Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512)最新文献

{"title":"Preparation and Evaluation of Pimecrolimus Nanoemulsion for Topical Delivery","authors":"Sara Abdullah Challoob, Nidhal K. Maraie","doi":"10.31351/vol34iss3pp131-141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol34iss3pp131-141","url":null,"abstract":"One of the innovative approaches to delivering drugs via topical route is nanoemulation (NE), which is easy to manufacture, stable over the long term, and has a potent solubilization property. Pimecrolimus is a low water soluble drug used to treat psoriasis, eczema, atopic dermatitis and vitiligo. This work describes the high-energy ultrasonication technique used to prepare pimecrolimus nanoemulsion. A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was created in order to determine the ideal ratios of oil-surfactant/co-surfactant mixture for the creation of nanoemulsions. Based on pimecrolimus's solubility in various oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants, Tween 80 was chosen as a surfactant, ethanol as a co-surfactant, and benzyl alcohol as an oil phase .The work involved creating twelve NE formulas for optimization, and evaluated for thier droplet size, visual transparency, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, physical stability, and in vitro release. Droplet size is 45.1 nm, entrapment efficiency is 92.59%, PDI is 0.402, Zeta potential is -0.8 mV, were displayed by the ideal NE formula, which released 76.3% in 5h and 96.6% of pimecrolimus in 24h compared with the commercial cream which released 26.2% in 5h and 42.5% of the drug in 24h. This suggests that the prepared formula has promising potential as an effective nanocarrier to enhance drug solubility and permeability and, consequently, its therapeutic effectiveness topically through the skin. These results demonstrated the formula's promising potential as an effective nanocarrier to improve drug solubility and permeability and, consequently, its therapeutic effectiveness topically through the skin.","PeriodicalId":512190,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512)","volume":"34 3","pages":"131-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147882122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation of Risperidone Nano Niosomal Vesicular System by Ecofriendly Direct Ultrasonication Method","authors":"Mohamed I. Al- Shadedi, Fatima J. Al Gawhari","doi":"10.31351/vol34iss2pp250-258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol34iss2pp250-258","url":null,"abstract":"Risperidone is atypical antipsychotic agent used mainly in treating schizophrenia, it is classified as class II in BCS classification. Nanovesicular system may provide a circumvent to these hurdles. The aim of this study is to develop a physical stable nanovesicular system with improved characteristics by addition of dicetyl phosphate at various concentrations as charge inducing agent. The preparation method was ecofriendly direct sonication. Span 60, cholesterol and drug at a fixed amounts were added to different concentrations of dicetyl phosphate ((0,3,6,12,18, and 24mg)/10 mL) to give six formulations, the final mixtures were added to phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4 and sonicated at 60°C without usage of organic solvents along the process of formulation. Dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency percentage, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and in vitro release were used to assess the characteristics of the formulations. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra was implemented to investigate possibility of drug-excipients interactions. The particle size range was (193.97±1.85 - 427.23±199.27nm), particle size distribution (PDI) (0.13±0.06 - 0.62±0.10), TEM showed a vesicular shape of the prepared formula, and entrapment efficiency percentage (48.07±0.20 - 87.40±0.33%). Formula containing dicetyl phosphate at concentration (18mg/10ml) showed the lowest mean particle size (193.97nm), lowest mean of PDI (0.13), lowest zeta potential mean (-20.10mV), and entrapment efficiency percentage mean of (50.9%). Furthermore, the release was 68.17% of drug after 12 hours, and the FTIR spectra reveals no interaction between drug and excipients in the formula. Most characteristics of risperidone nanovesicles was improved by adding dicetyl phosphate, compared with formulation without dicetyl phosphate. The main conclusion was that a stable nanovesicular system can be achieved by utilizing direct ultrasonication method and addition of charge inducing agent (dicetyl phosphate) without the need of using organic solvent.","PeriodicalId":512190,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512)","volume":"34 2","pages":"250-258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bijps.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/bijps/article/download/3775/1507","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147331294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of Acemetacin Nanosuspension","authors":"Hussein Al-gharani, Khalid Kadhem Al-Kinani","doi":"10.31351/vol33iss(4si)pp133-146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol33iss(4si)pp133-146","url":null,"abstract":"Acemetacin (ACM) is classified as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is an indomethacin glycolic ester that is transformed into indomethacin in vivo. The analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties of the ACM are attributed to its prostaglandin inhibitory action. Acemetacin belongs to biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class II drugs, which are characterized by having high permeability but poor aqueous solubility. The purpose of this study was to develop acemetacin nanoparticles (ACM NPs) for enhanced solubility and rate of dissolution. The solvent-anti-solvent approach was used to formulate the nanoparticles. Two stabilizers were used to prepare