Animal Behaviour最新文献

{"title":"Long-lasting social bonds of a habitat-structured delphinid social system","authors":"Shenglan Chen ,&nbsp;Wenzhi Lin ,&nbsp;Binshuai Liu ,&nbsp;Agathe Serres ,&nbsp;Mingli Lin ,&nbsp;Mingming Liu ,&nbsp;Songhai Li","doi":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Owing to the large, three-dimensional, fluid nature of their aquatic environment, the impact of habitat configuration has rarely been investigated in cetacean societies. However, in some coastal areas such as large estuarine systems and lagoons, where environmental variables can be spatially structured, the role of habitat configuration in shaping dolphin societies should not be ignored. In the present study, we examined the social structure of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins, <em>Sousa chinensis</em>, in waters off the Leizhou Peninsula (LZP), northern South China Sea, using an 11-year photo identification data set (2013–2023). We identified four mixed sex/age communities with segregated region preferences. Three communities exhibited a preference to waters of intermediate depth (5<!--> <!-->m<!--> <!-->≤<!--> <!-->depth<!--> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->10<!--> <!-->m), while one community preferred shallow waters (&lt; 5<!--> <!-->m in depth). Dolphins inhabiting Zhanjiang Bay and northern Leizhou Bay preferred deeper waters, probably a result of reduced access to the shallow waters in these areas. The double dekker semipartialling multiple regression quadratic assignment procedure (MRQAP-DSP) suggested that spatial overlap and gregariousness were the most significant predictors describing the LZP humpback dolphins' social structure. Community size and their geographic/social positions outperformed predation risk (as reflected by shark-inflicted scars) in shaping communities' sociality (measured as Strength, Eigenvector centrality, Reach, Clustering coefficient and Affinity). From our results, we suggest that dolphins with similar area preferences developed strong associations that were stable over time and a habitat-structured social network. This study contributes to our understanding of the complex social structure of coastal dolphins and provides new insights into dolphin behaviours that can be important for developing effective management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50788,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 123025"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The transition to motherhood as the temporal locus of change for social network integration among wild vervet monkeys","authors":"C. Vilette ,&nbsp;T.R. Bonnell ,&nbsp;M.J. Dostie ,&nbsp;S.P. Henzi ,&nbsp;L. Barrett","doi":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The birth of a first offspring represents a major change in a female mammal’s social circumstances. We hypothesize that the transition to motherhood marks a significant shift in the social network dynamics of female vervet monkeys, <em>Chlorocebus pygerythrus</em>, and represents the crucial boundary between juvenile and adult patterns of engagement. To test this, we compare the grooming network structure of primiparous and multiparous females, using both direct and indirect measures of centrality. We found that, following the birth of their first infant, ego-structure of primiparous females converged with that of multiparous females and that primiparous females became more central in their grooming networks around their first birth event, as measured by eigenvector centrality. Examining shifts in the number of new social ties formed across the birth event, we found a very small increase in the formation of new strong ties, but a larger increase in the number of additional weak ties. A simulated ‘knockout’ analysis showed that both types of ties contributed to the observed increase in eigenvector centrality. Overall, our findings support the idea that motherhood serves as a catalyst for juveniles to transition into adult social configurations. Note, however, that although the juvenile–adult boundary marked the temporal locus of change for social integration, there was, nevertheless, a striking consistency in the stability of ego-network structure across both the juvenile period and through the motherhood transition. This structure may enhance individual flexibility in social engagement and accommodate the specific needs of females as they experience changes in status and broader demographic shifts within their groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50788,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 123028"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The behavioural ecology of optimism: judgement bias and foraging under predation risk in mice","authors":"Marko Bračić,&nbsp;Louisa Bierbaum,&nbsp;Maja Peng,&nbsp;Lavanja Nimalavachchlan,&nbsp;Viktoria Siewert,&nbsp;Sylvia Kaiser,&nbsp;Norbert Sachser,&nbsp;S. Helene Richter","doi":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.10.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When confronted with ambiguous information, some individuals respond expecting positive outcomes and others expect negative outcomes. Based on such decisions under ambiguous situations, a behavioural paradigm has been developed in animal welfare science that allows researchers to characterize animals as more ‘optimistic’ or ‘pessimistic’. Using this judgement bias test, recent studies have detected consistent individual differences in ‘optimism levels’. However, the potential ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences of these differences are not yet clear. We aimed to explore the ecological relevance of being more optimistic or pessimistic. Specifically, we investigated the correlation between optimism levels and foraging choices under predation risk in laboratory mice, <em>Mus musculus</em> f. <em>domestica</em>. To address this, we first