Water Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.3390/w16101340

Yutaka Ichikawa, Takashi Kunito, Yuichi Miyabara

{"title":"Temporal Phosphorus Dynamics in Shallow Eutrophic Lake Suwa, Japan","authors":"Yutaka Ichikawa, Takashi Kunito, Yuichi Miyabara","doi":"10.3390/w16101340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101340","url":null,"abstract":"It can be difficult to decrease the water phosphorus (P) concentration in eutrophic shallow lakes, even if the external P loading is reduced, owing to a high level of internal P loading to surface water from sediment. However, in shallow Lake Suwa, Japan, lake water P concentration has largely decreased in recent years owing to low levels of internal P loading, as well as declining external P loading. We measured water/sediment P and iron (Fe) concentrations and the P release rate from sediment in Lake Suwa, and then compared it with data from the 1970s. In the 1970s, the P concentration throughout the lake water was high during the hypoxic period. Recently, however, the P concentration has increased only in the hypolimnion during the hypoxic period. This suggests that internal P loading from sediment to surface water has largely been suppressed during the hypoxic period in recent years. This may be due to (i) stronger water stratification from global warming, (ii) a greater decrease in the P release rate from the sediment owing to a decline in sediment P concentration from the 1970s to 2020, and (iii) stronger formation of the Fe–P cycle in Lake Suwa recently, compared with that in the 1970s. Our results indicated the need to reduce both external P loading, and internal P loading from sediment to water, for effective water quality improvement in shallow lakes.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141001227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Heterojunction-Based Photocatalytic Degradation of Rose Bengal Dye via Gold-Decorated α-Fe2O3-CeO2 Nanocomposites under Visible-Light Irradiation 基于异质结的α-Fe2O3-CeO2 纳米复合材料在可见光照射下对玫瑰红染料的光催化降解

Water Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.3390/w16101334

Najah Ayad Alshammari, S. Kosa, Rajan Patel, M. A. Malik

{"title":"Heterojunction-Based Photocatalytic Degradation of Rose Bengal Dye via Gold-Decorated α-Fe2O3-CeO2 Nanocomposites under Visible-Light Irradiation","authors":"Najah Ayad Alshammari, S. Kosa, Rajan Patel, M. A. Malik","doi":"10.3390/w16101334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101334","url":null,"abstract":"Developing photocatalytic nanomaterials with unique physical and chemical features using low-cost and eco-friendly synthetic methods is highly desirable in wastewater treatment. In this work, the magnetically separable α-Fe2O3-CeO2 nanocomposite (NC), with its respective metal oxides of α-Fe2O3 and CeO2 nanoparticles, was synthesized using a combination of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CATB) and ascorbic acid via the hydrothermal method. To tune the band gap, the heterojunction nanocomposite of α-Fe2O3-CeO2 was decorated with plasmonic Au nanoparticles (Au NPs). The various characterization methods, such as FTIR, UV-vis DRS, XRD, XPS, TEM, EDX, SEM, and PL, were used to determine the properties of the materials, including their morphology, elemental composition, optical properties, band gap energy, and crystalline phase. The nanocomposite of α-Fe2O3-CeO2@Au was utilized to remove Rose Bengal (RB) dye from wastewater using a photocatalytic technique when exposed to visible light. A comprehensive investigation of the impact of the catalyst concentration and initial dye concentration was conducted to establish the optimal photodegradation conditions. The maximum photocatalytic efficiency of α-Fe2O3-CeO2@Au (50 mg L−1) for RB (20 ppm) dye removal was found to be 88.9% in 120 min under visible-light irradiation at a neutral pH of 7 and 30 °C. Various scavengers, such as benzoquinone (BQ; 0.5 mM), tert-butyl alcohol (TBA; 0.5 mM), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA; 0.5 mM), were used to investigate the effects of different free radicals on the photocatalytic process. Furthermore, the reusability of the α-Fe2O3-CeO2@Au photocatalyst has also been explored. Furthermore, the investigation of the potential mechanism demonstrated that the heterojunction formed between α-Fe2O3 and CeO2, in combination with the presence of deposited Au NPs, led to an enhanced photocatalytic efficiency by effectively separating the photogenerated electron (e−)–hole (h+) pairs.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140998896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dry and Wet Spells in Poland in the Period 1966–2023 1966-2023 年期间波兰的旱季和雨季

