{"title":"The effect of using virtual reality goggles on psychological well-being and care burden of informal caregivers of patients hospitalized in a palliative care clinic","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study was conducted to determine the effect of virtual reality goggles on the psychological well-being and care burden of informal caregivers of patients hospitalized in a palliative care clinic.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Pretest-posttest randomized controlled study. It was conducted from June-October 2023 with 44 informal caregivers (22 in the control, 22 in the intervention group). Caregivers in the intervention group were shown 360° relaxing virtual reality videos with virtual reality goggles for four weeks, three days a week, 30 min per use. The control group did not receive any intervention. Data were collected using the caregiver introduction form, psychological well-being scale, caregiving burden scale, and satisfaction form for virtual reality goggles. Analyses were performed with Independent Sample T-Test and Paired Sample T-Test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The post-test mean score of the psychological well-being scale of the intervention group was statistically significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). The post-test mean score of the caregiving burden scale of the control group was statistically significantly higher than the intervention group (p < 0.05). 68% of the caregivers in the intervention group were very satisfied with using virtual reality goggles. This study revealed that using virtual reality goggles increased psychological well-being and reduced the care burden of informal caregivers of patients hospitalized in a palliative care clinic.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results of this study have revealed that virtual reality glasses can be used to support informal caregivers in palliative care. This study reveals promising results for improving the quality of patient care by supporting informal caregivers.</div></div><div><h3>ClinicalTrials.gov ID</h3><div>NCT06156540</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51048,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Oncology Nursing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of an integrated narrative program (INP) on quality of life among patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): An experimental trial","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102706","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To investigate the effectiveness of an integrated narrative program (INP) in enhancing the resilience, self-efficacy and quality of life of postoperative NSCLC patients.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>135 patients participated in this trial. 45 participants were recruited into the integrated narrative program group and received both the digital storytelling intervention and narrative therapy after a randomized controlled trial, while the control group (n = 45) received routine care and the intervention group (n = 45) underwent the digital storytelling intervention (DST). Questionnaires were administered to assess resilience, self-efficacy and quality of life at baseline (T0) (within 3 days before surgery), immediately after intervention (T1), one month post-intervention (T2), and three months post-intervention (T3). A linear mixed effects model was conducted via the intention-to-treat analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>During follow-up assessments, the INP group exhibited significantly greater increase in resilience, self-efficacy, and quality of life (all P < 0.001) compared to both DST group and control group, which were consistent with the sensitivity analysis results (all P < 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The INP was more effective than DST in improving the resilience, self-efficacy, and quality of life of postoperative NSCLC patients, and these benefits could persist for at least three months post-intervention. Due to the fact that the INP process is relatively complicated, so we recommend the use of web-based platforms for INP interventions in future clinical work.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51048,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Oncology Nursing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of training based on Orem's self-care deficit theory on breast cancer patients' management of chemotherapy-related side effects and self-care behaviors: A randomized controlled trial","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102698","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102698","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To examine the effects of training based on Orem's self-care deficit theory on breast cancer patient's physical, social, and psychological well-being and self-care behaviors during chemotherapy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This randomized controlled trial was based on a pretest–posttest experimental design. The study sample consisted of 62 breast cancer patients (n = 31 for each of the intervention and control groups) receiving cyclophosphamide–epirubicin or cyclophosphamide–adriamycin treatment in the medical oncology department of a university hospital in Tekirdağ, Turkey. The breast cancer patients in the intervention group received training based on Orem's self-care deficit theory regarding physical, social, and psychological well-being and self-care behaviors during chemotherapy. The researcher conducted two face-to-face follow-ups (during the second and third chemotherapy cycles, 3 weeks apart) and a posttest assessment. Pretest and posttest symptom scores and self-care survey results were compared for both groups.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The Nightingale Symptom Assessment Scale (N-SAS) first follow-up, second follow-up, and posttest scores showed that the intervention group experienced fewer negative changes in quality of life than the control group based on the physical, social, and psychological subdimension and total scale scores (<em>p</em> < .05). The most positive changes in the intervention group's self-care behaviors were observed for items about caring for and protecting hair, using protective gloves when doing chores, monitoring weight, and limiting social meetings when blood values were low to protect against possible infection.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Training based on Orem's self-care deficit theory positively influenced breast cancer patients' management of chemotherapy-related side effects and self-care behaviors. Chemotherapy-related side effects should be evaluated frequently. Moreover, patients' needs should be determined, and training should be tailored to their needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51048,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Oncology Nursing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142423247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation in cancer survivors: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate available data regarding the potential benefits of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in cancer survivors.