Water最新文献

{"title":"Simulation of the Entire Process of an Interbasin Water Transfer Project for Flow Routing","authors":"Xiangmin Ye, Yimin Wang, Zhengyi Xie, Mengdi Huang","doi":"10.3390/w16040572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16040572","url":null,"abstract":"The flow routing process plays a crucial role in underpinning the execution of real-time operations within interbasin water transfer projects (IWTPs). However, the water transfer process within the supplying area is significantly affected by the time lag of water flow over extended distances, which results in a misalignment with the water demand process in the receiving area. Hence, there is an imperative need to investigate the flow routing patterns in long-distance water transfer processes. While MIKE11(2014 version) software and the Muskingum method are proficient in simulating flow routing within a water transfer network, they fall short in addressing issues arising from mixed free-surface-pressure flows in water transfer pipelines. This study enhanced the capabilities of the MIKE11(2014 version) software and the Muskingum method by introducing the Preissmann virtual narrow gap method to tackle the challenge of simulating mixed free-surface-pressure flows, a task unattainable by the model independently. This approach provides a clear elucidation of hydraulic characteristics within the water transfer network, encompassing flow rates and routing times. Furthermore, this is integrated with the Muskingum inverse method to compute the actual water demand process within the supplying area. This methodology is implemented in the context of the Han River to Wei River Diversion Project (HTWDP). The research findings reveal that the routing time for the Qinling water conveyance tunnel, under maximum design flow rate conditions, is 12.78 h, while for the south and north main lines, it stands at 15.85 and 20.15 h, respectively. These results underscore the significance of the time lag effect in long-distance water conveyance. It is noteworthy that the average errors between simulated and calculated values for the south and north main lines in the flow routing process are 0.45 m³/s and 0.51 m³/s, respectively. Compared to not using the Preissmann virtual narrow gap method, these errors are reduced by 59.82% and 70.35%, indicating a significant decrease in the discrepancy between simulated and calculated values through the adoption of the Preissmann virtual narrow gap method. This substantially improves the model’s fitting accuracy. Furthermore, the KGE indices for the flow routing model are all above 0.5, and the overall trend of the reverse flow routing process closely aligns with the simulated process. The relative errors for most time periods are constrained within a 5% range, demonstrating the reasonability and precision of the model.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"35 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139776026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of the Entire Process of an Interbasin Water Transfer Project for Flow Routing","authors":"Xiangmin Ye, Yimin Wang, Zhengyi Xie, Mengdi Huang","doi":"10.3390/w16040572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16040572","url":null,"abstract":"The flow routing process plays a crucial role in underpinning the execution of real-time operations within interbasin water transfer projects (IWTPs). However, the water transfer process within the supplying area is significantly affected by the time lag of water flow over extended distances, which results in a misalignment with the water demand process in the receiving area. Hence, there is an imperative need to investigate the flow routing patterns in long-distance water transfer processes. While MIKE11(2014 version) software and the Muskingum method are proficient in simulating flow routing within a water transfer network, they fall short in addressing issues arising from mixed free-surface-pressure flows in water transfer pipelines. This study enhanced the capabilities of the MIKE11(2014 version) software and the Muskingum method by introducing the Preissmann virtual narrow gap method to tackle the challenge of simulating mixed free-surface-pressure flows, a task unattainable by the model independently. This approach provides a clear elucidation of hydraulic characteristics within the water transfer network, encompassing flow rates and routing times. Furthermore, this is integrated with the Muskingum inverse method to compute the actual water demand process within the supplying area. This methodology is implemented in the context of the Han River to Wei River Diversion Project (HTWDP). The research findings reveal that the routing time for the Qinling water conveyance tunnel, under maximum design flow rate conditions, is 12.78 h, while for the south and north main lines, it stands at 15.85 and 20.15 h, respectively. These results underscore the significance of the time lag effect in long-distance water conveyance. It is noteworthy that the average errors between simulated and calculated values for the south and north main lines in the flow routing process are 0.45 m³/s and 0.51 m³/s, respectively. Compared to not using the Preissmann virtual narrow gap method, these errors are reduced by 59.82% and 70.35%, indicating a significant decrease in the discrepancy between simulated and calculated values through the adoption of the Preissmann virtual narrow gap method. This substantially improves the model’s fitting accuracy. Furthermore, the KGE indices for the flow routing model are all above 0.5, and the overall trend of the reverse flow routing process closely aligns with the simulated process. The relative errors for most time periods are constrained within a 5% range, demonstrating the reasonability and precision of the model.