{"title":"Red 15 Hz flickering light: a novel technique for effective wild bird management","authors":"Takeshi Honda, Hiroki Tominaga, Akio Shimizu","doi":"10.1007/s10344-024-01846-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-024-01846-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Human-bird conflicts are in a critical state, involving economic losses such as agricultural losses, bird strikes on aircraft and avian influenza. Traditional technologies leveraging bird vision and hearing often lose their effectiveness over time as birds become habituated to these stimuli. To address these challenges, our study introduces a novel countermeasure technology based on neurophysiology. The human brain reacts to flickering light, which can cause symptoms like headaches, nausea, and dizziness. In extremely rare cases, 15 Hz flickering red light can even lead to epilepsy. Not only humans, but chickens also suffer from 14 Hz flickering light. This led us to consider the possibility that similar flickering light stimuli could be applicable to bird management. In our experiments conducted during the day, we used long-range flashlights. White flickering light had no effect on bird escape behavior. However, when cellophane film was attached to the flashlights to restrict the wavelength, the emitted red light induced escape behavior in birds. Additionally, employing two types of flashlights to generate flickering red + blue or red + green lights elicited escape behavior. However, the blue and green combination proved to be less effective. The most intense flickering frequency for crows was 15 Hz. These results are highly similar to those found in human neurophysiology, showing that red light alone and the combination of red and blue lights have the most significant impact on the brain. By measuring the flight initiation distance (FID) of birds, we found that illuminated areas had a significantly higher FID (137 m) compared to non-illuminated areas (12 m). These findings suggest that applying principles of human physiology to wildlife management can offer new solutions for bird damage control.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142205193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sari Holopainen, Antti Piironen, Jackson W. Kusack, Keith A. Hobson, Matthew B. Ellis, Iben Hove Sørensen, Heather Warrender, Toni Laaksonen
{"title":"Broad geographic variation in age- and sex-dependent origin of harvested eurasian wigeon (Mareca penelope) revealed by stable-hydrogen (δ2H) isotope analyses of feathers","authors":"Sari Holopainen, Antti Piironen, Jackson W. Kusack, Keith A. Hobson, Matthew B. Ellis, Iben Hove Sørensen, Heather Warrender, Toni Laaksonen","doi":"10.1007/s10344-024-01849-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-024-01849-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Migratory waterfowl are a harvested resource shared among multiple European countries, exposing them to potential overexploitation. Management of take is challenging since the life cycle of migratory waterfowl consists of several stages distributed among several locations, with possible spatio-temporal overlap among populations with differing population trends. Successful harvest management in such situations requires knowledge about the connections between breeding and non-breeding locations, and where birds are harvested. Breeding populations of Eurasian wigeon (<i>Mareca penelope</i>) are declining in Finland, underlining the need for more effective harvest management. Relative proportions and temporal distribution of local breeding birds and migrants from a larger Russian breeding population within the Finnish hunting bag has been unknown to date. We studied spatio-temporal origins of Finnish harvested wigeon by measuring stable-hydrogen (<i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H) isotope values from legally harvested birds. We modelled the changes in <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H values of the feather samples within the hunting season using Gaussian processes and found that the origin of harvested wigeon in Finland changed during the hunting season and differed by age and sex. In juveniles and adult females but not in adult males, origin of harvested birds shifted from local and possibly western Russian birds to more long-distance migratory birds during the harvest season. These patterns likely reflected sex- and age-specific differences in migratory behaviour of Eurasian wigeon in the East Atlantic flyway, which can be used to guide future management and conservation of this species through the implementation of spatio-temporal harvest regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142205202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alain C. Frantz, Stéphanie Lippert, Jill Gaasch, Mike Heddergott, Louis Kox
