{"title":"The social transformation of American medical education: class, status, and party influences on occupational closure, 1902–1919.","authors":"Richard M Weiss, Lynn E Miller","doi":"10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01183.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01183.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Applying Weber's theorizing on action and stratification, this study examines whether the early 20th-century extinction of half of the medical schools in the United States resulted from actions intended to serve class, status, and party interests by achieving social closure. Analyses reveal closure intentions in the school ratings assigned by the American Medical Association, although not in the recommendations in the 1910 Carnegie-sponsored Flexner report. In contrast to claims that schools failed largely because of economic exigencies, analyses indicate that failures were influenced by the AMA's and Flexner's assessments, as well as by state regulatory regimes and school characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":508532,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Quarterly","volume":"51 4","pages":"550-75"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01183.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29346168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bare market: campus sex ratios, romantic relationships, and sexual behavior.","authors":"Jeremy E Uecker, Mark D Regnerus","doi":"10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01177.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01177.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using a nationally representative sample of college women, we evaluate the effect of campus sex ratios on women's relationship attitudes and behaviors. Our results suggest that women on campuses where they comprise a higher proportion of the student body give more negative appraisals of campus men and relationships, go on fewer traditional dates, are less likely to have had a college boyfriend, and are more likely to be sexually active. These effects appear to stem both from decreased dyadic power among women on campuses where they are more numerous and from their increased difficulty locating a partner on such campuses.</p>","PeriodicalId":508532,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Quarterly","volume":"51 3","pages":"408-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130599/pdf/nihms297784.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29105641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James R Elliott, Timothy J Haney, Petrice Sams-Abiodun
{"title":"Limits to social capital: comparing network assistance in two New Orleans neighborhoods devastated by Hurricane Katrina.","authors":"James R Elliott, Timothy J Haney, Petrice Sams-Abiodun","doi":"10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01186.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01186.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sociological research emphasizes that personal networks offer social resources in times of need and that this capacity varies by the social position of those involved. Yet rarely are sociologists able to make direct comparisons of such inequalities. This study overcomes this methodological challenge by examining network activation among residents of two unequal neighborhoods severely devastated by Hurricane Katrina. Results indicate that local network capacities of Lower Ninth Ward residents relative to those of the more affluent Lakeview neighborhood dissipated before, during, and after the disaster to erode the life chances of individual residents and the neighborhood they once constituted.</p>","PeriodicalId":508532,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Quarterly","volume":"51 4","pages":"624-48"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01186.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29346170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The rise of the eclectic cultural consumer in Denmark, 1964-2004.","authors":"Mads Meier Jaeger, Tally Katz-Gerro","doi":"10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01175.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01175.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Existing research on cultural stratification and consumption patterns rarely presents a cross-time comparative perspective and rarely goes back before the 1980s. This article employs a unique series of surveys on cultural participation collected in Denmark over the period 1964-2004 to map the historical development of three distinct cultural consumption groups (eclectic, moderate, limited) also identified in previous research. We report two major findings. First, the eclectic (or \"omnivorous\") cultural consumption group existed as far back as the 1960s and has since the 1980s comprised about 10 percent of the Danish population. Second, the major stratification variables-income, education, and social class-are strong predictors of cultural eclecticism in Denmark, and the predictive power of these stratification variables appears not to have declined in any substantive way over the past 40 years.</p>","PeriodicalId":508532,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Quarterly","volume":"51 3","pages":"460-83"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01175.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29121974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Teresa Toguchi Swartz, Amy Blackstone, Christopher Uggen, Heather McLaughlin
{"title":"WELFARE AND CITIZENSHIP: THE EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE ON YOUNG ADULTS' CIVIC PARTICIPATION.","authors":"Teresa Toguchi Swartz, Amy Blackstone, Christopher Uggen, Heather McLaughlin","doi":"10.1111/j.1533-8525.2009.01154.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1533-8525.2009.01154.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent scholarship and public discourse highlight an apparent waning of civic engagement in the United States. Although the welfare state is generally thought to support democracy by reducing economic inequality, it may paradoxically contribute to political disempowerment of some groups. We examine the effects of state interventions on civic participation among young adults, hypothesizing that involvement with stigmatizing social programs, such as welfare, reduces political engagement while receipt of non-stigmatizing government assistance does not dampen civic involvement. Using official voting records and survey data from the Youth Development Study (YDS), a longitudinal community sample of young adults, a series of regression models suggests that welfare recipients are less likely to vote than non-recipients, whereas recipients of non-means tested government assistance participate similarly to young adults who do not receive government help. These effects hold even when background factors, self-efficacy, and prior voting behavior are controlled. Welfare receipt is not associated, however, with suppressed participation in non-state arenas such as volunteer work. Intensive interviews with YDS welfare recipients are used to illustrate and develop the analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":508532,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Quarterly","volume":"50 4","pages":"633-665"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2771575/pdf/nihms93407.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28487597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Romantic Relationships from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.","authors":"Ann Meier, Gina Allen","doi":"10.1111/j.1533-8525.2009.01142.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1533-8525.2009.01142.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Theories on romantic relationship development posit a progression of involvement and intensity with age, relationship duration, and experience in romantic relationships. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this study tests these propositions by considering relationship type and patterns of relationships over the course of adolescence and their influence on relationship formation in young adulthood. Findings indicate that relationships become more exclusive, dyadic, of longer duration, and more emotionally and sexually intimate over the course of adolescence. Moreover, relationship experience in adolescence is associated with an increased likelihood of cohabitation and marriage in young adulthood. These findings indicate that instead of being trivial or fleeting, adolescent romantic relationships are an integral part of the social scaffolding on which young adult romantic relationships rest.