Water Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.3390/w16101344

Joanna Wibig

引用次数: 0

Effect of Humic Amendment on Selected Hydrophysical Properties of Sandy and Clayey Soils 腐殖质改良剂对沙土和粘土部分水物理特性的影响

Water Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.3390/w16101338

B. Kandra, A. Tall, J. Vitková, Michal Procházka, P. Šurda

{"title":"Effect of Humic Amendment on Selected Hydrophysical Properties of Sandy and Clayey Soils","authors":"B. Kandra, A. Tall, J. Vitková, Michal Procházka, P. Šurda","doi":"10.3390/w16101338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101338","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, products containing humic acids have been increasingly used in agriculture to improve soil parameters. Quantifying their impact on soil quality is, therefore, of key importance. This study seeks to evaluate the impact of the commercial humic acid product (HA) on the hydrophysical parameters of sandy and clayey soils sampled from different sites in Slovakia. Specifically, the study hypothesizes that humic amendment will enhance particle density (ρs), dry bulk density (ρd), porosity (Φ), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), soil water repellency (SWR), and water retention capacity in sandy and clayey soils. The results of the laboratory measurements were analyzed using NCSS statistical software at a statistical significance of p < 0.05. In sandy soil, there was a statistically significant decrease in ρd and Ks and an increase in Φ and a contact angle (CA) after the application of 1 g/100 cm3 HA. At a dose of 6 g/100 cm3 HA, the values of ρs, ρd, and Ks decreased, and the Φ and CA values increased. In clayey soil, the Ks value significantly decreased by −35.5% only after the application of 6 g/100 cm3 HA. The addition of HA increased the full water capacity (FWC) and available water capacity (AWC) of clayey and sandy soils. The positive influence of HA on the studied soil parameters was experimentally confirmed, which can be beneficial, especially for their use in agricultural production.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141000259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spatial and Temporal Evolution Patterns of Droughts in China over the Past 61 Years Based on the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index 基于标准化降水蒸散指数的过去 61 年中国干旱的时空演变模式

Water Pub Date : 2024-03-31 DOI: 10.3390/w16071012

Yunrui Yang, Erfu Dai, Jun Yin, Lizhi Jia, Peng Zhang, Jianguo Sun

{"title":"Spatial and Temporal Evolution Patterns of Droughts in China over the Past 61 Years Based on the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index","authors":"Yunrui Yang, Erfu Dai, Jun Yin, Lizhi Jia, Peng Zhang, Jianguo Sun","doi":"10.3390/w16071012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16071012","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the data of 2254 daily meteorological stations in China from 1961 to 2021, this study calculated the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) of the national multi-time scale by using the FAO Penman–Monteith model to quantify the changes in dry and wet conditions. The Mann–Kendall mutation test, wavelet analysis, and other methods were used to study the spatial pattern and temporal evolution of drought. The results showed: (1) In the past 61 years, there were obvious spatial and temporal differences in drought in China, and the interannual variation in drought severity in SPEI-1, SPEI-3, and SPEI-12 gradually decreased at a rate of 0.005/10a, 0.021/10a, and 0.092/10a, respectively. (2) The time point of dry and wet mutation was 1989 according to the MK mutagenicity test. (3) Wavelet analysis showed that the drought cycle on the annual scale and the seasonal scale was consistent, and the main period was about 30 years. (4) In the past 61 years, the drought intensity of different degrees in China has shown a weakening trend, and the drought intensity reached the highest value in 61 years in 1978, at 1836.42. In 2020, the drought intensity was the lowest, at 261.55. (5) The proportion of drought stations has shown a decreasing trend. The proportion of drought-free stations has fluctuated greatly, ranging from 42.12% to 89.25%, with 2020 being the highest. This study provides a scientific basis for further research on the causes and coping strategies of drought and is of great significance for strengthening China’s drought monitoring, early warning ,and adaptation capabilities.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"32 50","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140358132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spatial Variations in Microplastics in the Largest Shallow Lake of Central Europe and Its Protecting Wetland Area 中欧最大浅水湖及其保护湿地中微塑料的空间变化

