Advances in Space Research最新文献

{"title":"A rainfall prediction model based on ERA5 and Elman neural network","authors":"Ying Xu ,&nbsp;Zaozao Yang ,&nbsp;Fangzhao Zhang ,&nbsp;Xin Chen ,&nbsp;Hongzhan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The heightened frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall, brought about by global climate warming, significantly affect various regions. Rainfall prediction plays a pivotal role in ensuring societal security and fostering development. There has been limited exploration of the impact of input parameters on the accuracy of rainfall predictions. Despite the advantages of Elman neural network models in handling non-linear relationships and spatiotemporal data, their application in weather forecasting is restricted. This paper assesses the accuracy of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) with a dataset from meteorological stations. It introduces a novel rainfall forecasting model based on the Elman neural network and ERA5 reanalysis data. The study also identifies optimal input parameters through factor correlation analysis. Experimental results showcase the precision and stability of ERA5 across various rainfall conditions. Meteorological parameters, such as Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV), exhibit noticeable correlations with temporal variables and precipitation volume. The seven-factor model, including PWV, Zenith Tropospheric Delay, temperature, relative humidity, day-of-year, and hour of day, outperforms in precision evaluation. It achieves a mean critical success index of 57.06 %, a correct forecast rate of 91.39 %, and a false alarm rate of 39.48 %. This rainfall forecasting model introduces a novel approach and empirical research to enhance predictive accuracy, holding significant implications for the amelioration of meteorological alert systems, risk mitigation, and the safeguarding of life and property.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"75 2","pages":"Pages 1732-1746"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143178651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The analysis of the scatters of the filtered residuals of the GNSS stations from the crustal movement observation network of China","authors":"Weijing Qu ,&nbsp;Danan Dong ,&nbsp;Junping Chen ,&nbsp;Hongbo Shi ,&nbsp;Weijie Tan ,&nbsp;Yu Peng ,&nbsp;Bin Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Through the analysis of the coordinate time series of the stations in the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) from 2011 to 2019, it is found that the daily network scatters of the filtered residuals (called as SFR) of the station coordinate time series have obvious seasonal variation characteristics which reaches a maximum during summer and a minimum during winter. This phenomenon has not yet been further explained. Our analysis results demonstrate that the seasonal pattern of the daily SFR solutions is the temperature-dependent, such as small-scale atmospheric perturbation. The pattern of SFR series of the difference between the zenith wet delay (ZWD) calculated with GPS data and that calculated with meteorological data is similar to the SFR solutions computed using GPS data. The results mean that the estimated ZWD using GPS data does not fully capture the total real atmospheric variation. The atmospheric delay model in current GNSS analysis can effectively solve large-scale atmospheric delay estimation, but it may fail to deduct certain small-scale atmospheric disturbances. We think that a considerable portion of these small-scale disturbances are absorbed by the estimates of station positions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"75 2","pages":"Pages 1840-1853"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143178655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-scale fusion pixel and instance contrastive self-supervised learning for semantic segmentation of high-resolution Earth surface images","authors":"Bin Liu,&nbsp;Bing Li,&nbsp;Shuofeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the field of remote sensing (RS) image semantic segmentation, existing supervised learning methods rely on a large amount of labeled data, which limits their application scope. To solve this problem, we propose a new self-supervised learning method, called multi-scale fusion pixel and instance contrastive learning network (MPINet). This method first uses focal frequency loss to optimize the learning of high-level semantic information, and then strengthens the spatial information in the shallow feature map through multi-scale fusion pixel contrast learning, thereby improving the model’s ability to mine detailed features. Experiments are conducted on the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) Potsdam, LoveDA and UAVid datasets. The results show that our method achieves 49.89%, 70.98% and 63.55% in mIoU, OA and mF1 indicators on the ISPRS Potsdam dataset, which is 1.48%, 1.71% and 0.95% higher than the best method. On the LoveDA dataset, our method achieves 38.05%, 52.89% and 54.10% in mIoU, OA and mF1 indicators, which is 0.6%, 0.91% and 1.04% higher than the best method. On the UAVid dataset, our method achieved mIoU, OA, and mF1 scores of 57.92%, 76.97%, and 73.28%, respectively, representing improvements of 1.06%, 1.46%, and 1.15% compared to the best method. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the existing optimal self-supervised learning method and the ImageNet pre-training method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"75 2","pages":"Pages 1854-1870"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143178434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution analysis of the addition of laser ranging interferometry on GRACE-FO gravity field estimation under different accelerometer calibration schemes","authors":"Qiujie Chen ,&nbsp;Zhanglin Shen ,&nbsp;Yufeng Nie ,&nbsp;Yunzhong Shen ,&nbsp;Xingfu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the influence of K-Band microwave ranging (KBR) and Laser Ranging Interferometer (LRI) inter-satellite range-rates from the GRACE-FO mission on the recovery of gravity fields, this paper explores two distinct methods for accelerometer scale estimation, namely diagonal matrix parameterization and full matrix parameterization. Integrating both KBR and LRI data from GRACE-FO into gravity field recovery, we have derived six new time series of monthly gravity field solutions based on two different accelerometer calibration approaches, entitled KBRLRI_Com (incorporating both KBR and LRI data), KBR_Only (using pure KBR data), LRI_Only (solely utilizing LRI data) truncate to degree and order 60 over the period from January 2019 to June 2022. Analyses of KBRLRI_Com, KBR_Only, and LRI_Only reveal the following findings: (1) LRI demonstrates significant advantages over KBR in both diagonal and full scale matrix scenarios, across the time and frequency domains, which shows lower root mean square (RMS) values of the post-fit residuals in the time domain and substantially lower noise at higher frequencies; (2) the comparison between KBRLRI_Com, KBR_Only, and LRI_Only in terms of geoid degree error suggests that KBRLRI_Com agrees well with KBR_Only and LRI_Only at the low degrees (below degree 30), while effectively reducing the high-frequency noise, especially when the diagonal scale matrices are employed; the benefit of KBRLRI_Com solution is mainly attributed to the enhanced quantity of ranging observations. (3) by analyzing the signal and noise over the globe, ocean, Australian continent, and Amazon and Ganges river basins, we find that KBRLRI_Com is highly consistent with KBR_Only and LRI_Only in terms of spatial signals, while KBRLRI_Com exhibits less spatial noise; when employing diagonal and full matrices, the noise of gravity field solutions derived by incorporating LRI data is mitigated by 8.8 % and 3.9 % over the global ocean compared to KBR_Only, as well as 7.6 % and 3.2 % in the Australian continent; especially in the diagonal matrix case, the incorporation of LRI measurements for calculating monthly gravity fields results in a more pronounced decrease of spatial noise. (4) in the oceanic region, KBR_Only and LRI_Only have average RMS values of 11.3 cm and 11.6 cm in diagonal matrices, respectively, and 10.2 cm and 11.6 cm in the full matrix, indicating a generally comparable level of accuracy between the two models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"75 2","pages":"Pages 1913-1930"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143178457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An efficient hyperspectral image classification method using retentive network","authors":"Rajat Kumar Arya,&nbsp;Subhojit Paul,&nbsp;Rajeev Srivastava","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent computer vision tasks, the vision transformer (ViT) has demonstrated competitive ability. However, ViT still has problems: the computational complexity of the self-attention layer leads to expensive and slow interference, and processing all tokens for high-resolution images may slow down due to the layer’s quadratic complexity. Recently, a retentive network with excellent performance, training parallelism, and an inexpensive inference cost was proposed. For hyperspectral image (HSI) classification, this paper proposes<!--> <!-->a retention-based network model called the HSI retentive network (HSIRN). The proposed model allows memory usage independent of the token’s sequence, facilitating the efficient processing of high-resolution images with low inference and computational costs. Although the retention encoder can extract global data, it pays limited attention to local data. A powerful tool for extracting local information is a convolutional neural network (CNN). The proposed HSIRN model uses a specific CNN-based block to extract local spectral-spatial information. To maintain degradation between successive vertical and horizontal positions with the depth dimension of the HSI, we propose a three-dimensional retention mechanism for the three-dimensional HSI dataset in the retention encoder. By efficiently using both local and global spectral-spatial information, the proposed method offers a potent tool for HSI classification. We evaluated the classification performance of the proposed HSIRN approach on four datasets through comprehensive examinations, and the results demonstrated its superiority over state-of-the-art methods. At <span><span>https://github.com/RajatArya22/HSIRN</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>, the source code will be available to the public.