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"646 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139835649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Reintroduction of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario) in the Upper Scheldt River Basin (Flanders, Belgium): Success or Failure?","authors":"P. Boets, A. Dillen, Johan Auwerx, Mechtild Zoeter Vanpoucke, Wim Van Nieuwenhuyze, E. Poelman, Peter Goethals","doi":"10.3390/w16040533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16040533","url":null,"abstract":"In 2017, the reintroduction of juvenile brown trout in the southwestern part of Flanders (the Zwalm River basin) (Belgium) was initiated. Monitoring during the subsequent years indicated that the released juveniles survived and matured, indicating that sufficient food and good habitat conditions were available. Despite recent fulfilment of free fish migration within the Zwalm River basin and several spawning habitats being present, no natural reproduction of brown trout could be observed. To obtain more insight into the reproduction and maturing of brown trout eggs under natural conditions, an in situ experiment was conducted during 3 consecutive years at 10 different sites within the river basin. The results of our research indicated that egg survival was generally low (<5%). The main causes are most likely a heavy sediment load hampering sufficient oxygen and clean water flow through the redds. In this basin, the sediment load originates mainly from agricultural fields during heavy rain events and consequential run-off. Creating grassy and/or woody buffer strips along watercourses, in combination with changes in agricultural practices, is needed to be able to build up a viable and self-sustaining population of brown trout and also, in a larger context, of other rheophilic fish species.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139790775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Nitrification Kinetics and Diversity of Canonical Nitrifiers and Comammox Bacteria in a Moving Bed Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor—A Long-Term Study","authors":"O. Zając, M. Żubrowska-Sudoł, Martyna Godzieba, S. Ciesielski","doi":"10.3390/w16040534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16040534","url":null,"abstract":"A lab-scale pure moving bed sequencing batch biofilm reactor (MBSBBR) was employed to investigate changes in nitrification kinetics and microbial diversity. The MBSBBR operated under different aeration strategies (defined by the ratio of the duration of the subphases with (t1) and without (t2) aeration (R = t2/t1)) − continuous (R = 0) and intermittent (with constant time of non-aerated subphases (t2 = 10 min) and variable duration of subphases with aeration (t1 = 40 min–R = 1/4, t1 = 30 min–R = 1/3, t1 = 20 min–R = 1/2) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (6 mg/L; 3.5 mg/L). Moreover, the reactor’s organic (OLR) and nitrogen (NLR) loading rates were changed in the following ranges: OLR—537–402 gCOD/m3·d, NLR—64–48 gN/m3·d. The obtained results showed that, irrespective of changes introduced in particular series, a highly effective nitrification process (93.36 ± 2.13%) was achieved. The activity of bacteria capable of oxidizing ammonia nitrogen changed differently from that of bacteria capable of oxidizing nitrites (NOB). An increase in R was the primary factor changing the activity of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms. NOB activity was affected only by the reduction of OLR and NLR. NOB were the predominant bacterial group, consistent with the kinetics studies. A DO decrease caused an increase in the abundance of AOB, NOB, and Comammox bacteria. Comammox bacteria were the most abundant at R = 1/2 and DO = 3.5 mg/L.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139793479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Flow Identification in Flood Frequency Analysis: A Case Study for Eastern Australia","authors":"L. Rima, K. Haddad, A. Rahman","doi":"10.3390/w16040535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16040535","url":null,"abstract":"Design flood estimation is an essential step in many water engineering design tasks such as the planning and design of infrastructure to reduce flood damage. Flood frequency analysis (FFA) is widely used in estimating design floods when the at-site flood data length is adequate. One of the problems in FFA with an annual maxima (AM) modeling approach is deciding how to handle smaller discharge values (outliers) in the selected AM flood series at a given station. The objective of this paper is to explore how the practice of censoring (which involves adjusting for smaller discharge values in FFA) affects flood quantile estimates in FFA. In this regard, two commonly used probability distributions, log-Pearson type 3 (LP3) and generalized extreme value distribution (GEV), are