{"title":"Rejuvenation of water bodies with recycled water","authors":"Radhey Shyam Tyagi, S. K. Singh, P. K. Goyal","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2024.055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2024.055","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 This study investigated the new routes of groundwater replenishment in water-constrained urban communities. Against the present water demand of 1,440 Million Gallons per Day (MGD) in Delhi, 1,000 MGD is being supplied. Furthermore, 140 MGD water is being extracted from the ground in addition to the 250 MGD of illegal extraction by the residential and commercial occupants. This groundwater extraction is enormous in comparison with the water injected into the ground through rain water harvesting, resulting in the tremendous depletion of the groundwater table. The aim of the study is to replenish groundwater with tertiary treated effluent available round the year. The study is conducted on one natural water body rejuvenated in the South and another artificial water body constructed in West Delhi with the objective of determining whether groundwater can be replenished with tertiary treated water with an improved quality, and can it be replicated elsewhere? The qualities of the groundwater and water tables checked before and after rejuvenating the water bodies. The utilization of tertiary treated effluents has resulted in raising the groundwater tables from 5 to 7 m and improved the quality of the groundwater in the past 2 years. This practice can be replicated elsewhere as done in Brisbane (Australia) and Singapore .","PeriodicalId":510255,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice & Technology","volume":"140 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140078327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A numerical study of diversion flow to determine the optimum flow system in open channels","authors":"T. Alfatlawi, A. H. Hussein","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2024.056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2024.056","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The term ‘branching flow’ describes water extraction from streams or main channels via secondary lateral channels. Through using 3D model simulation, the aims to identify the ideal angle of diversion based on the maximum flow rate to the branching channel and the minimum zone of separation size attained at the entrance channel for the eight grades (900, 750, 600, 450, 300, 250, 200, and 150). An experimental study has previously been confirmed, and this paper provides a comprehensive implementation of the numerical solution (finite volume) using Flow 3D version 11.0.4 software. The validation study was conducted at the Babylon University/College of Engineering /Laboratory of the fluid. The study presented results for many different flow discharge ratios depending on two inflow discharges (12.5 and 18.5 L/s). The comparison between the numerical model and the experimental results revealed statistically a good agreement. The final results demonstrated that a diversion angle of 250 had the most significant optimum angle with the maximum discharge ratio, a minimum separation zone size, and minimum energy losses. Furthermore, the flow rate peaks in the bifurcating channel (5.76 and 8.11 L/s), which accounts for roughly 46.06 and 43.83%, respectively, from the main channel flow.","PeriodicalId":510255,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice & Technology","volume":"35 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140262979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kausar Naz, Murtaza Sayed, Faiza Rehman, Ikhtiar Gul, S. Noreen, Qaiser Khan, Saman Gul, Saddam Hussain
{"title":"Photochemical degradation of bromocresol green dye by UV/Co2+ process via activation of peroxymonosulfate: a mechanistic approach","authors":"Kausar Naz, Murtaza Sayed, Faiza Rehman, Ikhtiar Gul, S. Noreen, Qaiser Khan, Saman Gul, Saddam Hussain","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2024.054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2024.054","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 This study is focused on the application of the ultraviolet/peroxymonosulfate/cobaltous cation (UV/PMS/Co2+) (cobalt II ion) system for the successful degradation of bromocresol green (BCG) dye in an aqueous solution. The influences of different variables like initial PMS concentration, pH of the media, and catalyst dose in terms of BCG degradation were studied. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the UV/PMS/Co2+ system for the degradation of BCG was performed in different water systems (i.e., deionized water, tape water, and industrial wastewater). UV and UV–PMS systems alone contributed 13 and 67%, respectively, in the degradation of BCG with the kapp values of 0.006 and 0.0297 min−1, respectively. It was observed that by the incorporation of Co2+ in the UV–PMS system, the degradation of BCG was significantly increased from 67 to 98% with the corresponding increase in kapp values to 0.0931 min−1. The scavenger results revealed the SO4•- and •OH radicals are the dominant species involved in the BCG removal. The toxicity data showed that the UV/PMS/Co2+ method considerably reduced the toxicity of textile effluent. In addition, seven BCG degradation products (DPs) have been identified experimentally using GC-MS. In conclusion, the UV/PMS/Co2+ procedure can be used to effectively cleanse and detoxify wastewater.","PeriodicalId":510255,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice & Technology","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140264989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessment and modeling of mercury adsorption on carbon-based adsorbents prepared from Jacaranda mimosifolia and guava biomass via pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization","authors":"Víctor Aljair Morales Herrera, Fátima Gisela Quintero Álvarez, Didilia Ileana Mendoza Castillo, Hilda Elizabeth Reynel Ávila, Ismael Alejandro Aguayo Villarreal, Verónica Janeth Landin Sandoval, Adrián Bonilla Petriciolet","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2024.051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2024.051","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The mercury adsorption properties of carbon-based materials prepared from jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia) and guava (Psidium guajava) seed wastes