{"title":"First records of the raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) in Luxembourg: evidence for natural spread and a novel introduction","authors":"Alain C. Frantz, Stéphanie Lippert, Jill Gaasch, Mike Heddergott, Louis Kox","doi":"10.1007/s10344-024-01844-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-024-01844-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The raccoon roundworm (<i>Baylisascaris procyonis</i>), a gastrointestinal nematode parasite of the raccoon (<i>Procyon lotor</i>), is the causative agent of a zoonotic disease that can cause severe neurological sequelae and even fatal cases. The parasite is now established in Europe and, while not present in all raccoon populations, it is currently expanding its range. Understanding the geographic distribution of the roundworm is a necessity for public health. Here, we report the first detections of the raccoon roundworm from Luxembourg. We used genetic techniques to test whether the roundworm originated from a distinct introduction event or entered the country by natural dispersal. We detected two roundworms in a raccoon that was road-killed in Echternach, northeastern Luxembourg. Furthermore, in a wildlife rescue centre, roundworms were detected in the latrine of an enclosure containing seven raccoons. Using different genetic techniques, we showed the Echternach roundworms to originate from the nearest German population, while the rescue centre roundworms were genetically distinct. By genotyping the host from a roundworm DNA extract, we identified a raccoon originating from southwest Luxembourg as the host of at least one roundworm. Roundworms are thus colonising Luxembourg both by natural dispersal and from an introduced population. The (potential) hosts all originated from the local population, suggesting that imported/introduced roundworms have already spread to the local raccoon population. Authorities should act as though the parasite is already widespread in the country, raising awareness among the public and individuals with occupational contact with raccoons.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142205194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cost-effectiveness of lures in attracting mammals: a large scale camera-trapping field test on European species","authors":"Alessio Mortelliti, Riccardo Bergamin, Paola Bartolommei, Ilaria Greco, Emiliano Manzo, Francesco Rovero, Federica Fonda","doi":"10.1007/s10344-024-01840-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-024-01840-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cost-effectiveness of different attractants during camera trapping surveys has been seldom evaluated. To contribute in filling this knowledge gap we (1) compare the effectiveness of a suite of attractants in detecting widely distributed mammals in Europe and (2) evaluate the cost-effectiveness of these attractants, by calculating the costs associated to reach a specific monitoring objective. We conducted a large-scale field experiment across four study areas in central and northern Italy, encompassing a variety of environments, from lowland forest to alpine beech forest. We focused on comparing the following low cost and readily available attractants: sardines, peanut butter, a commercial lure and we used a camera with no attractant as control, collecting data on a suite of small to large mammals. We found that for seven of our 13 target species detectability varied with the type of attractant used. Specifically, sardines proved to be the most effective attractant for canids and the porcupine, peanut butter was most effective for mustelids but was avoided by the roe deer, whereas the commercial lure was the most effective with red deer. Through a power analysis combined with a cost function analysis we were able to show striking differences in the cost-effectiveness of the different methods, sometimes in the order of magnitude of tens of thousands of euros, which strongly emphasizes the critical importance played by the choice of whether to use an attractant or not and the type of attractant to be used.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142205195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing climate change threats to biodiversity and protected areas of Iran","authors":"Ehsan Rahimi, Pinliang Dong, Faraham Ahmadzadeh, Chuleui Jung","doi":"10.1007/s10344-024-01842-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-024-01842-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Our research endeavors to evaluate the precise ramifications of climate change on Iran’s protected regions, utilizing species distribution modeling to anticipate the effects of climate change on 394 bird species, 157 plant species, 72 reptiles, and 20 mammals across two climate change scenarios: SSP245 and SSP585 in 2070. Subsequently, we employed binary species distribution maps to determine the extent of overlap between 125 protected areas, 27 wildlife refuges, and 15 national parks and species distribution, quantifying the proportion of these areas encompassed by their distribution. We found that under the SSP585 scenario, 174 bird species could experience a 319% expansion in suitable habitats, while 220 species could decline by 57.1%. Among plants, 16 species are projected to grow by 40.3%, whereas 141 species may decrease by 68.8%. Reptiles could experience an increase of 279.1% in 24 species, with a 66.6% decrease in 48 species, while mammals may witness a significant increase of 147.3% in 5 species, but a 71.8% decrease in 15 species. Also, under the SSP585 scenario, in national parks, bird coverage declines from 32.2% (current) to 19.9%, plants from 24.2 to 13.2%, reptiles from 18.4 to 6.8%, and mammals from 17.7 to 10%. In wildlife refuges, birds decrease from 9.7 to 5.7%, plants from 10.9 to 4.6%, reptiles from 12.9 to 2.5%, and mammals from 7.4 to 4.3%. In protected areas, birds drop from 29.3 to 20.4%, plants from 27.7 to 12.5%, reptiles from 18.7 to 9.7%, and mammals from 24 to 12.1%. The low overlap of species with national parks, wildlife refuges, and protected areas underscores the importance of re-evaluating and potentially expanding protected areas to ensure they encompass a broader range of habitats, particularly those that are underrepresented, to enhance the conservation of Iran’s biodiversity amidst the challenges posed by climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142205196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shane D. Morris, Larissa Bosseler, Aldin Selimovic, Claudia Bieber