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"75 2","pages":"Pages 1701-1718"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143177860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the role of electron plateau distribution on the chorus gap formation using one-dimension PIC simulations","authors":"Kyungguk Min","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although ubiquitous in the Earth’s inner magnetosphere, how chorus waves with a gap in intensity near half the electron cyclotron frequency, <span><math><mrow><mn>0.5</mn><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>ce</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>, is formed remains to be understood. One hypothesis invokes the often-observed feature in electron phase space density where two anisotropic populations of warm and hot temperatures, respectively, are separated by a relatively isotropic beam-like component, called the parallel plateau distribution. According to linear theory, its mean velocity is such that the plateau population can lead to a sufficient cyclotron damping in a narrow frequency range near <span><math><mrow><mn>0.5</mn><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>ce</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>. To test this hypothesis more quantitatively, we carry out a series of one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations in a parabolic magnetic field with observationally constrained plateau density and mean velocity. We find that even though the chorus generation involves nonlinear physics, the gap formation is largely determined by the linear properties of plateau electrons. In addition, given a sufficiently large plateau density with a right combination of warm and/or hot source populations, our simulations were able to generate lower-band-only chorus, upper-band-only chorus, banded chorus with partial damping at the gap, and banded chorus with a strong power gap. When it comes to comparing with observations, however, we find that (1) the minimum plateau density required to generate banded chorus is somewhat larger than that observed; (2) even with the largest plateau density used, the gap formation in the simulations is not consistent; and (3) most importantly, the dependence of the gap frequency on the plateau velocity in our parametric analysis differs quite substantially from that of the recent statistical results. Provided that the simplifying assumptions in our simulations remain valid, these discrepancies would indicate that the electron plateau distribution is not the major contributor to the chorus gap formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"75 2","pages":"Pages 2403-2424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143177446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graph-GIC: A smart and parallelized geomagnetically induced current modelling algorithm based on graph theory for space weather applications","authors":"Wen Chen ,&nbsp;Ding Yuan ,&nbsp;Xueshang Feng ,&nbsp;Stefaan Poedts ,&nbsp;Zhengyang Zou ,&nbsp;Song Feng ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Zhu ,&nbsp;Tong Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geomagnetically Induced Current (GIC) refers to the electromagnetic response of the Earth and its conductive modern infrastructures to space weather and would pose a significant threat to high-voltage power grids designed for the alternative current operation. To assess the impact of space weather on the power grid, one needs to calculate the GIC on a national or continental scale. In this study, we developed a smart and parallelized GIC modelling algorithm, <em>Graph GIC</em>. This algorithm deploys a graph representing a power grid in a single-line diagram, in which substations/transformers act as nodes and transmission lines as edges. With these denotations, a power grid and its electric parameters are mathematically represented with an adjacency matrix and an admittance matrix. We used sparse matrix and parallelisation techniques to expedite the intensive computation in cases of large-scale power grids. The <em>Graph GIC</em> was validated with a benchmark grid, applied to the GIC calculation of the 500 kV power grid of Guangdong, China, and conducted preliminary analysis on the grid’s susceptibility to geomagnetic storms. The <em>Graph GIC</em> algorithm has the advantage of an intuitive and highly scalable graph representation of a power grid at any scale. It achieves high-accuracy calculation and a speedup of about 18 times after parallelisation. This algorithm could be applied to assess the impact of space weather on a power grid up to continental scales and could be incorporated into global space weather modelling frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"75 2","pages":"Pages 2449-2460"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143177449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intensity of 27-day variations in solar emission and ionospheric electron content","authors":"Artem Setov,&nbsp;Konstantin Ratovsky,&nbsp;Larisa Kashapova","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rotation of the Sun modulates solar emission with 27-day variations. Large-scale structures in the solar atmosphere, like sunspots and plages, rotate with the Sun and emit at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and microwaves that produce the varying part of the emission. As EUV emission is the main driver of ionization in the Earth ionosphere, its variations are reflected in the electron content. In this paper, we analyze wide range of data from radio emission in 245–17000 MHz range and the entire EUV spectrum to total and global electron contents (TEC and GEC, respectively) in the ionosphere to find out where the 27-day variations are most prominent. We show that the relative contribution of 27-day variations to radio emission is maximal at 1000 MHz and decreases at 245 and 17000 MHz. The variations are pronounced throughout the EUV spectrum, their intensity vary at different spectral lines and, on average, is higher than in radio emission. The distribution of the variations in global ionospheric maps (GIM) shows an intensification of 27-day variations in TEC in the North America region, which can be related to the winter anomaly as it is also more significant in this region. Temporal variations of the 27-day component of emission are similar in shape for radio and EUV emission, as well as for GEC, and have a high correlation, up to 0.8. Cycle-averaged temporal variations imply that the 27-day component weakens significantly during solar minimum but can intensify during the remaining phases of the solar cycle. We also find that the flux at 1000 MHz, which originate from free-free emission in contrast to F10.7, can be used as a proxy index of solar activity because it has the highest intensity of 27-day variations and has been observed since 1956.