characterized female mice (C57BL/6J) as more optimistic or pessimistic by using an established judgement bias test. Then, we assessed individual differences in the tendency to choose high-risk/high-reward or low-risk/low-reward conditions by using a newly developed test based on predator cues (rat odour). We showed that this novel test is a suitable tool to investigate individual differences in foraging under predation risk. First, the test imposed a risk - foraging trade-off for mice because the risky condition clearly induced more avoidance and risk assessment. Second, individuals showed highly repeatable differences in their choice of the risky or safe option. Considering our main aim, we did not find evidence that optimistic and pessimistic mice make different foraging decisions under predation risk. A potential explanation could be that the consequences of individual differences in optimism levels are context specific and might not be relevant in the face of predation risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50788,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 122991"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social modulation of dogs' behavioural synchronization with humans: effect of number of people and owner's presence","authors":"Angélique Lamontagne ,&nbsp;Thierry Legou ,&nbsp;Thierry Bedossa ,&nbsp;Florence Gaunet","doi":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.10.033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.10.033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dogs' behavioural synchronization with humans is well established, but few studies have examined its social modulation. We investigated whether the number of human agents modulates interspecific behavioural synchronization. We replicated the protocol of Lamontagne et al. (2023, <em>Animal Cognition, 26</em>, 1021–1034), comparing dogs' locomotor synchronization in two experimental groups, either with their owner alone or with the owner and four other people, during a straight-line walking task and using GPS devices. Our results are consistent with those of the previous study and show no significant difference between the two experimental groups. Specifically, dogs stayed at an average distance of 5 m from their owner, they adjusted their speed to that of the humans' speed and they adapted their speed within about 2 s when the humans changed speed. To further explore the effect of the number of humans on dogs' behavioural alignment, the five-person group separated at the end of the straight-line walk, with the owner going one way and the rest of the group the other. Fifteen of 20 dogs followed the group after the separation and then went to their owner afterwards. We suggest that the number of agents modulated dogs’ behavioural synchronization with humans, as dogs followed the group of humans, but this group effect was masked during the straight-line walk by another social modulator, namely the attracting effect of the owner due to the affiliation between the dogs and their owners.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50788,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 123019"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of local nest predation risk on nest defence behaviour of Japanese tits","authors":"Qingzhen Liu ,&nbsp;Jiangping Yu ,&nbsp;Romain Lorrillière ,&nbsp;Chao Shen ,&nbsp;Dake Yin ,&nbsp;Dongmei Wan ,&nbsp;Wei Liang ,&nbsp;Haitao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.11.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.11.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The behavioural response of individuals to a predator should be related to their long-term predation risk. However, few studies have tested whether and how parents adjust nest defence intensity according to regional nest predation pressure. By monitoring Japanese tits, <em>Parus minor</em>, breeding in artificial nestboxes, we investigated nest predation pressure across China in Jilin (44°N), Liaoning (39°N), Henan (31°N) and Hainan (18°N), and compared nest defence behaviours of parent tits to nest predators among the four populations by conducting dummy experiments. We found that nest predation pressure faced by tits varied geographically. Liaoning tits performed weaker, and Henan tits stronger, defence behaviour against snakes (local high predation risk) than against chipmunks, <em>Tamias sibiricus</em> (local medium/low predation risk). Among populations, Liaoning tits performed the weakest defence behaviour against snakes (regional high predation risk) and Henan tits performed the weakest defence behaviour against chipmunks (regional low predation risk). In addition, hissing behaviour was mainly used to defend against chipmunks, and was rarely shown in Henan where rodent predation risk was low. We conclude that tits adjusted and most likely reduced their defence effort when local nest predation risk was extremely high or low, and reduced the costly hissing behaviour when predation pressure was relaxed from rodents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50788,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 123031"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ontogeny of unpredictability in escape behaviour of a grasshopper species","authors":"Gabe Winter,&nbsp;Holger Schielzeth","doi":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Animal behaviour changes as individuals mature and these changes may affect not only average behaviour, but also behavioural variability within and between individuals. This could apply to escape behaviour, as behavioural variability might be particularly advantageous in predator-prey interactions, and prey individuals can adhere to different escape strategies. It is not yet known, however, if behavioural variability (unpredictability) is marked early in life, if it arises with time and how stable it is throughout ontogeny. We analysed the