Water Pub Date : 2024-03-31 DOI: 10.3390/w16071014

Bence Prikler, Réka Svigruha, J. Háhn, Péter Harkai, István Fodor, Edit Kaszab, B. Kriszt, Gergő Tóth, István Szabó, Zsolt Csenki, Gábor Bordós, Adrienn Micsinai, B. Nyírő-Fekete, Zoltán Palotai, Zsófia Lovász, Z. Pirger, S. Szoboszlay

{"title":"Spatial Variations in Microplastics in the Largest Shallow Lake of Central Europe and Its Protecting Wetland Area","authors":"Bence Prikler, Réka Svigruha, J. Háhn, Péter Harkai, István Fodor, Edit Kaszab, B. Kriszt, Gergő Tóth, István Szabó, Zsolt Csenki, Gábor Bordós, Adrienn Micsinai, B. Nyírő-Fekete, Zoltán Palotai, Zsófia Lovász, Z. Pirger, S. Szoboszlay","doi":"10.3390/w16071014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16071014","url":null,"abstract":"The concentration of microplastics (MPs) in two important Hungarian freshwater habitats was determined in the size range of 50 μm–1 mm. Lake Balaton (LB) is the largest shallow lake in Central Europe, with a significant role in recreation and tourism. Its main inflow, the Zala River, enters the lake through an artificially constructed wetland, the Kis-Balaton Water Protection System and its catchment area (KB), which helps preserve the water quality of the lake. From these two areas, 15 samples were taken with an in situ filtration sampling method. After preparation, the samples were analyzed automatically by FT-IR microscopy. All samples, from both areas, contained MPs; the dominant microplastic (MP) shape was the fragment, while the most frequently polymer types were polyethylene, polypropylene and alkyd. Small MPs were dominant in both areas; around 90% of the MPs were smaller than 500 μm. On average, LB contained more MPs (21.0 ± 12.5 MPs/m3) compared to the KB, which presented an average concentration of MPs of 7.8 ± 5.9 MPs/m3. In the examined areas, two potential MP sources were determined, i.e., treated wastewater and road traffic. The importance of tourism should also be further investigated.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"28 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140360692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Role of Iron Minerals in the Preservation of Organic Carbon in Mangrove Sediments 铁矿物在红树林沉积物中保存有机碳的作用

Water Pub Date : 2024-03-31 DOI: 10.3390/w16071011

Kang Li, Huamei Huang, Di Dong, Shengpeng Zhang, Ran Yan

{"title":"The Role of Iron Minerals in the Preservation of Organic Carbon in Mangrove Sediments","authors":"Kang Li, Huamei Huang, Di Dong, Shengpeng Zhang, Ran Yan","doi":"10.3390/w16071011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16071011","url":null,"abstract":"Although mangrove forests occupy only 0.5% of the global coastal area, they account for 10–15% of coastal organic carbon (OC) storage, and 49–98% of OC is stored in sediments. The biogeochemistry of iron minerals and OC in marine sediments is closely related. To better reveal the role of iron minerals in OC preservation in mangrove sediments, an established dithionite–citrate–bicarbonate (DCB) extraction method was used to extract iron-bound OC (Fe-OC), and then the parameters of OC, Fe-OC, iron content, carbon isotopes, infrared spectroscopy, and XRD diffractions of sediments at a 1 m depth in four typical mangrove communities in the Gaoqiao Mangrove Reserve, Guangdong, China, were systematically measured. XRD diffractograms showed that the iron minerals in mangrove sediments may mainly exist in the form of goethite, which is consistent with the predominant types of iron minerals in marine sediments. About 10% of OC is directly bound to iron, and it is further estimated that about 2.4 × 1012–3.8 × 1012 g OC is preserved in global mangrove forests each year based on the high burial rate of OC in mangrove sediments. Lower Fe-OC/OC molar ratios indicated that iron mainly binds to OC via adsorption mechanisms. More depleted δ13CFe-OC relative to δ13Cbulk indicated that iron minerals are mainly associated with terrigenous OM, and the infrared spectra also revealed that iron minerals preferentially bind to terrigenous aromatic carbon. This work supports the “giant rusty sponge” view, elucidating that iron plays an important role in the preservation of OC in mangrove sediments.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"9 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140358627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Importance of Nonconventional Water Resources under Water Scarcity 缺水情况下非常规水资源的重要性