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"75 2","pages":"Pages 2461-2471"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143177451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism and characteristics analysis of weak stability boundary transfers to the 2:1 distant retrograde orbit","authors":"Ming Wang ,&nbsp;Yongchen Yin ,&nbsp;Chen Zhang ,&nbsp;Hao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The 2:1 resonant distant retrograde orbit (DRO) has garnered considerable attention in contemporary cislunar space missions due to its strategic importance. This study conducts a thorough analysis of the mechanisms and characteristics governing global bi-impulse Earth-DRO transfer trajectories via the weak stability boundary (WSB) in the planar bicircular restricted four-body problem. Initially, a substantial number of feasible low-energy solutions are obtained through a grid search coupled with the multiple shooting differential correction algorithm, revealing previously undiscovered trajectories. Subsequently, the global picture and Pareto front solutions are presented. The departure conditions for the global solutions are discussed separately from the perspectives of the Earth-Moon rotating frame and the Sun-<span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> rotating frame, along with their respective characteristics. For transfers involving a translunar phase, we analyze the distribution characteristics of relevant parameters on the perilune Poincaré section, revealing intrinsic features of the translunar trajectories. In order to deepen the understanding of the WSB transfer process, this study further explores the effect of solar perturbation along the trajectories, elucidating several mechanisms of low-energy transfer. Finally, a comprehensive analysis and summary of DRO capture trajectories are provided.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"75 2","pages":"Pages 2221-2250"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143177455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of OceanSat-3 sea surface winds for their utilization in the NCMRWF NWP assimilation systems","authors":"Dineshkumar K. Sankhala,&nbsp;S. Indira Rani,&nbsp;D. Srinivas,&nbsp;V.S. Prasad,&nbsp;John P. George","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2024.10.041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) launched OceanSat-3, the third-generation satellite in the OceanSat series, carrying a Ku-band scatterometer in November 2022. The novelty of the OceanSat-3 scatterometer (OSCAT-3) is its high-resolution sea surface wind products generated at 12.5 km in addition to 25 km. This study aims to check the quality of OSCAT-3 winds for their possible assimilation in the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) operational Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models. The newly available high-resolution OSCAT-3 wind products are validated against in-situ buoy winds and NCMRWF NWP model equivalents for six months from July to December 2023. The validation results of OSCAT-3 winds are also compared with those of the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) onboard the Meteorological Operational Satellite-C (MetOp-C) using the same method. Validation of OSCAT-3 winds against buoy winds shows that the Root Mean Square Errors (RMSEs) in wind speed (direction) is less than 2 m/s (15°) over the Tropics (20° N − 20° S) and slightly higher than 2 m/s (20°) over the Northern Hemisphere (20° N − 90° N), which is closer to the satellite’s mission specifications of 1.8 m/s and 20°. The RMSE in the wind speed/direction in both the scatterometer winds are less than 2 m/s (20°) over the three different geographical regions: the Tropics, Northern Hemisphere, and Southern Hemisphere, but with lower errors for ASCAT winds. The better agreement of ASCAT winds with the NWP equivalents can be attributed partially to the routine assimilation of ASCAT winds in the NCMRWF operational NWP models and also due to the frequency of operation, C-band compared to the OSCAT-3 operated in the Ku band. Since there are three distinct datasets, scatterometer winds, buoy winds, and the NWP equivalents, triple collocation is also carried out in this study. Triple collocation also shows that the errors in OSCAT-3 winds are within the mission goal. The findings from this study indicate that the OSCAT-3 vector winds are of similar quality as its predecessors (OSCAT-2 and SCATSAT-1) and can be assimilated operationally in the NCMRWF NWP models as well as in other global operational NWP models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"75 2","pages":"Pages 1945-1959"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143178436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}