ACM NPs (sodium deoxycholate (SDC) and Soluplus®). Design Expert® software was used to create the experiments utilizing a computer-based approach. The Box-Behnken design was used for this purpose in order to investigate the effect of different formulation variables on particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) of ACM NPs. Using Soluplus® as a stabilizer, the chosen formula F22 has desirability value 0.701, and its particle size and PDI values were 59.69 nm and 0.1847 respectively. The saturated solubility of ACM in the generated nanoparticles was approximately ten times greater than that of the naked drug (25.01 μg/ml vs. 2.43 μg/ml), and a 100% dissolution was accomplished in 90 minutes compared to the naked ACM, which only gave 47% in this time frame. In conclusion, this is the first time reporting the preparation of ACM nanosuspension, and turning ACM into polymeric nanoparticles is an effective method to increase the solubility and rate of dissolution of the drug, readying it for incorporation into a dosage form requiring such properties.","PeriodicalId":512190,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512)","volume":"33 (4SI)","pages":"133-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bijps.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/bijps/article/download/3561/1432","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147922353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of Febuxostat as Nanosuspension","authors":"Zahraa Salim Alwan, Nawal A. Rajab","doi":"10.31351/vol33iss(4si)pp261-270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol33iss(4si)pp261-270","url":null,"abstract":"Febuxostat (FEB) is a potent, non-purine-selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase used to manage gout. Gout is a type of arthritis that occurs due to the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints, leading to inflammation and pain. According to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), FEB was classified under class II drugs. The low dissolution rate of the drug determines its bioavailability at approximately 49%. Drug nanosizing, such as Nanosuspensions (NS), represents an exciting and potentially beneficial method to improve the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. This study aimed to prepare and characterize FEB NS to increase the dissolution rate, which can enhance its oral bioavailability. Using solvent/anti-solvent precipitation, 40mg of FEB was dissolved in ethanol and dropped into an antisolvent system containing distilled water, water-soluble stabilizers (L-arginine and Soluplus), and co-stabilizers (Poloxamer 407 and Tween 80) in different ratios. FEB NS formulas were characterized based on particle size (P.S), polydispersity index (PDI), and in vitro dissolution studies. The optimized formula (F7) was further characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. PDI of 0.13 ± 0.01 and P.S of 62.46 nm ± 0.015 was observed with the selected formula, which contained FEB, Soluplus, and tween 80 in a ratio of (1:4:0.5). A significant increase in drug release was observed at 60 minutes over ordinary FEB suspension. Consequently, Soluplus was the best stabilizer, and the solvent-antisolvent method to prepare FEB NS was successful. Therefore, NS is a valuable approach to improving the solubility of FEB, a BCS Class II drug.","PeriodicalId":512190,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512)","volume":"33 (4SI)","pages":"261-270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bijps.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/bijps/article/download/3629/1444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147916652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bergenin, Isolated Compound from Crassula ovata Plant, Its Role as  Synergistic Effect With Docetaxel Against Prostatic Cancer (PC-3) Cell Lines","authors":"Hawraa Kareem Lifta, Enas Jawad Kadhim","doi":"10.31351/vol33iss(4si)pp111-118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol33iss(4si)pp111-118","url":null,"abstract":"The synergistic effect of the bergenin compound, derived from the Crassula ovata plant, and the docetaxel drug in vitro cell line was assessed in this study. The bergenin compound was extracted using a Soxhlet device and 85% ethanol, then was identified and isolated using a high-performance liquid chromatograph. Docetaxel is regarded as a potent chemotherapy treatment that was licensed in 1996 to treat a variety of cancers, including prostate cancer, by preventing microtubular depolymerization and reducing the impact of bcl-2 and bcl-xL gene expression. It is considered one of the most effective chemotherapy treatment for prostatic cancer. However, it has adverse effects, including febrile neutropenia or myelosuppression. This study aim to combine the docetaxel with new natural compound as there is no previous study on combination between the docetaxel and bergenin to reduce the therapeutic dose as much as possible and obtain same therapeutic effect .The results demonstrated that bergenin exhibits a good synergistic effect against prostatic cancer with IC50 equal to 26 as a phenolic compound that can induce G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, enhance the expression of Bax, decrease the expression of Bcl-2, and inhibit the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. As revealed by the results, the inhibition effect of the combination (bergenin and IC50 docetaxel equal to 89,8) was 64, compared to an inhibition effect of 62 for 100 mcg of docetaxel and the data obtained were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with a significance level of \"p < 0.05\" .","PeriodicalId":512190,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512)","volume":"33 (4SI)","pages":"111-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.bijps.