American Journal of Human Biology最新文献

{"title":"Gender/Sex Entanglement, Structural Sexism, and Injury: The Case of Australian Rules Football","authors":"Madeleine Pape","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70096","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article considers how to approach sporting injury from the perspective of gender/sex entanglement. Taking the case of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, I explore how the gender differences and inequalities that fundamentally shape many sporting environments may contribute to injury in women athletes. I look to Australian Rules football (Aussie Rules)—a male-dominated, high-contact, highly skilled running game and Australia's largest commercial sport—where, following the launch of a women's professional league in 2017, a marked gender disparity in ACL injury has been reported. Rather than attribute this reported disparity to essential biological differences between women and men, I consider how gendered practices and disparities may accumulate across the life course of athletes with consequences for the embodied experiences of women and girls. Building on the concept of structural sexism as a key determinant of health, I document gender-related differences and inequalities at the early childhood, youth, and elite levels of Aussie Rules football. Via this case, I contribute to calls for a dynamic, developmental, and fundamentally gendered approach to studies of injury both in and beyond sport.</p>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.70096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Strength Is Not Associated With Facial Sexual Dimorphism and Asymmetry in Either Czechs or Cameroonians","authors":"Olga Budnik,&nbsp;Karel Kleisner","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70109","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Handgrip strength is a widely used indicator of muscle strength and general health, but its association with facial morphology remains unclear. This study examined whether handgrip strength or its asymmetry is related to facial sexual shape dimorphism, perceived masculinity/femininity, and facial asymmetry in two culturally and genetically distinct populations: Cameroonian and Czech adults.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Geometric morphometric methods were applied to full-face portraits of 226 individuals (balanced by sex, aged 19–59), using 72 facial landmarks and semi-landmarks. Pearson correlations and a series of ANOVA analyses were then used to assess possible associations between facial traits and both absolute and asymmetric grip strength.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Across all models and subgroups, associations between handgrip strength and facial morphology were weak and nonsignificant. None of the facial characteristics reliably predicted either handgrip strength or its asymmetry in either men or women.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings suggest that facial morphology on its own does not reliably reflect muscular strength. Further research should incorporate longitudinal and cross-cultural designs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.70109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144647547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Scalar Spatial Analysis of Social Determinants of Undernutrition in Schoolchildren in Tucumán, Argentina","authors":"María Laura Cordero,&nbsp;Eric D. Carter","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70108","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study analyzes the spatial clustering and socioeconomic and demographic determinants of child undernutrition in Tucumán, Argentina.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study using data from over 11 000 school-aged children in Greater San Miguel de Tucumán, the largest metropolitan area in the Northwestern Greater Argentina (NGA) region. We examined undernutrition at the population level—focusing on stunting, wasting, and general undernutrition—by analyzing both individual-level factors (age, sex, birth weight, and preterm birth) and neighborhood-level factors (percentage of households with unmet basic needs and the presence of informal settlements). Spatial cluster analysis was performed using SaTScan to detect geographic patterns of stunting and wasting. We then described and compared area-level social determinants within the identified clusters. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS version 25, and mapping was conducted with QGIS version 3.10.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In our study, about 6% of schoolchildren presented undernutrition of some kind, with similar percentages for stunting (2.77%) and wasting (2.98%). Multivariate analysis reveals these associations with stunting: age, low birth weight, preterm birth, and residence in high-poverty neighborhood; wasting was associated with preterm birth and residence in high-poverty neighborhood. Cluster analysis shows that undernutrition is concentrated spatially, in areas around informal settlements that lack clean water and modern sewers and have lower educational levels.