Water最新文献

{"title":"Drivers of Daily Water Level Fluctuation of Shallow Groundwater in the Inner Delta of the River Danube","authors":"Balázs Trásy, Norbert Magyar, I. Hatvani, Tamás Garamhegyi, I. Kovács-Székely, J. Kovács, Tímea Trásy-Havril","doi":"10.3390/w16142011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16142011","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater flow systems are influenced by the changes in surface waters as well as climatic factors. These teleconnections significantly increase in cases of extreme weather conditions. To prepare and mitigate the effect of such phenomena, the background factors that create and influence natural processes must be recognized. In the present study, 94 shallow groundwater (SGW) wells’ water level time series were analyzed in the inner delta of the River Danube (Europe) the Szigetköz region to explore which factors contribute to the development of diurnal periodicity of SGW and what its drivers are. The relationship between surface meteorological processes and SGW dynamics in the Szigetköz region was investigated using hourly data from monitoring wells. Hourly water temperature data exhibited weak correlations with meteorological parameters. However, daily averaged data revealed stronger correlations, particularly between SGW levels and air temperature and potential evapotranspiration. Diurnal periodicity in SGW fluctuations correlated strongly with potential evapotranspiration. The study also demonstrated the role of capillary fringe dynamics in linking surface evapotranspiration with SGW fluctuations. Changes in groundwater levels, even small, can significantly affect soil moisture, vegetation, and ecosystem functioning, highlighting the sensitivity of the unsaturated zone to SGW fluctuations driven by surface processes.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141640690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limnological Characteristics and Relationships with Primary Productivity in Two High Andean Hydroelectric Reservoirs in Ecuador","authors":"Gonzalo Sotomayor, Andrés Alvarado, Jorge Romero, Carlos López, Marta Aguilar, M. Forio, Peter L. M. Goethals","doi":"10.3390/w16142012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16142012","url":null,"abstract":"Studies on limnology are essential to reservoir management; nevertheless, few are known about the limnological features of the Andean reservoirs in Ecuador. To overcome this limitation in the information, from December 2018 to December 2019, the limnological characteristics of El Labrado and Chanlud reservoirs in the Machángara river basin (Ecuador south) were examined. Using the light/dark bottles technique, the primary productivity (PP) of phytoplankton was studied in conjunction with (1) vertical profiles of oxygen concentrations, water temperature, nitrogen, phosphorus, alkalinity, and heterotrophic bacteria; (2) Secchi disk transparency; and (3) meteorological factors such as wind force, precipitation, and water level. Data indicate that both reservoirs are polymictic, with alkaline waters, low nutrients, and low PP rates. Despite this, a principal component analysis revealed that Chanlud exhibits higher nitrogen, alkalinity, heterotrophic bacteria, and PP values. In two approaches through multiple linear regression analysis, each per reservoir, the PP was explained mainly by water temperature, depth, light, heterotrophic bacteria, and meteorological parameters. The low concentrations of nutrients and the low residency time explain the low PP values. Likewise, the altitudinal factor (i.e., both reservoirs are 3400 m above sea level) and the low human perturbations in surrounding reservoir zones play a crucial role in explaining their poor PP. Notwithstanding the low metabolic rates, clear seasonal trends were observed in both reservoirs; the lowest PP rates occurred during the cold season. To our knowledge, this is the first limnological study of high Andean reservoirs in Ecuador. These findings should be part of Andean reservoir management protocols, contributing significantly to local conservation efforts. Additionally, they could be extrapolated as a frame of reference to similar eco-hydrological systems.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"25 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141644147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying Microbial Source Tracking Techniques for Identification of Pathways of Faecal Pollution from Water Sources to Point of Use in Vhembe District, South Africa","authors":"Opelo Tlotlo Wryl Mochware, Mathoto-Lydia Thaoge-Zwane, M. Momba","doi":"10.3390/w16142014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16142014","url":null,"abstract":"A safe water supply is a necessity, but it remains one of the backlogs of services rendered in rural areas of developing countries. This leads to vulnerable communities using water from available sources that is unsafe as it is contaminated with faecal matter. Microbial source tracking (MST) methods are gold-standard techniques that detect the exact sources of faecal contamination. This study, therefore, tracked and identified the exact sources of faecal contamination