are reported and compared in this paper. These adsorbent samples were obtained via pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization. Mercury adsorption equilibrium was studied at pH 4 and 20–40 °C, and the adsorption enthalpy changes were calculated for all adsorbent samples. The results showed that jacaranda-based materials contained a higher amount of acidic functional groups than guava seed-based adsorbents, and consequently, their mercury adsorption properties were better. The surface area of these adsorbents was <10 m2/g thus being classified as low-porosity materials. Elemental analysis indicated that all adsorbents were mainly composed of oxygen (4–25%) and carbon (75–95%). The calculated adsorption capacities at saturation of the best adsorbent were 18.05–30.09 mg/g under the tested experimental conditions. Statistical physics calculations also indicated that the adsorption mechanism of HgCl2 species was multi-molecular and endothermic. Ligand exchange and van der Waals forces were involved in generating the mercury–adsorbent interface. These results highlight the importance of comparing and optimizing biomass thermochemical conversion routes to tailor the surface properties of adsorbents used for water purification.","PeriodicalId":510255,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice & Technology","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140266424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Seasonal variations and water chemical control mechanism of water quality in a suburban river near a coal city: a case study in the Xinbian River of Suzhou City, Anhui Province, China","authors":"Yuqi Chen, Weihua Peng, Manli Lin, Xinyi Qiu, Jiankui Liu, Jinchen Zhang, Dong Xu","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2024.053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2024.053","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To study the seasonal change rules of water quality indicators and water chemical control mechanisms in the nearby city river Xinbian River, in Suzhou City, Anhui Province, China, nine points were selected and periodically sampled for 12 months. Totally 108 water samples were collected, and basic physical–chemical indicators and routine ions (e.g., Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO42−, Cl−, F−, NO3−, CO32−, and HCO3−) were measured. Piper diagram, Gibbs diagram, and ion ratio method were used. The result shows that the seasonal and upstream-to-downstream variations in pH were less varied, whereas the fluctuation in dissolved oxygen was large. Four ions, namely, SO42-, F−, Cl−, and Na+ generally first decreased overall and then changed from spring to winter. The maximum contents of SO42- (406.03 mg/L), Cl− (250.22 mg/L), and Na+ (269.99 mg/L) in single water samples appeared at the S9 sampling point (Suzhou control gate) in March 2020. The dominant hydrochemical types in summer were Na–Ca–HCO3 and Na–Mg–SO4, while Na–Mg–SO4 and Na–Mg–HCO3 were the main hydrochemical types in the other seasons. The control factors of water chemical composition vary according to the season. However, rock weathering (e.g., silicate dissolution) is the dominant control factor of water chemistry in the studied river section.","PeriodicalId":510255,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice & Technology","volume":"31 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140266918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashley Hall, Amanda Widén, Ellen Edefell, Å. Davidsson, H. Kjerstadius
{"title":"Treatment of greywater with nanofiltration for nutrient removal – 2-year experience from Helsingborg","authors":"Ashley Hall, Amanda Widén, Ellen Edefell, Å. Davidsson, H. Kjerstadius","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2024.050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2024.050","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Source-separated sanitation and greywater treatment have become an increasingly attractive alternative to traditional wastewater management systems in recent years due to their potential to combat water scarcity, ease resource recovery, and meet tightening effluent demands. In Helsingborg, Sweden, source-separated wastewater from the new city district of Oceanhamnen is being collected and treated in a new treatment plant (RecoLab) to test, among other issues, how efficient greywater treatment can be in achieving low discharge limits for pollutants. The greywater treatment consists of activated sludge treatment, drum filter micro-sieving, and nanofiltration. In the first 2 years of operation, the robustness of the treatment system during periods with extreme conditions, e.g., very low and very high organic matter concentrations, was tested. The combination of biological treatment and nanofiltration has achieved stable effluent concentrations below 10 mg/L chemical oxygen demand, 2 mg/L total nitrogen, and 0.2 mg/L total phosphorus as average values for 22 months of operation with an average flow of 43 m3/day. The treatment system for greywater treatment thus shows the possibility to achieve low discharge limits and meet the new proposed effluent demands of the EU Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive.","PeriodicalId":510255,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice & Technology","volume":"24 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140267448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ian Almeida, Geovana Eliza Maria Keller, Lígia Conceição Tavares, Salatiel Wohlmuth da Silva, A. D. Benetti