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings underscore the value of a multi-scalar and ecological approach to child undernutrition in rapidly growing urban areas. This study contributes to the growing body of evidence on nutritional inequalities and highlights the relevance of spatial justice in the development of targeted public health interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144647546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Black South Africans Who Migrate Away From Their Rural Homes and Their Chances of Having Abdominal Obesity","authors":"Tyler W. Myroniuk,&nbsp;Carren Ginsburg,&nbsp;Michael J. White,&nbsp;Stephen T. McGarvey,&nbsp;F. Xavier Gómez-Olivé,&nbsp;Chantel F. Pheiffer","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70103","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>South Africa is experiencing a heterogeneous and rapid nutrition transition. Rural-origin Black South Africans frequently migrate to access employment opportunities in urbanized areas, which could place individuals at risk for obesity due to accompanying dietary and lifestyle changes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We utilize longitudinal data—four waves from 2018 to 2022—with detailed internal migration and health information, and negligible participant attrition from the Migrant Health Follow-Up Study, with origin households located in rural northeast South Africa—Agincourt. We employ lagged-dependent variable regressions to test whether (1) the number of waves one is away from their rural home (0–4) and (2) residing in a densely populated urban area (Gauteng province) relative to other locations or remaining in Agincourt over the four waves, are differentially associated with having abdominal obesity, indicated by the preferable measure of the waist circumference-to-height ratio (WHtR), at Wave 4—after adjusting for Wave 1 obesity and other variables, including fast food consumption. WHtR is operationalized as a binary indicator of abdominal obesity as well as a standardized, continuous one. Our analytic sample includes women (<i>N</i> = 895) and men (<i>N</i> = 1010).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results show that internal migrant women and men face higher chances of having abdominal obesity at Wave 4 than their nonmigrant counterparts. For men, both the number of waves as a migrant and ever migrating to Gauteng are consistently, strongly associated with the chances of having abdominal obesity—considerably more so than women.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As obesity rates rise throughout urbanizing low- and middle-income countries, this research emphasizes the importance of understanding the correlates of the risks of obesity that internal migrants will face.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144646958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Pregnancy in Times of Climate Change: First-Trimester Heat Exposure Is Associated With Reduction in Fetal Crown-Rump Length in the 12th/13th Week of Gestation—A Retrospective Study From Vienna, Austria","authors":"S. Nindl,&nbsp;B. Hartmann,&nbsp;J. Fellner,&nbsp;S. Kirchengast","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70107","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study focused on the association between fetal crown-rump length (CRL) in the 12th/13th gestational week and the number of 1st trimester heat days to assess the impact of rising temperature on intrauterine growth in early pregnancy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This single-center medical record-based study comprises 10 085 singleton live births (<i>n</i>_male = 5228; <i>n</i>_female = 4857) taking place in Vienna, Austria between 2011 and 2019. The sonographic determination of CRL took place routinely during the 12th or 13th gestational week. Linear regression analyses with CRL as the dependent variable and the number of 1st trimester heat days controlled for maternal parameters and the gestational week of CRL measurement were computed for the entire sample and separately by sex.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>CRL decreased significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) by 0,015 mm on average per heat day in the 1st trimester. Among male fetuses, CRL decreased significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) by 0,021 mm, while among female fetuses, only an insignificant decrease was observed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Heat days during the 1st trimester could have a small adverse effect on early fetal growth.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.70107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144624811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategy or Necessity? The Determinants of Marriage Between Relatives in the Barcelona Area, Sixteenth–Nineteenth Centuries","authors":"Joaquín Ruíz García,&nbsp;Joana Maria Pujadas-Mora,&nbsp;Cristina López-Villanueva","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70106","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Consanguineous marriages illustrate the complex interplay between environmental and social factors in family formation. However, there remains a significant lack of quantitative studies exploring this phenomenon in preindustrial contexts. In this sense, this study examines the intensity and the structural and strategic determinants of consanguineous marriages in the Barcelona area between the 16th and 19th centuries, utilizing the unique Barcelona Historical Marriage Database. Methodologically, the isonymy method (spouses with matching surnames) was used to estimate the level of consanguinity (structural and strategic), while binary logistic regression models were constructed to analyze the social and territorial patterns of these marriages. The main findings indicate that consanguinity in the Barcelona area remained limited until the 19th century, mirroring European trends, though to a lesser degree. The nobility strategically adopted consanguineous marriages from the early modern period, while the peasantry largely avoided them, relying instead on primogeniture to preserve family assets. By the 19th century, the emerging bourgeoisie increasingly turned to consanguinity as a means of strengthening social networks and establishing class identity rather than merely preserving material heritage. Furthermore, the marriage market size and contextual factors—such as decreasing adult mortality and reduced dispensation costs—significantly influenced the rise of consanguineous unions.