used. The multiple Grubbs and Beck (MGB) test is used to identify low-flow outliers in the selected AM flood series at 582 Australian stream gauging stations. It is found that censoring is required for 71% of the selected stations in using the MGB test with the LP3 distribution. The differences in flood quantile estimates between LP3 (with MGB test and censoring) and GEV distribution (without censoring) increase as the return period reduces. A modest correlation is found (for South Australian catchments) between censoring and the selected catchment characteristics (correlation coefficient: 0.43), with statistically significant associations for the mean annual rainfall and catchment shape factor. The findings of this study will be useful to practicing hydrologists in Australia and other countries to estimate design floods using AM flood data by FFA. Moreover, it may assist in updating Australian Rainfall and Runoff (national guide).","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139791725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Reintroduction of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario) in the Upper Scheldt River Basin (Flanders, Belgium): Success or Failure?","authors":"P. Boets, A. Dillen, Johan Auwerx, Mechtild Zoeter Vanpoucke, Wim Van Nieuwenhuyze, E. Poelman, Peter Goethals","doi":"10.3390/w16040533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16040533","url":null,"abstract":"In 2017, the reintroduction of juvenile brown trout in the southwestern part of Flanders (the Zwalm River basin) (Belgium) was initiated. Monitoring during the subsequent years indicated that the released juveniles survived and matured, indicating that sufficient food and good habitat conditions were available. Despite recent fulfilment of free fish migration within the Zwalm River basin and several spawning habitats being present, no natural reproduction of brown trout could be observed. To obtain more insight into the reproduction and maturing of brown trout eggs under natural conditions, an in situ experiment was conducted during 3 consecutive years at 10 different sites within the river basin. The results of our research indicated that egg survival was generally low (<5%). The main causes are most likely a heavy sediment load hampering sufficient oxygen and clean water flow through the redds. In this basin, the sediment load originates mainly from agricultural fields during heavy rain events and consequential run-off. Creating grassy and/or woody buffer strips along watercourses, in combination with changes in agricultural practices, is needed to be able to build up a viable and self-sustaining population of brown trout and also, in a larger context, of other rheophilic fish species.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"94 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139850901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Nitrification Kinetics and Diversity of Canonical Nitrifiers and Comammox Bacteria in a Moving Bed Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor—A Long-Term Study","authors":"O. Zając, M. Żubrowska-Sudoł, Martyna Godzieba, S. Ciesielski","doi":"10.3390/w16040534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16040534","url":null,"abstract":"A lab-scale pure moving bed sequencing batch biofilm reactor (MBSBBR) was employed to investigate changes in nitrification kinetics and microbial diversity. The MBSBBR operated under different aeration strategies (defined by the ratio of the duration of the subphases with (t1) and without (t2) aeration (R = t2/t1)) − continuous (R = 0) and intermittent (with constant time of non-aerated subphases (t2 = 10 min) and variable duration of subphases with aeration (t1 = 40 min–R = 1/4, t1 = 30 min–R = 1/3, t1 = 20 min–R = 1/2) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (6 mg/L; 3.5 mg/L). Moreover, the reactor’s organic (OLR) and nitrogen (NLR) loading rates were changed in the following ranges: OLR—537–402 gCOD/m3·d, NLR—64–48 gN/m3·d. The obtained results showed that, irrespective of changes introduced in particular series, a highly effective nitrification process (93.36 ± 2.13%) was achieved. The activity of bacteria capable of oxidizing ammonia nitrogen changed differently from that of bacteria capable of oxidizing nitrites (NOB). An increase in R was the primary factor changing the activity of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms. NOB activity was affected only by the reduction of OLR and NLR. NOB were the predominant bacterial group, consistent with the kinetics studies. A DO decrease caused an increase in the abundance of AOB, NOB, and Comammox bacteria. Comammox bacteria were the most abundant at R = 1/2 and DO = 3.5 mg/L.