{"title":"Satellite-derived measures of habitat structure perform as well as locally recorded measures in predicting predation on artificial nests in central European agricultural landscapes","authors":"Shane D. Morris, Larissa Bosseler, Aldin Selimovic, Claudia Bieber","doi":"10.1007/s10344-024-01841-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-024-01841-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ground nesting birds have declined throughout Europe, with the reduction of habitat structure in agricultural areas being a key contributing factor. Habitat structure is vital not only for providing food and suitable microclimates for these species but also limits nest predation. Field assessments of habitat structure have, historically, been the most common way of identifying areas of low nest predation. However, they are limited in their applicability over wide areas due to time, money, and logistics. Remotely sensed measures (e.g., recorded by a satellite) can address these issues. Normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) is a measure of the ‘greenness’ of an area and correlates with habitat structure. We conducted an artificial nest experiment over three years (2019, 2020, 2023) in Baden, Austria to test the relationship of NDVI to nest predation in an agricultural landscape. Critically, we compared whether NDVI could predict nest predation as well as locally recorded variables (ground cover, vegetation height, etc, ). We report that NDVI performs equally well at predicting nest predation, with predation decreasing with higher values of NDVI, signifying greater habitat structure. This was supported by our finding that predation probability decreased with greater ground cover (a locally recorded variable). Additionally, we found that areas with greater partridge numbers had higher predation and circumstantial evidence that birds are the primary predator in our study area. Overall, our study shows that satellite-derived measures of habitat structure have untapped potential in identifying areas of high nest predation for European ground nesting birds in agricultural landscapes.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142205198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Disentangling ground-nest predation rates through an artificial nests experiment in an area with western capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) presence: martens are the key","authors":"Pablo Palencia, Patricia Barroso","doi":"10.1007/s10344-024-01837-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-024-01837-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The western capercaillie (<i>Tetrao urogallus</i>) is a species of conservation concern that has been experiencing a severe decline in many regions of Europe. The poor breeding success rather than mortality of full-grown birds has been suggested to be responsible for its decline, been the nest loss a potential driver of the low productivity (number of chicks per female and year) of capercaillie. Working in a capercaillie population in the Pyrenees, we aimed to provide further insights into nest predation by monitoring 82 artificial nests (58 of them with camera traps), and estimating the population density of predators using camera traps and applying random encounter model and camera trap distance sampling. Pine/stone martens -<i>Martes foina</i>,<i> Martes martes</i>- were the species with higher nest predation rates (23%) despite being the less abundant (0.49 ind/km<sup>2</sup>), followed by foxes -<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>- (11%) and a population density of 3.37 ind/km<sup>2</sup>, and wild boar -<i>Sus scrofa</i>- (4%) and 6.95 ind·km<sup>− 2</sup>; predators could not be identified at 27% of the events. After fitting statistical models on the nest predation data, we observed that the martens’ encounter rate (i.e. number of martens detected per camera and day) and the altitude had a positive significant effect on the artificial nest predation probability. While caution is recommended in artificial nest experiments, our results are valuable highlighting the importance of martens and red foxes when addressing nest predation to promote the breeding success and population recovery of western capercaillie populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142205197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Flexibility in positional behavior is associated with ecological seasonality in Assamese macaques inhabiting limestone forests","authors":"Yujing Qiu, Guanghua Liu, Ailong Wang, Shengyuan Liu, Shixin Nong, Zhonghao Huang","doi":"10.1007/s10344-024-01839-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-024-01839-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Information on the positional behaviors of primates is essential for understanding the mechanisms of environmental adaptation. From October 2021 to September 2022, we collected data on positional behaviors of Assamese macaques (<i>Macaca assamensis</i>) at Guangxi Nonggang National Nature Reserve, China, using instantaneous scan sampling method. Our results showed that quadrupedal walking (34.99% ± 6.05%) was adopted as their most frequent locomotor mode, followed by leaping (31.54% ± 10.50%), climbing (25.55% ± 11.33%), quadrupedal running (6.55% ± 2.65%) and bridging (1.37% ± 