from the catchment to the point of use in rural areas of Vhembe District Municipality. Collected water samples (n = 1048) were concentrated by membrane filtration for the enumeration and detection of E. coli, followed by DNA extraction. The extracted DNA was subjected to a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to track target host-specific Bacteroidales genetic markers from the water source to the point of use. Rivers and dams exhibited maximum E. coli counts of up to 90 CFU/100 mL during the wet season and up to 50 CFU/100 mL during the dry season. Due to the effective treatment of these water sources, no E. coli bacteria were detected in any of the sampled municipal drinking water treatment plants at the point of treatment, while this indicator bacterium was detected at the point of use (households), with a maximum of 4 CFU/100 mL recorded during both the wet and dry seasons. Overall, the most prevalent MST marker exhibited during the wet season was BacCan (dog-associated, 6.87%), followed by BacCow (cow-associated, 5.53%), while Pig-2-Bac (pig-associated, 2.48%) was the least prevalent. The most prevalent marker exhibited during the dry season was BacCan (5.34%), followed by BacCow, with Pig-2-Bac (1.72%) being the least prevalent. A positive correlation (r = 0.31, p = 0.001) was established between the presence of the MST markers and detected E. coli from water sources to the point of use. The knowledge of the faecal contamination attributes in both public and domestic domains will assist in developing prevention and control strategies.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"1 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141641836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scalable and Interpretable Forecasting of Hydrological Time Series Based on Variational Gaussian Processes","authors":"J. D. Pastrana-Cortés, J. Gil-Gonzalez, A. Álvarez-Meza, D. Cárdenas-Peña, Á. Orozco-Gutiérrez","doi":"10.3390/w16142006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16142006","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate streamflow forecasting is crucial for effectively managing water resources, particularly in countries like Colombia, where hydroelectric power generation significantly contributes to the national energy grid. Although highly interpretable, traditional deterministic, physically-driven models often suffer from complexity and require extensive parameterization. Data-driven models like Linear Autoregressive (LAR) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks offer simplicity and performance but cannot quantify uncertainty. This work introduces Sparse Variational Gaussian Processes (SVGPs) for forecasting streamflow contributions. The proposed SVGP model reduces computational complexity compared to traditional Gaussian Processes, making it highly scalable for large datasets. The methodology employs optimal hyperparameters and shared inducing points to capture short-term and long-term relationships among reservoirs. Training, validation, and analysis of the proposed approach consider the streamflow dataset from 23 geographically dispersed reservoirs recorded during twelve years in Colombia. Performance assessment reveals that the proposal outperforms baseline Linear Autoregressive (LAR) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models in three key aspects: adaptability to changing dynamics, provision of informative confidence intervals through Bayesian inference, and enhanced forecasting accuracy. Therefore, the SVGP-based forecasting methodology offers a scalable and interpretable solution for multi-output streamflow forecasting, thereby contributing to more effective water resource management and hydroelectric planning.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"23 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141646973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Water Hammer Characteristics of Long-Distance Water Pipelines under Different Water Supply Modes","authors":"Yongzhi Wang, Tao Wang, Yunlong Ran, Xiaolei Zhang, Xiaoyi Guo, Shuyu Liu","doi":"10.3390/w16142008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16142008","url":null,"abstract":"The pressure characteristics of long-distance water pipelines during hydraulic transient processes are crucial for ensuring the safe, stable, and long-term operation of water transfer projects. This paper establishes a one-dimensional mathematical model based on sections of the Yinjiangjihuai long-distance water diversion project in China. The water supply requirements of the pipelines are categorized into two replenishment modes as follows: gravity supply and pump-pressurized water supply. The opening and closing strategies of the water pipelines under different flow conditions are simulated and analyzed to explore the hydraulic transient processes under various water supply modes. The transient variations of key hydraulic parameters during valve closure are clarified. Simulation results indicate that the water pipeline design is reasonable, meeting the water supply demands at relatively low Manning values and that it has the capability for long-term supply. Due to the excessive head provided by the pumps, pump-pressurized water supply and gravity supply modes cannot operate simultaneously. Under gravity supply mode, the minimum pressure in the downstream pipeline is relatively higher overall, while the maximum pressure in the upstream pipeline is relatively lower overall. In the pump-pressurized water supply mode, the safety and stability of the water supply can be ensured by adjusting the closing time of individual pumps and the interval time between adjacent pumps. The research findings provide technical guidance and scientific basis for the construction of national water networks and water transfer projects.