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139853327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Biological Processes for Dairy Wastewater Treatment and the Effect of Physical Parameters Which Affect Their Efficiency","authors":"Jyestha Ramsuroop, Laurah Gutu, Wasiu B. Ayinde, M. Basitere, M. Manono","doi":"10.3390/w16040537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16040537","url":null,"abstract":"The global dairy sector produces upwards of 900 million tonnes of milk each year, resulting in 2.25 billion tonnes of wastewater being generated. This is significant in the South African context as a large percentage of the population lives without reliable access to clean, reliable water. The treatment of dairy wastewater (DWW) in this context would help alleviate the unavailability for many people in this country. DWW has a high fat content along with a high chemical oxygen demand (COD), which makes it problematic to dispose of. Biological treatment processes have shown great success in the remediation of this water. However, these are not without their shortfalls. A variety of biological processes have been listed here as well as suggestions to improve their effectiveness. To improve the treatment efficiency, there are two main lines of thinking: First, to optimise the process through the manipulation of the physical parameters of the systems (e.g., temperature, pH, hydraulic retention time (HRT), agitation, etc.). Second, to add either pre-treatment or post-treatment processes to the main process to increase the effectiveness of the entire process overall. These different options have been discussed, with suggestions being made on the way forward.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"10 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139793572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Flow Identification in Flood Frequency Analysis: A Case Study for Eastern Australia","authors":"L. Rima, K. Haddad, A. Rahman","doi":"10.3390/w16040535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16040535","url":null,"abstract":"Design flood estimation is an essential step in many water engineering design tasks such as the planning and design of infrastructure to reduce flood damage. Flood frequency analysis (FFA) is widely used in estimating design floods when the at-site flood data length is adequate. One of the problems in FFA with an annual maxima (AM) modeling approach is deciding how to handle smaller discharge values (outliers) in the selected AM flood series at a given station. The objective of this paper is to explore how the practice of censoring (which involves adjusting for smaller discharge values in FFA) affects flood quantile estimates in FFA. In this regard, two commonly used probability distributions, log-Pearson type 3 (LP3) and generalized extreme value distribution (GEV), are used. The multiple Grubbs and Beck (MGB) test is used to identify low-flow outliers in the selected AM flood series at 582 Australian stream gauging stations. It is found that censoring is required for 71% of the selected stations in using the MGB test with the LP3 distribution. The differences in flood quantile estimates between LP3 (with MGB test and censoring) and GEV distribution (without censoring) increase as the return period reduces. A modest correlation is found (for South Australian catchments) between censoring and the selected catchment characteristics (correlation coefficient: 0.43), with statistically significant associations for the mean annual rainfall and catchment shape factor. The findings of this study will be useful to practicing hydrologists in Australia and other countries to estimate design floods using AM flood data by FFA. Moreover, it may assist in updating Australian Rainfall and Runoff (national guide).","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"88 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139851537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A GIS Automated Tool for Morphometric Flood Analysis Based on the Horton–Strahler River Classification System","authors":"A. Enea, C. Stoleriu, M. Iosub, L. Niacsu","doi":"10.3390/w16040536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16040536","url":null,"abstract":"The development of human society over the past century has led to an explosion in population numbers and a migration of settlements to river valleys, which have become increasingly exposed to the risk of flooding. In this context, the scientific community has begun to work on identifying mathematical and spatial models that can help to identify areas at risk as quickly as possible. The present article is one that follows this objective, proposing an automatic model that can be implemented in ArcGIS and that aims to identify only areas at risk of flooding using a single file, the DEM. The novelty of this article and the usefulness of the method are given precisely by the fact that it is possible to quickly find out which areas may be exposed to flooding, i.e., water accumulations, only based on relief, which is extremely useful for local authorities. The analysis was conducted on all hierarchy orders, according to the Horton–Strahler classification system, for the entire Romanian territory. The results consist of a polygonal vector layer in shapefile format, containing an attribute table with all the initial, intermediary, and final calculations in separate numeric fields. Each parameter was normalized in order to obtain the final morphometric flood vulnerability score. Postprocessing these results involved applying a Principal Component Analysis to identify weights for the components that encompass all morphometric parameters. Each drainage basin reveals a dimensionless morphometric flood vulnerability score value that is comparable with all other basins in Romania.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"72 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139853693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}