</p>","PeriodicalId":508532,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Quarterly","volume":"50 2","pages":"308-335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201847/pdf/nihms468607.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32761875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Do Moral Communities Play a Role in Criminal Sentencing? Evidence From Pennsylvania.","authors":"Jeffery T Ulmer, Christopher Bader, Martha Gault","doi":"10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00134.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00134.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Religion and social control have been a sociological concern since Durkheim and Weber, and the relationship between religion and punishment has long been the subject of speculation. However, surprisingly little empirical research exists on the role of religion or religious context in criminal justice, and almost no research on the role of religious context on actual sentencing practices. We conceptualize the potential relationships between religious context and sentencing severity by drawing from the focal concerns and court community perspectives in the sentencing literature and <i>moral communities</i> theory developed by Rodney Stark. We suspect that Christian moral communities might shape notions of perceived blameworthiness for court community actors. Such moral communities might also affect notions of community protection - affecting perceptions of dangerousness, or perhaps rehabilitation, and might influence practical constraints/consequences (e.g., local political ramifications of harsh or lenient sentences). We examine these questions using a set of hierarchical models using sentencing data from Pennsylvania county courts and data on the religious composition of Pennsylvania counties from the Associated Religion Data Archives. We find that county Christian religious homogeneity increases the likelihood of incarceration. In addition, Christian homogeneity as well as the prevalence of civically engaged denominations in a county condition the effects of important legally relevant determinants of incarceration. Furthermore, we find evidence that Christian homogeneity activates the effect of local Republican electoral dominance on incarceration. We argue that Christian homogeneity effects sentencing practices primarily through local political processes that shape the election of judges and prosecutors.</p>","PeriodicalId":508532,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Quarterly","volume":"49 4","pages":"737-768"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00134.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32512973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cross-National Moral Beliefs: The Influence of National Religious Context.","authors":"Roger Finke, Amy Adamczyk","doi":"10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00130.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00130.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>International surveys have documented wide variation in religious beliefs and practices across nations, but does this variation in the national religious context make a difference? Building on existing theory we explain why religion should have both micro and macro-level effects on morality not sanctioned by the state and why the effects of religion differ from other forms of culture. Using two international surveys and Hierarchical Linear Modeling Techniques (HLM) we sort out the effects of national context and personal beliefs on morality with and without legal underpinnings. We find that national religious context, the respondent's age, and religious beliefs and practices are the most consistent predictors of the sexual morality index. For morality sanctioned by the state, however, the effects for personal beliefs and practices are attenuated and the effects of the national religious context are no longer significant.</p>","PeriodicalId":508532,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Quarterly","volume":"49 4","pages":"617-652"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00130.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32563746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"SOCIOECONOMIC CHANGE AND HOMICIDE IN A TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY.","authors":"William Alex Pridemore, Sang-Weon Kim","doi":"10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00077.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00077.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Durkheim argued that rapid social change would produce anomic conditions which, in turn, would lead to increases in criminal and deviant behavior. Russia provides a unique opportunity to test this theory given the large-scale fundamental socioeconomic changes occurring in the nation. Russian homicide rates more than doubled in the years following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and are now among the highest in the world. The pace and effects of the socioeconomic transition vary widely throughout Russia, however, as do rates of and changes in violent crime. In this study, we took advantage of the unique natural experiment of the collapse of the Soviet Union to examine the association between socioeconomic change and homicide. We measured the negative effects of socioeconomic change by creating an index of changes in population size, unemployment, privatization, and foreign investment. Using data from Russian regions (n = 78) and controlling for other structural covariates, regression results indicated that regions that more strongly experienced the negative effects of socioeconomic change were regions where homicide rates increased the most between 1991 and 2000. Further analysis of the individual components of this index revealed that regions with greater increases in (1) unemployment experienced greater increases in homicide rates and (2) privatization experienced smaller increases in homicide rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":508532,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Quarterly","volume":"48 2","pages":"229-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2587340/pdf/nihms-71353.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27868867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Re-Assessing the Relationship between High School Sports Participation and Deviance: Evidence of Enduring, Bifurcated Effects.","authors":"Douglas Hartmann, Michael Massoglia","doi":"10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00086.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00086.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite its longstanding popular appeal, the idea that athletic activity is a deterrent to crime and delinquency suffers from a distinct lack of empirical support. This paper tests the hypotheses that the relationship between high school sports participation and deviance varies by both type of deviant behavior and level of athletic involvement. The analysis is based upon longitudinal data focusing on the effects of involvement in high school sports, the country's largest institutional setting for youth sports participation, in early adulthood. We find that the relationship between athletic involvement and deviance varies significantly depending upon the deviant behaviors examined. Specifically, we find that shop-lifting decreases with sports participation, while drunken driving increases. Moreover, these effects extend further into the life course (age 30) than has been demonstrated in any previous study and hold across all our measures of sports participation. Several potential explanatory mechanisms are evaluated. The implications of these enduring, bifurcated effects are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":508532,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Quarterly","volume":"48 3","pages":"485-505"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2121580/pdf/nihms13628.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27106680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}