escape behaviour of the steppe grasshopper, <em>Chorthippus dorsatus</em>, using burst experiments repeated multiple times across four life stages. We quantified three aspects of escape behaviour and analysed the data using a multivariate double-hierarchical generalized linear model. Interindividual differences in average behaviour increased across life stages, resulting in an increase in population level variability. Unpredictability, however, remained relatively stable both within and across individuals. About 1.7–4.6% of the total phenotypic variance was explained by individual differences in unpredictability. Further, 2–6.5% was explained by differences between bursts of observations, such that interindividual differences in unpredictability explained a maximum of 11% of the total variance in escape behaviour at a given time. Our results indicate a stability of the unpredictability level in grasshopper escape behaviour, and that intraindividual variance in unpredictability is low, but that the overall magnitude of individual differences in escape behaviour increases with age.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50788,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 123029"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The parasitoid Cotesia glomerata responds differently to plant volatile emission induced by parasitized caterpillars","authors":"Maximilien A.C. Cuny,&nbsp;Erik H. Poelman","doi":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.10.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.10.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To locate herbivorous hosts, parasitoids use herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that are emitted by plants after herbivore attack. HIPVs may even provide information about host quality, such as whether hosts are infested with competing parasitoid larvae, allowing parasitoids to discriminate between parasitized and unparasitized hosts. However, although discrimination behaviour has been explored in controlled laboratory settings, its occurrence under field conditions remains uncertain. We conducted experiments under both controlled laboratory conditions and natural field conditions to investigate the preference of female <em>Cotesia glomerata</em> parasitoids for plants emitting HIPVs as defence induced by unparasitized cabbage white butterfly, <em>Pieris brassicae</em>, caterpillars or by <em>P. brassicae</em> caterpillars parasitized by conspecific or heterospecific parasitoids. In wind tunnel choice tests, <em>C. glomerata</em> preferred plants induced by caterpillars parasitized by the solitary parasitoid <em>Hyposoter ebeninus</em> over plants induced by unparasitized caterpillars. In contrast, plants induced by unparasitized caterpillars were preferred over those induced by caterpillars parasitized by conspecifics. Parasitoids did not discriminate between HIPVs when plants were damaged by <em>Cotesia rubecula</em>-parasitized caterpillars. In the field, caterpillars found on plants induced by <em>H. ebeninus</em>-parasitized caterpillars were less often parasitized than those on plants damaged by unparasitized caterpillars or those parasitized by <em>C. glomerata</em> or <em>C. rubecula</em>. Plant damage did not explain these results, suggesting that qualitative rather than quantitative differences in HIPVs support <em>C. glomerata</em> decision making, but we cannot rule out other simultaneously interacting factors involved in host acceptance at close range. Our study suggests that <em>C. glomerata</em> shows limited discrimination between parasitized and unparasitized hosts. Herein, we discuss the potential evolutionary factors that may be responsible for this behaviour and the importance of confirming laboratory results with field studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50788,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 123007"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of the early social environment on behavioural flexibility in a cooperatively breeding cichlid fish","authors":"Océane Vanessa Ferreira,&nbsp;Birgit Szabo,&nbsp;Barbara Taborsky","doi":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.11.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.11.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ability to adapt behaviour flexibly to the current situation, also referred to as ‘behavioural flexibility’, is crucial for survival and reproductive success. The early social environment is an important driver of variation in cognitive abilities including behavioural flexibility. However, few studies have investigated this relationship across contexts. Likewise, few studies have investigated the development of modular versus general cognition (i.e. inconsistent versus consistent performance across social and nonsocial contexts) in social species. Here, (1) we investigated the influence of the early social environment (rearing group size) on behavioural flexibility in adult helpers of a cooperatively breeding cichlid fish (<em>Neolamprologus pulcher</em>) and (2) we assessed the presence of general or modular cognition irrespective of early experience by using three nonsocial flexibility tests (innovation test, reversal learning, set shifting) and two social flexibility tests (hierarchy test, integration test). Overall, early social experience only influenced social but not nonsocial flexibility. Helpers raised in large social groups were less flexible in the hierarchy test but tended to be accepted more often when integrated with an unfamiliar breeding pair, compared to fish raised in small groups. The early social environment did not affect nonsocial flexibility, although fish were able to adjust behaviour flexibly in both social and nonsocial contexts. For all fish, performances were not correlated across tests, implying the existence of domain-specific cognition. Nevertheless, results of a principal component analysis suggest an association between performances in social and nonsocial contexts, which may hint at domain-general cognition, albeit with the caveat that not all tests were associated with the same principal component. Future research should develop approaches that can clearly distinguish between general and modular cognition, and that compare species with different environmental predictability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50788,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 123037"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143135740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Third-party interventions of common ravens, Corvus corax","authors":"Jorg J.M. Massen ,&nbsp;Palmyre H. Boucherie ,&nbsp;Thomas Bugnyar","doi":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.10.