</p>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.70106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing Developmental Transitions in Perinatal and Infant Individuals Through Microanatomical Analysis","authors":"María Molina Moreno,&nbsp;Danielle M. Doe,&nbsp;Nieves Candelas González,&nbsp;Daniel García Martínez,&nbsp;Armando González Martín,&nbsp;Oscar Cambra-Moo","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70101","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Identifying signs of birth in perinatal human remains of past populations is challenging due to the lack of direct markers of this event on bones. This research aims to identify distinct events in humeral cross-sections microanatomy related to perinatal development and to integrate the findings into infant mortality trends.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Material and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The sample consists of infants (<i>N</i> = 106) ranging from prenatal to 1.5 years, with microanatomical analysis of nine selected individuals. Age-at-death estimation and microanatomical characterization were conducted, combined with quantitative analysis of microanatomical features.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Biological age-at-death presents high variability and overlap across prenatal to postnatal stages. Microanatomical analysis reveals a higher percentage of mineralized areas (60%–80%) within the total cross-sectional area in the youngest individuals up to the first neonatal month.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Based on the integration of microanatomical analysis in an extensive infant sample, this study highlights the evidence of developmental transitions from prenatal to neonatal stages. These findings suggest that, unlike biological age estimation methods, the full-term period can be identified microanatomically in bone. This provides a valuable approach for analyzing fragmented skeletal remains, secondary deposits, and other funerary or osteological contexts, opening new pathways to understand gestational development and postnatal survival in past populations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.70101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144615054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Understanding Adaptive Hemoglobin Concentration at High Altitude","authors":"Ainash Childebayeva,&nbsp;Kimberly Zhu,&nbsp;Abigail W. Bigham","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70087","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Today, more than 81 million people globally live at altitudes ≥ 2,500 m (Tremblay and Ainslie &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;), which corresponds to less than 73% of the oxygen present at sea level, dropping exponentially downwards with increasing elevation. This reduced atmospheric oxygen content, known as high-altitude hypoxia, presents a pronounced physiological challenge to human health, well-being, and reproduction. Nevertheless, there are three global regions where humans have lived in the hypoxic conditions of high altitude for millennia. They include the Andean Altiplano of South America, the Himalayan Plateau of East/Central Asia, and the Semien Plateau of Ethiopia. For decades, biological anthropologists, physiologists, and others have studied human adaptation to hypoxia among the high-altitude populations from these regions (Beall &lt;span&gt;1982&lt;/span&gt;; Frisancho &lt;span&gt;1969&lt;/span&gt;). This work has highlighted that each of these groups has developed unique physiological, genetic, and potentially epigenetic adaptations to life in low oxygen conditions (Alkorta-Aranburu et al. &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;; Beall et al. &lt;span&gt;2010&lt;/span&gt;; Bigham et al. &lt;span&gt;2010&lt;/span&gt;; Childebayeva et al. &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;). One phenotype that has been of particular interest in high-altitude evolutionary studies is hemoglobin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hemoglobin (Hb) is the iron-containing protein found in red blood cells (RBC) responsible for oxygen transport. It carries oxygen from the lungs to the various tissues in the body. Hb concentration is a measure of &lt;i&gt;the amount of hemoglobin protein in red blood cells&lt;/i&gt;. At high elevation, atmospheric oxygen is limited, thus reducing arterial oxygen content. High-altitude sojourners overcome this reduction by increasing the amount of circulating Hb, initially through reductions in plasma volume and &lt;i&gt;Hb-O2 affinity&lt;/i&gt;, and later through increases in red cell volume (Siebenmann et al. &lt;span&gt;2015&lt;/span&gt;). Among high-altitude-adapted populations, we see distinct hematological adaptations to hypoxia both between and in comparison to high-altitude sojourners. Tibetans display a relatively low erythropoietic response and attendant low Hb concentration (Adams and Strang &lt;span&gt;1975&lt;/span&gt;; Beall and Goldstein &lt;span&gt;1987&lt;/span&gt;; Beall and Reichsman &lt;span&gt;1984&lt;/span&gt;). Andeans exhibit elevated concentrations with some individuals presenting with polycythemia, or the increase of hematocrit and/or Hb (Beall et al. &lt;span&gt;1990&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;1998&lt;/span&gt;). Hematocrit is related to Hb concentration and measures the percentage of whole blood composed of red blood cells. High-altitude Ethiopians of mainly Amharic ancestry show similar Hb concentrations compared to low-altitude US residents (Beall et al. &lt;span&gt;2002&lt;/span&gt;), but high-altitude Amhara and Oromo exhibit elevated Hb levels compared to their low-altitude (&lt; 1500 masl) counterparts (Scheinfeldt et al. &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;; Alkorta-Aranburu et al. &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;), with Oromo displaying twice the elevation ","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.70087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validity of Adiposity Indices for Detecting High Body Fat Mass in Mexican Schoolchildren: Results From the NUTRENTO Project","authors":"Galván Marcos,&nbsp;Ramírez-Ramírez Celina,&nbsp;López-Rodríguez Guadalupe,&nbsp;Martínez-Ureña Luis,&nbsp;Olvera-Mayorga Gabriela,&nbsp;Olivo-Ramírez Diana Patricia,&nbsp;Suárez Diéguez Teodoro,&nbsp;Galván-Valencia Oscar","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70102","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Body mass index (BMI) is a known indicator of adiposity. However, alternative measures have recently been proposed in children. We aimed to evaluate the validity of alternative adiposity indices (AIs)—BMI according to the World Health Organization (BMI-WHO) and the International Obesity Task Force (BMI-IOTF) standards, waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)—in detecting high body fat (HBF) in Mexican schoolchildren.