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/bijps/article/download/3528/1430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147909294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, Synthesis, and Preliminary Antiproliferative Evaluation of 1,2,4-Thiadiazole Derivatives as Possible Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors","authors":"Rusul Mohammed Hasan Ali, Ayad A. Al-Hamashi","doi":"10.31351/vol33iss(4si)pp57-66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol33iss(4si)pp57-66","url":null,"abstract":"Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a class of proteins that responsible of the hydrolysis of N-acetyl lysine residues in histones as well as non-histone protein substrates. This phenomenon may provide an explanation for the involvement of these enzymes in a wide range of clinical situations, encompassing cancer, metabolic, cardiovascular problems, and neurological diseases. Most of HDAC inhibitors are often used in clinical settings consist of a hydroxamate group (ZBG) that binds to zinc ion inside the active site. The poor selectivity and pharmacokinetic characteristics of numerous medicines belonging to the hydroxamates group have prompted the exploration of non-hydroximic ZBG HDAC inhibitors with a potential selectivity and potency profile. Therefore, the objective of this work is to design new HDAC inhibitors incorporating thiadiazole moiety as a ZBG. This study involved the design and virtual analysis of a series of thiadiazole derivatives using Maestro software. Compounds with good docking score which include compound 6a [4- (benzyloxy)-N-(1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl)benzamide] with docking score -8.953 kcal/mol and compound 6b [4-(naphthalen-1-ylmethoxy)-N-(1,2,4-thiadiazol-5- yl)benzamide] with docking score -9.290 kcal/mol and compound 6c[ 4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)benzoic acid] with docking score -8.57 kcal/mol while the FDA approved vorinostat has a docking score -5.613 kcal/mol against HDAC 2 (4LXZ). Compound 6a, 6b and 6c were subjected to the organic synthesis applying traditional chemical reactions. The synthesis was commenced with the ether formation using Williamson reaction by reacting benzylic bromide derivatives with methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, then the intermediates underwent ester hydrolysis to produce 4-(benzyloxy)benzoic acid derivatives and then reacted with 1,2,4-thiadiazol-5- amine by forming amide using 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) as coupling reagent. The intermediates and final products were characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. The cytotoxic effect was assessed using the MTT cell viability assay indicate that IC50 of 6b is 0.66 μM while the IC50 of vorinostat is 1.48 μM.","PeriodicalId":512190,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512)","volume":"33 (4SI)","pages":"57-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bijps.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/bijps/article/download/3548/1424","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147911215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Formulation Variables on Meloxicam spanlastics Preparation","authors":"Lubna A. Sabri, Mohammed N. A. Khalil","doi":"10.31351/vol33iss4pp59-68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol33iss4pp59-68","url":null,"abstract":"Spanlastic is a modern drug delivery that combines vesicular and nanoparticulate characteristics with numerous advantages over topical applied conventional vesicular systems in terms of stablility, penetration flexibility, and targeting. Meloxicam (MX) is a potent non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug that is frequently utilized for the short- and long-term treatment of chronic pain and inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis. However, the oral administration of MX often includes several adverse effects, including gastrointestinal disturbances and ulceration. Thus, the aim is a preparation of proper formula for MX-loaded spanlastics via studying the formulation variables that may affect their properties using the ethanol injection method. Variables include; span®60: edge activator ratio, the type of edge activators, the amount of MX, and the type of organic phase solvent were studied for their impact on particle size, polydispersity index, and entrapment efficiency. The formula that was selected showed sustained release for six hours, entrapment efficiency of 70.66±1.15%, zeta potential (-4.51), and particles that were 495±9.9 nm in size. Overall, the results indicated that spanlastics had the potential carrier for medicine delivery systems.","PeriodicalId":512190,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512)","volume":"33 4","pages":"59-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bijps.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/bijps/article/download/2826/1384","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147908336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavior and Knowledge of Outgoing Thai Travelers Related to Medicinal Use","authors":"Teeraporn Supapaan, Chonladda Pitchayajittipong, Thansiri Jantan, Pornpimol Putsri","doi":"10.31351/vol33iss2pp197-207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol33iss2pp197-207","url":null,"abstract":"Consultation with a healthcare professional before to travel is the basis of travel medicine. Those who received pre-travel advice from health experts exhibited lower risk behavior. This study aimed to identify outgoing Thai travelers’ behavior and knowledge regarding medicinal use when traveling. A cross-sectional survey of Thai nationals traveling abroad was conducted via a self-administered online questionnaire. The analyzed data was collected from February 2020 to June 2020. A descriptive statistic was used for the data analysis. Seven hundred people agreed to take part in this study. Most of them were female and aged 51-60 years