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.10.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The social intelligence hypothesis suggests that cognitive capacities evolved because of selection pressures related to increasing social complexity. For instance, social animals may need to monitor the relationships of others and intervene in them if that is ultimately beneficial to themselves. Traditionally, such third-party interactions are studied by examining coalitionary support during conflicts. However, growing evidence shows that some animals also intervene in others’ positive social interactions. To aid our understanding of the patterns of such interventions in the wild, we examined third-party interventions in both positive and negative interactions in a population of individually marked wild ravens. Although we found that interventions in negative interactions were more frequently observed than those in positive interactions in this wild population, both were relatively common and, in fact, occurred in almost exact proportions relative to the number of such interactions (∼10% of ad libitum interactions in both cases). Interventions were mostly active (compared to mere approaches) and aggressive. However, the mode of intervention varied across interactions. In positive interactions, interventions were mostly impartial, whereas in negative interactions, interventions were not, targeting one of the two partners. Neutral or policing interventions in negative interactions were rare. More than half of negative interventions reflected coalitionary support for the aggressor and a quarter for the victim. Furthermore, the likelihood of initiating an intervention and being the target of an intervention varied according to age, sex, rank, residency status and affiliation index. Taken together, our results provide a complete overview of third-party interventions in wild ravens and suggest that ravens use these interventions selectively and potentially even strategically. Future comparative studies may allow investigations into whether the necessity of such social strategies may have been a selection pressure regarding intelligence in animals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50788,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 123004"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the potency and replenishment of woodfrog disturbance cues, a nonspecific communication system in aquatic species","authors":"Gabrielle H. Achtymichuk,&nbsp;Adam L. Crane,&nbsp;Theresa E. Wrynn ,&nbsp;Maud C.O. Ferrari","doi":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.11.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.11.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Disturbance cues are chemicals released by disturbed but uninjured prey. These cues elicit increased vigilance when detected by conspecifics, similar to the better-known damaged-released alarm cues. Many studies on predation risk expose prey to cues from whole-body homogenates as an indicator of predation risk. Such homogenates are known to contain alarm cues but presumably also contain disturbance cues, although their contribution to responses elicited by homogenates is unstudied. Here, we first attempted to quantify the relative contribution of disturbance cues to the behavioural response to whole-body homogenates, by exposing larval woodfrogs, <em>Lithobates sylvaticus</em>, to homogenates from conspecifics that were either undisturbed (contained disturbance cues), or that just received a disturbance from a simulated predator chase (which presumably depleted disturbance cues). Both sets of homogenates elicited similar antipredator behaviour (reduced activity) in receivers, suggesting that disturbance cues either made little contribution to the responses or were not depleted by the chase. Responses to homogenates were also stronger than responses to disturbance cues alone, suggesting that tadpole alarm cues were the primary risk indicator in the homogenates, and that alarm cues are more potent than disturbance cues. Although the chemistry and release mechanisms of disturbance cues remain poorly understood, research suggests they are pulses of nitrogenous waste. Hence, in experiment 2, we investigated the physiological limitation of disturbance cue communication. Disturbance cues were collected after each of two chasing events, separated by either a short (5 min) or long (2 h) time delay, giving tadpoles either a short or long opportunity to replenish their disturbance cues. Unexpectedly, tadpoles maintained their response intensity to disturbance cues after the shorter replenishment period and showed a weakened response after the longer period. These findings indicate that disturbance cues in tadpoles are not immediately depleted by a chasing event and instead may be released slowly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50788,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behaviour","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 123034"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}