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141645931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation and Comparison of Five Long-Term Precipitation Datasets in the Hang-Jia-Hu Plain of Eastern China","authors":"Kunxin Wang, Yaohui Qiang, Wei Nie, Peng Gou, Feng Wang, Yang Liu, Xuepeng Zhang, Tianyu Zhou, Siyu Wang","doi":"10.3390/w16142003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16142003","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzed the applicability of five long-term precipitation datasets in the Hang-Jia-Hu Plain of eastern China based on meteorological observation data. The accuracy of each dataset at different time scales (yearly, monthly) was analyzed. Besides, their spatiotemporal distributions and differences in precipitation event frequency were also compared. The results indicate that the high-resolution (1 day, 1 km) and long-term (1961–2019) gridded dataset for temperature and precipitation across China (HRLT) exhibited the best overall performance at the annual scale, while the long-term, gauge-based gridded precipitation dataset for the Chinese mainland (CHM_PRE) performed the best at the monthly scale. The dataset of monthly precipitation with a resolution of 1 km in China from 1960 to 2020 (HHU) and the China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD) tend to overestimate the local precipitation amounts, while the other three products are characterized by an underestimation. The mean result of the five datasets indicates a slight, statistically insignificant rise in precipitation, by 4.19 mm annually, with an overall multi-year average of 1303.28 mm. The analysis of the five datasets successfully captures the spatial precipitation patterns across the Hang-Jia-Hu Plain, characterized by higher precipitation levels in the southwest and lower in the northeast. Although the interannual variability displays general consistency, there are significant discrepancies in the interannual growth rates and the spatial distribution of significance across different regions. This study can provide a reference for the accuracy of precipitation data in the fields of hydrology, meteorology, agriculture, and ecology, facilitating the analysis of uncertainties in related research.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"41 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141644996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Participation of Local Communities in the Management of Post-Mine Areas in Cities","authors":"I. Józefowicz, Hanna Michniewicz-Ankiersztajn, M. Rurek","doi":"10.3390/w16142007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16142007","url":null,"abstract":"The management of post-mining reservoirs as part of urban blue infrastructure is linked to the implementation of pro-environmental policies at different levels (from local–municipal to European). Local communities, as beneficiaries of measures taken by city authorities, recognise the need for active participation in decision-making processes. They engage in making decisions on blue spaces in urban areas. These include public and natural watercourses and their surroundings, but also water-filled basins of various origins, including post-mining pits. This paper strives to answer how local communities are involved in activities for developing and managing post-mine areas filled with water within city limits. The methods used (including field observation, spatial analyses, and desk research) allowed us to classify post-mining pits according to their functions and the degree of social participation in their development process. The analysed post-mining pits were divided into three groups. The first group consisted of pit reservoirs transformed with the participation of local inhabitants into recreational grounds. The second comprised reservoirs transformed under local zoning plans (with residents consulted) expected to ultimately prop up the city’s green infrastructure. In turn, the third group consists of quasi-natural reservoirs deemed natural enclaves by city residents. The environmental analysis showed that pits were naturalised. One of them was subject to legal protection on account of biodiversity. Post-mine areas in Bydgoszcz play an important environmental role, and some are integral recreational sites, e.g., the Balaton reservoir. They materially affect the inhabitants’ daily contact with nature, which improves life quality.