old. The most popular destinations among the respondents were located in Asia, followed by Europe. The top five destination countries were Japan, China, Vietnam, Laos and Germany. A preferred source of information on pre-travel health consultation was the internet (43.51%). Most of the respondents did not have travel vaccinations (82.29%). Over-the-counter drugs were the most common medication carried by the respondents. Many of the outgoing Thai travelers had a good (41.29%) to excellent (46.86%) level of behavior related to medicinal use both before and during their journeys. Many participants reported that they checked the expiration date and the appearance of the medicine. Age exhibited a significant relationship with respondents’ behavior. Numerous respondents had an excellent level of knowledge related to medicinal use in terms of their medicines’ stability and storage, its use and administration, and medical laws. Gender, marital status, income, and immunization before travel had a significant relationship with the respondents' knowledge. Most of respondents obtained health-related information prior to their travels via the internet. Most participants had great level of health behavior and medicinal use knowledge.","PeriodicalId":512190,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512)","volume":"116 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141665661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Hepatoprotective Effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra Roots Extract Against Amiodarone Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Rats","authors":"Alzahraa Fatima Safa'a Fadhil, Yasir Mustafa Kamal, H. Waheed","doi":"10.31351/vol33iss2pp190-196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol33iss2pp190-196","url":null,"abstract":"Amiodarone (AMD), a powerful antidysrhythmic medication, can cause hepatotoxicity when used long-term or in high doses. It affects both mitochondrial and lysosomal function because of its lipophilic nature and accumulation in tissues. It also has direct production of ROS. Glycyrrhiza glabra is one of the medicinal plants that have been commonly used for thousands of years. It possesses anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this study, the antihepatotoxic effect of Gg was evaluated against AMD liver toxicity in rats model, thirty rats were taken and divided evenly into five groups given daily doses by gastric gavage oral tube for 3 weeks as follows: the 1st group acted as a control group given D.W., and the 2nd group received AMD at a dose of 300mg/kg for 2 weeks. 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups were pretreated with Gg in doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg, respectively, for one week, then along with AMD for 2 weeks. Hepatic damage, revealed by histology and the increased activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and serum phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was decreased in the AMD group. Gg extract significantly reduced the elevated AST and ALT levels caused by AMD intoxication, rendering PLA2 to its normal level. It also enhanced liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Gg extract markedly reverses the increased serum TNF levels induced by AMD; therefore, it may be considered a good hepatoprotective agent. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":512190,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512)","volume":" 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141678097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trimester-Specific Free Thyroid Hormones Levels among Pregnant Women in Nineveh Governorate,Iraq","authors":"Marrwa M.Naif, Hazim A.Allawi, Sura Khairialdeen Mohialdeen","doi":"10.31351/vol33iss2pp79-85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol33iss2pp79-85","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThere are numerous physiological changes in thyroid gland functions occur during conception that lead to differ in thyroid hormones levels. Therefore, American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines recommended determination of population specific reference serum levels for thyroid hormones in different trimesters. Aim of current study is to establish trimester –specific reference serum levels (TSRSLs) for free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) in apparently healthy pregnant females in Nineveh governorate, Iraq.Accordingly, a cross-sectional study was carried out from Dec. 2020 to Apr. 2021 in Al-Batool Teaching hospital, Al-khanssa Maternity Teaching Hospital, Al-Noor Primary Health Center (PHC) and Out- patient clinics in Nineveh governorate. A total of 300 pregnant women were enrolled in this study after obtaining oral and written consent, 140 were excluded since they were met one or more of exclusion criteria, other 10 found to be positive anti-thyroid peroxide were also excluded from the study. The remaining 150 pregnant females aged (16-42) years were enrolled in this study, 50 of them were assigned to each trimester.The following parameters FT4 and FT3 were measured for each participants. The result of this study showed the TSRSLs of FT4 were (0.70-1.29, 0.49-1.31 and 0.58-1.28 ng/dl) for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trim, respectively and for FT3 were ( 2.63-3.96, 2.04-3.3 and 2.11-3.40 pg/ml) for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trim, respectively. The mean FT4 and FT3 was significantly decreased (P=0.002 and P<0.0001), respectively. from 1st to 3rd trim. The current study are reported the TSRSLs of FT3 and FT4 for the first time in Nineveh governorate. We concluded nearly similar TSRSLs of FT3 and FT4 to that recorded elsewhere","PeriodicalId":512190,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512)","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141683004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}