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Relevant studies published from inception to April 2024 were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CENTRAL, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, CNKI, WanFang, VIP, and CBM databases. Seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 526 cancer survivors were included in this meta-analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>CR increased muscle strength (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.06 to 0.72, P = 0.020), quality of life (QoL) (SMD = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.82, P <span><math><mrow><mo><</mo></mrow></math></span> 0.001), and led to a decrease in Body Mass Index (BMI) (mean difference (MD) = −1.11, 95% CI: −2.02 to −0.19, P = 0.020), total cholesterol (TC) (MD = −0.41, 95% CI: −0.69 to −0.14, P = 0.003), triglyceride (TG) (MD = −0.33, 95% CI: −0.63 to −0.03, P = 0.030) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (MD = −0.34, 95% CI: −0.57 to −0.12, P = 0.003). The meta-analysis revealed that CR had no statistically significant impact on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>CR may represent an effective strategy to evaluate cancer survivors because it improves muscle strength and QoL and reduces BMI, TC, TG and LDL levels. Further RCTs with strict study designs and larger sample sizes are required to determine the effects of CR on cancer survivors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51048,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Oncology Nursing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Depression, anxiety, stress and related factors among husbands of Iranian women with cancer: A cross-sectional study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102697","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102697","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress and their related factors in husbands of women with cancer.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional study included 400 husbands of women with cancer who referred to two cancer referral centers in Kashan (Isfahan, Iran) from April to August 2022. The demographic and medical data, the Larson Satisfaction Questionnaire (LSQ), and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) were collected.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The mean age of the husbands was 50.47 ± 10.16 years, and the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was 15%, 17.5%, and 17.8%, respectively. Multiple regression analysis revealed significant associations between husbands' depression and age, involvement rate in caring for their wife, sexual satisfaction, and education level (p < 0.05). The rate of anxiety was also related to education level, economic status, housing status, the rate of involvement in caring for one's wife, sexual satisfaction, the duration of the woman's cancer, the degree of cancer progression, and the length of hospitalization due to cancer (p < 0.05). The stress rate also showed a significant correlation with age, educational level, degree of involvement in caring for one's wife, and duration of cancer (p < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The prevalence of psychological problems among husbands of women with cancer is remarkable. Therefore, based on the identified factors associated with these complications, supportive care programs can designed by health care professionals to improve mental health and reduce the suffering of husbands of patients with cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51048,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Oncology Nursing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nurses’ experiences of palliative end-of-life care in patients at risk of a carotid blowout syndrome: A qualitative exploration","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Hospital nurses play an important role in providing palliative end-of-life care, for example for patients with carotid blowout<strong>.</strong> In such cases, dying is a severe event in which exsanguination occurs. Little is known about nurses’ experiences regarding care to patients at risk of a carotid blowout. This study aims to explore thoughts, experiences, and opinions of nurses about what they consider to be quality end-of-life nursing care for patients and their relatives, specifically those at risk of carotid blowout syndrome and the impact of providing such care on their professional and emotional well-being.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study employed a qualitative design using audio-recorded, semi-structured focus group interviews. Three focus groups were conducted, comprising 11 nurses who worked on a head and neck unit. Interview transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants reported nursing priorities in end-of-life carotid blowout care, comprising patients’ wishes, emotional support, preparing patients and dying care. Participants mentioned that a carotid blowout event was rare and impactful. A comprehensive protocol and scenario-based training facilitated the provision of end-of-life care. This study identified areas for improvement, such as the opportunity for moral support and debriefing after a blowout event for involved nurses.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Remarkable knowledge emerged about nurses’ experiences regarding end-of-life care and frequently used nursing interventions. Being prepared and having a workable protocol to deliver end-of-life care emerge as key. This exploratory study facilitates discussion of areas important to nurses providing end-of-life care in rare and impactful conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51048,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Oncology Nursing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring the emotional labour of paediatric oncology nurses and its impact on their well-being: An integrative review","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To explore emotional labour in paediatric oncology nurses along with the negative impact of emotional labour on these nurses.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The MEDLINE, CINALH, ScienceDirect, and PubMed databases were searched for relevant evidence published from 2000 to 2023. Selected studies were evaluated for quality and synthesized into themes. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses literature search extension was followed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Eighteen empirical studies were reviewed. Nurses acknowledged the importance of managing and displaying emotions through emotional labour to gain patients' and families' trust and provide care in a safe and comfortable environment. They described emotional labour in the forms of empathy and close relationships. The frequency and intensity of performing emotional labour vary among nurses based on different factors. Nurses reported feelings associated with burnout, compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress, and emotional dissonance. The three main coping behaviours were avoidance, changing practice and sharing feelings.