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141648231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneity of Biochemical Parameters of Non-Native Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Spawners at the Beginning of Up-River Movements","authors":"E. Ganzha, Dmitry S. Pavlov, Efim D. Pavlov","doi":"10.3390/w16142000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16142000","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decades, non-native pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha successfully spread and occupied the rivers of the White Sea basin. We studied twenty-two blood parameters characterizing lipid metabolism, osmoregulation, energy exchange, and steroidogenesis at the crucial time point of pink salmon spawning migration: the passage of the critical salinity barrier in the estuary, preceding the migration upstream of the Umba River. The heterogeneity of biochemical parameters of non-native pink salmon predominantly was demonstrated in sexual dimorphism. We attributed this result to two main processes: maturation features and different timings of fish running from seawater to freshwater. Maturation features were characterized by differences between females and males in concentrations of estradiol-17β, triglycerides, and alanine aminotransferase. Both sexes had increased levels of cortisol due to changes in fish osmoregulation. Females had higher levels of cortisol, total protein, and calcium in comparison with males, which indicated that pink salmon females run to the river later than males.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"93 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141647190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responses of Soil Moisture to Gully Land Consolidation in Asian Areas with Monsoon Climate","authors":"Mingyi Lin, Jing Zhang, Guofan Cao, Hao Han, Zhao Jin, Da Luo, Guang Zeng","doi":"10.3390/w16142001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16142001","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater resources are essential for sustaining ecosystems and human activities, especially under the pressures of climate change. This study employed Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) to assess the impact of Gully Land Consolidation (GLC) engineering on the groundwater hydrological field of small watersheds in the China Loess Plateau (CLP). Results revealed ample subsurface water storage in backfilled areas, primarily migrating along the original river path owing to topographical limitations. Although the distribution patterns of soil moisture in each backfilling block varied slightly, the boundaries of soil moisture content and variation mainly appeared at depths of 8 m and 20 m underground. Significant moisture variation occurred across the 0–20 m underground layers, suggesting the 8–20 m layer could function as a groundwater collection zone in the study area. Human activities could disturb groundwater, altering migration pathways from the original river path. An optimized “Drainage–Conveyance–Barrier” system is proposed to enhance GLC sustainability, involving upstream groundwater level control, midstream soil moisture management, and downstream hydrological connectivity improvement. These findings carry substantial implications for guiding the planning and execution of GLC engineering initiatives. The novelty of this study lies in its application of ERT to provide a detailed spatial and temporal understanding of soil moisture dynamics in the GLC areas. Future research should focus on factors such as soil types and topographical changes for a comprehensive assessment of GLC’s impact on small watershed groundwater hydrology.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"14 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141648106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Urban Flood Forecasting: Integrating Weather Forecasts and Hydrological Models","authors":"Yebing Liu, Luoyang Wang, Yihan Lou, Tangao Hu, Jiaxi Wu, Huiyan Xu","doi":"10.3390/w16142004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16142004","url":null,"abstract":"Precipitation data in urban hydrological models are derived from an ideal stormwater model, which has some uncertainties and limited prediction times. Therefore, to reliably forecast urban flooding, prolong prediction time periods, and better support associated research in urban flood forecasting, a combination of weather forecasts and urban hydrology is necessary. By applying comprehensive cloud microphysical schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to the predecessor torrential rainfall associated with Typhoon Khanun (2017), this study evaluated different configurations of atmospheric-hydrological simulations based on the WRF model and InfoWorks ICM. Results showed that the microphysics scheme could significantly affect spatial and temporal distributions of the simulated torrential rainfall. Generally, the combination of WRF and NSSL schemes produced better performance. Applying the NSSL scheme to the WRF model and combining it with the InfoWorks ICM system can reproduce torrential rainfall and urban flood formations.","PeriodicalId":509004,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141648931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}