Water Pub Date : 2024-03-31 DOI: 10.3390/w16071015

A. Angelakis, G. Tchobanoglous, A. Capodaglio, V. Tzanakakis

引用次数: 0

Environmental Monitoring of Pig Slurry Ponds Using Geochemical and Geoelectrical Techniques 利用地球化学和地球电学技术对猪粪池进行环境监测

Water Pub Date : 2024-03-31 DOI: 10.3390/w16071016

X. Capa-Camacho, P. Martínez-Pagán, José A. Acosta, M. Martínez-Segura, M. Vásconez-Maza, Á. Faz

{"title":"Environmental Monitoring of Pig Slurry Ponds Using Geochemical and Geoelectrical Techniques","authors":"X. Capa-Camacho, P. Martínez-Pagán, José A. Acosta, M. Martínez-Segura, M. Vásconez-Maza, Á. Faz","doi":"10.3390/w16071016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16071016","url":null,"abstract":"The efficient management of slurry, which is a by-product rich in nutrients derived from feces, urine, cleaning water, and animal waste that stands out for its high concentration of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, is of vital importance, highlighting the importance of slurry management in storage ponds, which. The Murcia–Spain region has an important number of pig farms. Hence, infrastructures dedicated to managing by-products are necessary to prevent environmental pollution and eutrophication of groundwater. The aim of a recent study was to evaluate the relationship between electrical values and geochemical parameters of pig slurry stored in a pond using ERT and geochemical analysis. In addition, the study was designed to monitor the pond to determine the geochemical characteristics of the slurry and to assess the risk of lateral contamination. The study results indicate a noticeable decrease in electrical resistivity values at 0.4 and 1.6 m depth in surveys 1 and 2. The reduction ranges from 50 to 100 percent. This paper presents a new method for monitoring slurry ponds using electrical resistivity tomography. This non-invasive method provides detailed information on the distribution and characteristics of the fluids, as well as a clear picture of the electrical resistivity of the subsurface.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"6 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140359758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Frequency-Based Flood Risk Assessment and Mapping of a Densely Populated Kano City in Sub-Saharan Africa Using MOVE Framework 利用 MOVE 框架对撒哈拉以南非洲人口稠密的卡诺市进行基于频率的洪水风险评估和绘图

Water Pub Date : 2024-03-31 DOI: 10.3390/w16071013

A. Aldrees, Abdulrasheed Mohammed, Salisu Dan’azumi, S. I. Abba

{"title":"Frequency-Based Flood Risk Assessment and Mapping of a Densely Populated Kano City in Sub-Saharan Africa Using MOVE Framework","authors":"A. Aldrees, Abdulrasheed Mohammed, Salisu Dan’azumi, S. I. Abba","doi":"10.3390/w16071013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16071013","url":null,"abstract":"Flooding is a major environmental problem facing urban cities, causing varying degrees of damage to properties and disruption to socio-economic activities. Nigeria is the most populous African country and Kano metropolis is the second largest urban center in Nigeria, and the most populated in Northern Nigeria. The aim of the paper was to conduct a flood risk assessment of Kano metropolis. The city is divided into two hydrological basins: the Challawa and Jakara basins. Flood frequency analyses for 2 to 100-year return periods were carried out for both the basins using a Log-Pearson Type III distribution and flood inundation and hazard mapping was carried out. The social vulnerability to flooding of both basins was assessed using the method for the improvement of vulnerability assessment in Europe (MOVE) framework. Flood risk was determined as a product of flood hazard and flood vulnerability. The results showed that areas of 50.91 and 40.56 km2 were vulnerable to a 100-year flood. The flood risk map for the two basins showed that 10.50 km2 and 14.23 km2 of land in Challawa and Jakara basins, respectively, was affected by the risk of a 100-year flood, out of which 11.48 km2 covers built-up areas. As the city is densely populated, with a population density of well over 20,000 persons per square kilometer in the highly built-up locations, this means that much more than 230,000 persons will be affected by the flood risk in the two basins.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"21 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140360591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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