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Although using emotional labour facilitates high-quality care, it may negatively influence nurses' well-being without implementing effective supportive interventions. A considerable number of paediatric oncology nurses intended to leave the unit. The proposed solutions are to address this issue at the organizational level by providing training and support services to enhance nurses' competence in performing this high-level skill and minimize its negative impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51048,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Oncology Nursing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integrating the symptom experience and coping in patients with stage I-III breast cancer in China: A qualitative study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To develop an in-depth understanding of the meaning of symptoms in the context of how women with stage I-III breast cancer in China cope with the effects of primary and adjuvant therapies for breast cancer.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A qualitative descriptive approach was used. A purposive sample of women diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer were recruited from the “Be Resilient to Breast Cancer” study between November 2023 and March 2024. Data was collected from in person interviews using a semi-structured interview guide. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The framework analysis method was used to generate codes and themes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A sample of 17 women with breast cancer agreed to participate. The average age was 50.1 years (SD = 8.45), and the majority (65%) had stage III. The overarching theme was <em>Confronting Physical and Psychological Symptoms</em>. The four themes explaining the experience were Changed Identity, Uncertainty, Finding Meaning and Seeking Support and Solace. Changed Identity and Uncertainty reflected the challenges of coping with multiple symptoms from the treatment. The themes of Finding Meaning and Seeking Support and Solace captured how women adapted a positive perspective to cope with the experience.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study contributed to the evidence of the integration of the symptom experience in coping with breast cancer treatment in the context of a collectivist Chinese culture. It enhanced the understanding of the physical and psychological symptom experience of curative intent breast cancer therapy and offered insight into how women from China cope in early survivorship.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51048,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Oncology Nursing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A causal model of health-related quality of life in colorectal cancer patients post-surgery","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102691","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102691","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>this study aims to develop and test a model examining the causal relationship between self-efficacy, social support, fatigue, pain, functional status, and health-related quality of life (HRQL).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A cross-sectional correlation study was conducted using a multi-stage sampling technique to recruit 256 individuals aged 20 to 59 with colorectal cancer (CRC) post-surgery from three hospitals in Northern Vietnam. The hypothesized model, based on Ferrans’ HRQL conceptual model and literature review, was validated using structural equation modeling (SEM) and Mplus.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>the model fit the data well, explaining 52% of the variance of HRQL. Self-efficacy emerged as the most influential factor directly impacting HRQL (β = .494, p < .05) and also had negative indirect effects on HRQL through fatigue and pain (β = −.271, p < .05). Social support had a positive direct (β = .406, p < .001) and negative indirect effects on HRQL via fatigue and pain (β = −.143, p < .05). Fatigue and pain had negative indirect effects on HRQL through functional status (β = −.336, p < .05 and β = −.219, p < .05, respectively). Functional status had a positive direct effect on HRQL (β = .418, p < .001).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The study's findings highlight the importance of improving self-efficacy, social support, and functional status, while reducing fatigue and pain to enhance HRQL among individuals with CRCpost-surgery. These insights can inform the development of targeted interventions to improve the well-being of this population.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51048,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Oncology Nursing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462388924001893/pdfft?md5=6dc809e0d6550c9d5df1f79523709f09&pid=1-s2.0-S1462388924001893-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142274296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hope and relationship dynamics among couples faced with their child's cancer: A dyadic phenomenological interpretative analysis","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102690","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102690","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The onset of paediatric cancer leads to changes in the functioning of the parental couple. The interactions and interdependence between partners affect their individual and dyadic adjustments. Hope can enable parents to cope with difficulties and alleviate their distress. The aim of this study is to explore how both partners experience their relationship dynamics and hope within the couple.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>This qualitative study focused on 7 couples whose child was in remission from cancer; each parent was interviewed separately. The semi-structured interviews were subjected to interpretative phenomenological analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Three themes were found to characterise the experiences of couples faced with their child's cancer. “Captain and first mate\" emphasises the gendered and hierarchical distribution of roles based on the analogy of a crew struggling against the threat of cancer. “The emotional compass\" focuses on how emotions guide each partner's attempts to meet their own need for emotional expression and that of their partner. \"In the same boat, with divergent hope sails\" reflects the complex and diverse ways in which hope and forms of hope are expressed, perceived as a resource which is often precious, sometimes viewed as unthinkable because it reflects the violence associated with the despair of the situation and transferred from one parent to the other.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>These findings highlight the need to focus on the organisation of role, the interaction of emotional needs and the dynamics of hope within parental dyads to optimise the management of couples faced with their child's cancer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51048,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Oncology Nursing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462388924001881/pdfft?md5=af1aef63788c9e368877f67a87ab6f73&pid=1-s2.0-S1462388924001881-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142243283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}