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 2189 schoolchildren in Hidalgo, Mexico. AIs including BMI-WHO, BMI-IOTF, WC, and WHtR were evaluated via anthropometry. Body fat (BF) was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The ability of the AIs to predict HBF was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, and confidence intervals (95% CI). Agreements between AIs and BF were analyzed using Kappa correlation coefficients and Bland–Altman plots.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In detecting HBF, BMI-WHO showed a sensitivity of 98.2% (95% CI: 97.0–99.0) and a specificity of 59.3% (95% CI: 56.7–61.9), and WHtR showed 98.0% (95% CI: 96.6–98.8) and 57.4% (95% CI: 54.8–59.9), respectively. Among boys, moderate agreement was observed between HBF and BMI-WHO (Kappa = 0.52), WHtR (Kappa = 0.50), and WC (Kappa = 0.47), all with <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001. Among girls, moderate agreement was found with BMI-WHO (Kappa = 0.45) and WHtR (Kappa = 0.41), also with <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001. Bland–Altman analysis showed good agreement between HBF and WHtR and intermediate agreement with BMI-WHO.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>BMI-WHO and WHtR demonstrate high validity for assessing HBF in schoolchildren. WHtR may serve as a practical alternative for routine screening and for evaluating the impact of interventions aimed at reducing risks associated with excessive BF accumulation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salivary/Serum Progesterone Ratio Differs Between Menstrual Cycle Phases but Not Between Populations: Implications for Health, Reproductive, and Behavioral Research","authors":"Virginia J. Vitzthum,&nbsp;Diva Bellido,&nbsp;Lourdes Echalar,&nbsp;Esperanza Caceres,&nbsp;Jonathan Thornburg","doi":"10.1002/ajhb.70077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70077","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Objectives&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Many investigations of human health, behaviors, and adaptations require an indicator of ovarian cycle functioning as a causal, outcome, or confounding variable in the study design and analyses. Because the dynamic fluctuations in cycle hormones can rarely be adequately characterized by a single measurement, but repeated blood sampling can be onerous, salivary free progesterone (P&lt;sub&gt;Free-SAL&lt;/sub&gt;) concentration is widely used in both clinical and research contexts as an alternative to total progesterone concentration in venous blood samples (P&lt;sub&gt;Total-VEN&lt;/sub&gt;). However, some doubts have been raised about the use of P&lt;sub&gt;Free-SAL&lt;/sub&gt; because of suggestions that Bolivian and other populations and/or individuals might differ markedly in the ratio of P&lt;sub&gt;Free-SAL&lt;/sub&gt; to P&lt;sub&gt;Total-VEN&lt;/sub&gt; (the apparent uptake fraction, UF). If there are such differences, several decades of comparative population research based on P&lt;sub&gt;Free-SAL&lt;/sub&gt; would require reconsideration, and a seemingly useful tool in both clinical and research contexts would be lost or require additional extensive pre-use evaluations. Such impacts would fall disproportionally on clinical monitoring and research studies of menstruating persons, a segment of the population that has long been underrepresented in research and clinical trials, especially in low resource conditions. Therefore, we tested three hypotheses: (H1) UF differs by ovarian cycle phase; (H2) UF differs in Bolivian women from that of non-Bolivian women; and (H3) within a population, UF is consistently higher or lower in some individuals than in most others.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Methods&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;We collected mid-follicular and mid-luteal near-concurrent samples of venous blood and saliva from 36 healthy premenopausal Bolivian women. P&lt;sub&gt;Total-VEN&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;Free-SAL&lt;/sub&gt; were measured using commercial enzyme immunoassays. To test the study hypotheses, we used graphical and statistical methods to analyze these new data and to analyze data from several previously published studies.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;In our study sample of Bolivian women, P&lt;sub&gt;Free-SAL&lt;/sub&gt; and P&lt;sub&gt;Total-VEN&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 66 pairs) were significantly and highly correlated (Spearman's rho = 0.858; mixed model: intercept = 77.4 pmol/L [(&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001), &lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0191 (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001)]). An individual's follicular-phase UF and luteal-phase UF were not significantly correlated (rho = −0.19, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.462). Median UF equaled 8.1% for follicular and 2.3% for luteal phase pairs and were comparable to published values for other popu","PeriodicalId":50809,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"37 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajhb.70077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}