1.19%). The ground (36.83% ± 21.18%) was the most frequently used stratum during moving. Most arboreal locomotion occurred on small (44.06% ± 11.36%) and medium (34.90% ± 11.09%) sized substrates. Sitting (81.19% ± 10.47%) was used as their most common postures, followed by holding (6.38% ± 9.97%), quadrupedal standing (3.70% ± 3.03%), bipedal standing (3.54% ± 1.84%), sprawling (3.17% ± 6.45%), suspending (1.88% ± 1.19%) and lying (0.14% ± 0.21%). Positional behaviors seasonally vary with habitat structure, and distribution of food resources. The macaques used climbing more frequently in the fruit-lean season (dry season) than in the fruit-rich season (rainy season), which could be related to reducing energy expenditure in the dry season. In addition, they adopted holding and lying together to conserve energy and stabilize intergroup relationships. In conclusion, Assamese macaques adapt to limestone forests with positional behavior flexibility in response to seasonality. Our findings highlight the necessity to understand the effects of ecological factors on the behavioral ecology and adaptations of Assamese macaques in their unique limestone forest habitats.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142205200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jessica Ruiz-Reyes, Rosa Laura Heredia-Bobadilla, Víctor Ávila-Akerberg, Moises Tejocote-Perez, Yuriana Gómez-Ortiz, Hublester Domínguez-Vega, Fabiola Ramírez-Corona, Jonas Alvarez-Lopeztello, René Bolom-Huet, Armando Sunny
{"title":"Assessing functional connectivity and anthropogenic impacts on Ambystoma altamirani populations in Bosque De Agua, Central Mexico","authors":"Jessica Ruiz-Reyes, Rosa Laura Heredia-Bobadilla, Víctor Ávila-Akerberg, Moises Tejocote-Perez, Yuriana Gómez-Ortiz, Hublester Domínguez-Vega, Fabiola Ramírez-Corona, Jonas Alvarez-Lopeztello, René Bolom-Huet, Armando Sunny","doi":"10.1007/s10344-024-01838-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-024-01838-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Ambystoma altamirani</i> is a microendemic amphibian limited to central Mexico, specifically the Bosque de Agua region in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, renowned for its endemic amphibian species. Anthropogenic activities such as land use change, water pollution, and the introduction of exotic species such as rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) have substantially transformed its habitat, creating barriers that fragment it and impeding the mobility of the species and connectivity with other populations. This fragmentation poses challenges, including emerging diseases, inbreeding, limited gene flow, and a loss of genetic diversity, placing <i>Ambystoma altamirani</i> in national and international risk categories. The present study utilized the ENMeval and biomod2 models for environmental niche modeling (ENM) to assess the potential distribution of <i>Ambystoma altamirani</i> in the Bosque de Agua region. The key supporting variables include rivers, lakes, altitude, and a combination of <i>Abies</i> and <i>Pinus forests</i>, while the detrimental factors include urbanization and agriculture. Employing circuit theory (CT) and least-cost path (LCP) methodologies, this research explored functional connectivity, identifying core areas in the central region of Bosque de Agua. As migration distance decreases, the number of corridors facilitating population flow decreases. In the concluding phase, an analysis assessed the coincidence of state and federal Mexican Natural Protected Areas with core areas, revealing a lack of protection. The results of this study could lead to improved knowledge about <i>Ambystoma altamirani</i>, providing valuable tools for helping stakeholders formulate comprehensive strategies for species conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141936536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heliana Dundarova, Jiri Pikula, Katerina Zukalova, Sarka Bednarikova, Petr Mrhalek, Vladimir Piacek, Boyan Petrov, Krasimir Kirov, Vladimir Trifonov, Rashid Rashid, Jan Zukal
{"title":"A site of bat conservation concern: Madzharovo, Eastern Rhodopes, Bulgaria","authors":"Heliana Dundarova, Jiri Pikula, Katerina Zukalova, Sarka Bednarikova, Petr Mrhalek, Vladimir Piacek, Boyan Petrov, Krasimir Kirov, Vladimir Trifonov, Rashid Rashid, Jan Zukal","doi":"10.1007/s10344-024-01835-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-024-01835-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While Bulgaria has a rich bat fauna, with large colonies found in caves, mines and other underground roosts, only a small proportion of bat nursery colony roosts have been documented in buildings. During recent field research in the Madzharovo region, however, we discovered the world’s largest nursery colony of lesser horseshoe bats (<i>Rhinolophus hipposideros</i>) and Geoffroy’s bats (<i>Myotis emarginatus</i>). About 15 000 to 18 500 individuals of eight species use the complex of anthropogenic structures (an abandoned water reservoir and two buildings) as a summer roost, representing around half of all the bat species registered in the region. We strongly suggest that regular monitoring programmes and Species Action Plans are established in Bulgaria, which will ensure the conservation of nursery colonies, not only in Madzharovo, but also in the entire Eastern Rhodope mountains and help prevent future bat population declines.</p>","PeriodicalId":51044,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141936537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}