal with a\u0000 narrow beam of electrons. When the accelerating voltage V was maintained at 54 V, the wavelength of the incident electron was λ=h/ <mml:math display=\"inline\"> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">m</mml:mi> <mml:mi\u0000 mathvariant=\"normal\">e</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">V</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> </mml:math>  = 0.167 nm [Y. S. Chen and Z. Z. Li, College Physics (Tianjin University, Tianjin, 1999)] demonstrating the existence of the matter\u0000 wave. We introduce a type of electron wave with a very long wavelength in this study that is different from the matter wave. For example, the wavelength of the electron wave can reach 0.43 mm in the double-slit interference of electrons. Experiments demonstrate that this long-wavelength\u0000 electron wave can produce both double-slit interference and electron diffraction. A comparative analysis of matter and electron waves reveals the physical natures of these waves and wave‐particle duality.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43332526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"There is no vacuum zero-point energy in our universe for massive particles within the scope of relativistic quantum mechanics","authors":"Huai-Yu Wang","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.270","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract  It was long believed that there is a zero-point energy in the form of <mml:math display=\"inline\"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo></mml:mo> <mml:mi>ω</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow>\u0000 </mml:math> for massive particles, which is obtained from Schrödinger equation for the harmonic oscillator model. In this paper, it is shown, by the Dirac oscillator, that there is no such a zero-point energy. It is argued that when a particle's wave function can spread in the whole\u0000 space, it can be static. This does neither violate wave-particle duality nor uncertainty relationship. Dirac equation correctly describes physical reality, while Schrödinger equation does not when it is not the nonrelativistic approximation of Dirac equation with a certain model. The\u0000 conclusion that there is no zero-point energy in the form of <mml:math display=\"inline\"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo></mml:mo> <mml:mi>ω</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is applied to\u0000 solve the famous cosmological constant problem for massive particles.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49223669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical extension of special relativity into three-dimensional internal acceleration","authors":"J. Czajko","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.165","url":null,"abstract":"The special theory of relativity (STR) has already been expanded onto normal and binormal subcomponents of an internal acceleration visible within 3D trihedron moving in Frenet frame (T,N,B) along the trajectory curve, in addition to the constant tangential speed of classical\u0000 STR. Now the STR is extended into tangential, normal, and binormal subcomponents of total internal acceleration in the (moving, curving, and twisting/torsing) trihedron via the varying total internal speed that is extracted from the external speed, which is allowed to vary now with the extended\u0000 proper/moving time in the external length-based space within operationally imaginary but physically real internal domain of the elapsing proper/moving time. The temporarily emerging extra internal acceleration also implies temporarily arising extra internal forces that could affect airplanes\u0000 in flight just as they affect the moving zero-dimensional mathematical point. For even an invisible, i.e., mathematically imaginary, force is still physically real active force.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46994957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the wave nature of particles","authors":"Berat Tuğrul Uğurlu","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.171","url":null,"abstract":"The main goal of the present article is to elucidate the wave-particle duality problem by giving an unambiguous mathematical expression of the origin of the wave nature of particles. It is indicated that the wave nature of particles is originated from the multidimensional universe approach\u0000 and under the one-dimensional universe assumption the wave nature vanishes. The one-dimensional universe assumption also gives a deterministic explanation for the double-slit experiment and answers how a single electron can interfere with itself. The locality paradox is also discussed. It\u0000 is demonstrated that the same principle shows how a local measurement can determine the state of a distant system. The theoretical framework presented here may help us to understand various quantum physics phenomena. i.e., the superposition principle, wave function collapse, and entanglement.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46617314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mass-area equivalence in classical physics and aspects of mutual shielding of objects","authors":"T. Radzhabov","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.175","url":null,"abstract":"The physical and mathematical aspects of the mutual spatial shielding of interacting elements in the framework of classical physics are considered. The mass-area equivalence is introduced for the formal unification of the Newtonian theory of gravity with the kinetic theories of Descartes-Fatio-Le\u0000 Sage. A mathematical equation describing the dependence of the mutual shielding of objects on their size, number and relative location is proposed. Spatial mutual shielding is considered for mass-forming elements—nucleons in the atomic nucleus and atomic nuclei in ordinary substances.