{"title":"Adsorption of the fungicide carbendazim on activated carbon: analysis of isotherms, kinetics, rapid small-scale column tests, and impacts of the presence of organic matter","authors":"Ian Almeida, Geovana Eliza Maria Keller, Lígia Conceição Tavares, Salatiel Wohlmuth da Silva, A. D. Benetti","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2024.048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2024.048","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The adsorption of the fungicide carbendazim (CBZ) on granular activated carbon (GAC) made from bovine bone was investigated in deionized water (DW) and DW with the addition of natural organic matter (DWNOM). The study included tests of isotherms, kinetics, and rapid small-scale column tests (RSSCT). The Freundlich model represented better the adsorption of the fungicide in both matrices, while the pseudo-second-order model fitted better in DW. The isotherm and kinetic studies showed the interference of NOM in the adsorption of CBZ through changes in the parameters of the applied models. In RSSCT, the breakthrough time was faster in DWNOM than in DW. Nevertheless, the CBZ concentrations of both matrices were considered statistically similar for most contact times in RSSCT. In the fixed-bed experiments, the organic matter did not cause significant changes in the adsorption of CBZ in GAC. The NOM presence may have improved the efficiency of GAC in adsorbing CBZ in kinetic and RSSCT tests. There is no knowledge of a similar approach to studying the adsorption of CBZ on CAG in Brazil, mainly using fixed-bed studies. In this way, the present work contributes to a better understanding of the adsorption of carbendazim through the methods used.","PeriodicalId":510255,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice & Technology","volume":"34 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140086439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessment of crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling for selected crops in the Kohima district, Nagaland, India","authors":"Ghanshyam T. Patle, Tome Panggeng","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2024.047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2024.047","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 This study was done to examine agricultural water and irrigation schedules for key crops grown in Kohima area of Nagaland, India, which has a humid subtropical climate. Climatic data over 16 years (2006–2021) were used to estimate crop water requirements using CROPWAT 8.0 model. Rice, maize, soybean, potato, cabbage, dry bean, ginger, and naga chili are the most common crops. ET0 was calculated using the FAO Penman–Monteith method and ranged from 1.41 to 3.65 mm/day. The USDA SCS approach calculated effective rainfall. The average annual ETC for rice, maize, ginger, soybean, bean (dry), potato, cabbage, and naga chili were 537.1, 305.7, 342.7, 292.2, 288.1, 364.3, 190.6, and 141 mm, respectively. Rice, maize, ginger, soybean, bean (dry), potato, cabbage, and naga chili require an average of 251.7, 54.9, 26, 73.1, 21.3, 21.9, 121.9, and 14.5 mm of irrigation each year, respectively. The crop irrigation schedules were created with 70% efficiency. The study emphasizes that irrigation must be adjusted to each crop's individual needs, whether through strategic scheduling or modifying net and gross irrigation volumes, to enhance water management and maximize crop production in the region.","PeriodicalId":510255,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice & Technology","volume":"28 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140414617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of hydrological variability on suspended sediment load at a river junction: a case study","authors":"Nabina Khanam, S. K. Biswal","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2024.044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2024.044","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Two of the natural occurrences that have an effect on hydro-morphological processes that characterize the channel are sediment movement and stream discharge. However, assessments of suspended sediment distribution patterns across channel confluences and functions of tributaries on sediment transfer in downstream streams are still inadequately explored. To fulfil this, a year-long field investigation was conducted around river confluence at various time scales during the hydrological season. The bathymetry of the confluence was performed using digital echo-sounding equipment, electro-magnetic current meter, and differential global positioning equipment. This study uses in situ measurement and empirical techniques to quantify the spatiotemporal distribution of suspended sediment particles. Furthermore, Yang's formula was used to analyze the sediment concentration, and several statistical standards were employed to establish a differentiation between predicted and observed data. The results illustrated that a good agreement has been achieved among the calculated and measured statistics based on the correlation coefficient value. According to the findings, 8% fewer errors in the quantification of suspended sediment were induced in the tributary than in the main river because of the very low flow of the tributary. The present ramifications can help increase our database and understanding of the dynamics of major river confluences.","PeriodicalId":510255,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice & Technology","volume":"94 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140420886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spatiotemporal assessment of rainfall variability and its characteristics over Rapti River Basin, India","authors":"Urvashi Malani, Sanjaykumar M. Yadav","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2024.046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2024.046","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The determination of rainfall characteristics of a basin is obligatory for mitigation planning and adaptation. This study presents the spatiotemporal analysis of gridded precipitation to understand the variability, seasonality over the Rapti Basin. This basin is affected by frequent flooding hence it becomes necessary to understand the variability of rainfall. To carry out this analysis, daily precipitation data is extracted for 22 grids for 30 years (1990–2020) of high resolution. Extreme rainfall indices are computed as per the threshold decided by the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD). To determine the trend of the rainfall, Mann Kendall (MK) test, Modified MK test and Innovative Trend Analysis was used and magnitude of trend was determined using slope. Trend of daily rainfall, annual, seasonal rainfall were determined. Annual rainfall has shown significant decreasing trend over the basin. Monsoon season has a noticeable tendency, but other seasons have only seen small shifts. From all the rainfall indices, PRCPTOT and SDII has shown decreasing trend with Sen Slope of −2.56 and 3.00 respectively. While examining the variance in precipitation across the basin, this study will be helpful.","PeriodicalId":510255,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice & Technology","volume":"55 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140419827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}