\u0000 The close shielding is distinguished when the distance between the shielding elements is commensurate with their size, which is typical for nucleons in atomic nuclei and the far shielding, when the distance between the elements is much larger than their size, which is typical for atomic nuclei\u0000 in ordinary substances. An analytical expression for the binding energy of nucleons in atomic nucleus is obtained. It allows us to estimate the distance between nucleons in the nucleus and consider stability of nuclei as a function of the distance between nucleons, which increases due to an\u0000 increase in the Coulomb repulsion force with an increase in the number of protons. One of the three ideas of Dirac, presented by him for the further development of the physical theory, is implemented: taking into account the sizes of elementary particles—nucleons.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46748679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The meanings of the mysterious number 137","authors":"A. Bacchieri","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.220","url":null,"abstract":"The inverse of the fine-structure constant is &lt;mml:math display=\"inline\"&gt; &lt;mml:msup&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;α&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mo&gt;−&lt;/mml:mo&gt; &lt;mml:mn&gt;1&lt;/mml:mn&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;/mml:msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mml:math&gt;  ≅ 137.036. Both the Nobel Prize winners, Pauli and Feynman, became fascinated with the number 137. However, physicists have not yet been able to find any relationship between this number and a physical law. Here, the integer 137 has several clear meanings,\u0000 on the basis of the following two premises: (1) Form of light: Longitudinal massive particles (photons) having length &lt;mml:math display=\"inline\"&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;λ&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;mml:mo&gt;=&lt;/mml:mo&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;c&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;mml:mo&gt;/&lt;/mml:mo&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;ν&lt;/mml:mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mml:mo&gt;,&lt;/mml:mo&gt; &lt;/mml:math&gt; where &lt;mml:math display=\"inline\"&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;ν&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;mml:mo&gt; &lt;/mml:mo&gt; &lt;/mml:math&gt; is the frequency, namely, the number of photons in the same ray (continuous succession of photons) crossing a given\u0000 observer in unit time; 2) electron structure: Its charge is not uniformly distributed, but it can be considered as a point particle fixed on the electron spherical surface and facing the atom nucleus during the electron orbits; the electron charge also corresponds to the photons‐electron\u0000 impact point, where photons are absorbed and released. On the above bases, for the H atom, we found the following main results: &lt;mml:math display=\"inline\"&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;n&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;mml:mo&gt; &lt;/mml:mo&gt; &lt;/mml:math&gt; = 1, 2, …, 137 electron different circular\u0000 orbits, with n\u0000 2 being the admitted photons number along two equal circular orbits; &lt;mml:math display=\"inline\"&gt; &lt;mml:mn&gt;2&lt;/mml:mn&gt; &lt;mml:msub&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;ν&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;n&lt;/mml:mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;/mml:msub&gt; &lt;mml:mo&gt;/&lt;/mml:mo&gt; &lt;mml:msub&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;f&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;n&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;/mml:msub&gt; &lt;mml:mo&gt;=&lt;/mml:mo&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;n&lt;/mml:mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mml:math&gt; , with &lt;mml:math display=\"inline\"&gt; &lt;mml:msub&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;ν&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;n&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;/mml:msub&gt; &lt;/mml:math&gt; being the photons admitted frequency on each\u0000 circular orbit &lt;mml:math display=\"inline\"&gt; &lt;mml:msub&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;r&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;n&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;/mml:msub&gt; &lt;/mml:math&gt; with &lt;mml:math display=\"inline\"&gt; &lt;mml:msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;f&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;n&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;mml:mo&gt; &lt;/mml:mo&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;/mml:msub&gt; &lt;/mml:math&gt; being the electron related frequency; &lt;mml:math display=\"inline\"&gt; &lt;mml:msubsup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;v&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mn&gt;0&lt;/mml:mn&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mo&gt; &lt;/mml:mo&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;/mml:msubsup&gt; &lt;mml:mo&gt;=&lt;/mml:mo&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;α&lt;/mml:mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mml:mi&gt;c&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;/mml:math&gt; is the electron charge ground-state (g-s) orbital speed; &lt;mml:math display=\"inline\"&gt; &lt;mml:msub&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;r&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\"&gt;o&lt;/mml:mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;/mml:msub&gt; &lt;mml:mo&gt;=&lt;/mml:mo&gt; &lt;mml:mo&gt; &lt;/mml:mo&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;α&lt;/mml:mi&gt; ","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49239551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An intuitive and simplified formulation of general relativistic gravity in empty space","authors":"L. R. Miller","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.202","url":null,"abstract":"General relativistic gravity in empty space is formulated using undergraduate calculus, differential equations, and matrix algebra. The key to the formulation involves certain limited assumptions of Newtonian-like behavior in freely falling frames. The formulation results in a field-motion\u0000 matrix equation that serves essentially the same purpose as Einstein’s field equations in empty space. The limited assumptions of Newtonian-like behavior in freely falling frames are then justified using well-known tensor relationships. To demonstrate its use, the new field-motion equation\u0000 is used to solve for the Schwarzschild metric.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45111119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classical physics derivation of quantization of electron elliptical orbit in hydrogenlike atom","authors":"Jiqing Zeng","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.147","url":null,"abstract":"On the basis of revising the quantum concept and reinterpreting Bohr's hydrogen atom structure model in classical physics, this paper deduces the elliptical orbital energy level formula of electrons in hydrogenlike atoms in detail. When the electron transition time is taken as unit\u0000 time (1 s), the energy level formula is completely consistent with Bohr Sommerfeld's atomic structure theory.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46283916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation of spatial volume and the emergence of gravity and electromagnetism","authors":"K. Moored","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.100","url":null,"abstract":"The universe is a structured, logical system obeying many natural laws. This essay proposes an additional law termed the conservation of spatial volume. This refers to spacetime’s ability to be displaced, compressed, expanded, and stretched to conserve geometric volume. In addition,\u0000 space appears to possess Cauchy-like elasticity characteristics measured by the gravitational constant G. It is postulated that space has qualities of an energy density field, which is termed the “spatial energy field” or SEF in this essay. The SEF in all of its parts is\u0000 a metric of energy field curvature tensors assigned to every coordinate in spacetime. It is proposed that space resists volume displacement by mass and reacts with a counter-force equal to the object’s inertia mass. This is because the compression of space from the displacement of mass\u0000 creates a gravitational field. The gravitational field represents an increase in spatial density surrounding the object. An increase in spatial density is measured by the change in permittivity ε, permeability μ, and refractive index n, physical parameters of the vacuum. Thus,\u0000 gravity would be considered an emergent response of spacetime attempting to conserve its volume by the reciprocal curvature force of space. In regard to electromagnetism, electric and magnetic fields are geometric in origin and, therefore, part of spacetime. It is proposed that spacetime has\u0000 specific properties related to the emergence of electrical fields via the Poynting vector. This is influenced by electric permittivity εo. Magnetic fields appear to emanate from space based on the Lorentz force. This is influenced by magnetic permeability μo. Both\u0000 the Poynting vector energy flow and the corresponding Lorentz force are the reaction of space counteracting forces of electricity and magnetism while conserving spatial volume. It appears that electromagnetism could be considered a twisting torsion of spacetime. Space appears to mediate electrical\u0000 and magnetic fields; it provides a framework for transmitting electromagnetic waves as well as momentum-gravitational waves. Gravity and electromagnetism are related, emerging from a common origin, which appears to be the energy of spacetime itself.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47772423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cosmological expansion in the Solar System","authors":"L. A. King, H. Sipilä","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.139","url":null,"abstract":"In accepted theory, Hubble expansion only operates at the largest scales, i.e., the inter-galactic level. However, this is a theoretical conclusion, which can be rebutted with other theoretical considerations. More significantly, increasing observational data and other evidence, particularly\u0000 within the Solar System, point to universal expansion operating on all scales where gravitation, as opposed to electronic interaction, is the dominant force. Local Hubble flow has implications for current theories of tidal drag as well as both the early evolution of the Solar System and its\u0000 long-term future. Expansion is also expected to operate on the structure of galaxies, but it is unclear whether this has any impact on the dark matter problem.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48021967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}