The Americas最新文献

Alms for the Rich: Impoverished Spanish Women in Pursuit of Making a Living in Late Colonial Lima 富人的施舍：殖民晚期利马贫困西班牙妇女的谋生之路

The Americas Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.1017/tam.2024.6

Francisco Quiroz Chueca

{"title":"Alms for the Rich: Impoverished Spanish Women in Pursuit of Making a Living in Late Colonial Lima","authors":"Francisco Quiroz Chueca","doi":"10.1017/tam.2024.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/tam.2024.6","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article establishes the role white women played in shaping the urban labor force and the economy in late colonial times in Lima, roughly from 1790 to 1822. It focuses on the impoverished elite women who, by the end of the colonial period, had to ask for alms to avoid working with their own hands. An important part of the Limeño elites could not respond to the twofold challenge: the negative consequences of the economic and administrative reforms of the Bourbons, and the relative flexibilization of the social order in Lima by the end of the eighteenth century. Instead of adapting to new conditions, the Spanish elites generated a social discourse that reaffirmed status and ethnicity as a means to distinguish themselves from the “vicious” plebeian sectors. More than one thousand applications to Church relief programs serve as the main foundation of this article; they are made up of at least one fifth of the white female population of the city in 1806. The article enters into dialogue with studies on socio-labor practices and the history of gender and ethnicity by engaging with concrete experiences of poor elite women in a city considered to be the opulent center of the Spanish colonial power.","PeriodicalId":507356,"journal":{"name":"The Americas","volume":"117 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141115744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Registering Race: Inclusion and Omission in Bolivian Military-Service Records 1900–1960 种族登记：1900-1960 年玻利维亚兵役记录中的纳入与遗漏

The Americas Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/tam.2024.1

Elizabeth Shesko

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“Poetry is Subversion”: Writers and Revolution at La Pájara Pinta, El Salvador, 1966–1975 "诗歌就是颠覆1966-1975年萨尔瓦多La Pájara Pinta的作家与革命

The Americas Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/tam.2024.2

Roger Atwood

{"title":"“Poetry is Subversion”: Writers and Revolution at La Pájara Pinta, El Salvador, 1966–1975","authors":"Roger Atwood","doi":"10.1017/tam.2024.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/tam.2024.2","url":null,"abstract":"Thousands of soldiers swept onto the campus of the University of El Salvador with tanks and planes, ransacking buildings and arresting more than eight hundred students, professors, and staff. It was July 19, 1972, and the university had “fallen into the hands of the Communist Party of El Salvador and a minuscule group of opportunists of the most disgraceful immorality,” said the recently inaugurated president Army Colonel Arturo Armando Molina.1 Troops handcuffed the rector, Fabio Castillo, and the dean of the medical school and sent them into exile in Nicaragua.2 Early in the invasion, the troops sealed off and occupied the university's printing press, where workers produced a magazine of arts and politics called La Pájara Pinta that essayist Italo López Vallecillos and novelist Manlio Argueta had founded in 1966, and of which Argueta was still the editor.3 The campus occupation lasted two years and proved a milestone in El Salvador's long march to civil war. The closing of La Pájara Pinta that day silenced the most important forum for Salvadoran dissident writers and marked, for many of them, the end of their literary careers and the start of their lives as fugitives and, eventually, guerrillas.","PeriodicalId":507356,"journal":{"name":"The Americas","volume":"109 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140088808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Extending Conquest History:Lesser-Known Events and the Fringes of European Conquest 扩展征服史：鲜为人知的事件和欧洲征服的边缘地带

The Americas Pub Date : 2024-02-16 DOI: 10.1017/tam.2023.57

Teresa Vergara, Francisco Quiroz

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The Sharing of the Profits of the Carrera de Indias: The Actors of the Hispanic Colonial Trade and Their Monopolistic Practices in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century 分享卡雷拉德印第亚斯的利润：十八世纪下半叶西班牙殖民贸易的参与者及其垄断行为

The Americas Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.1017/tam.2023.96

Arnaud Bartolomei

{"title":"The Sharing of the Profits of the Carrera de Indias: The Actors of the Hispanic Colonial Trade and Their Monopolistic Practices in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century","authors":"Arnaud Bartolomei","doi":"10.1017/tam.2023.96","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/tam.2023.96","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Carrera de Indias, considered as a set of circuits connecting Hispanic America to world markets, does not appear as a “monopoly” reserved solely for the Spanish merchants of Cadiz, but rather as a complex commercial system, structured into three autonomous segments, each of them dominated by a mercantile corporation, more or less formalized. In the central part, which linked the two shores of the Atlantic, the merchants registered in the Consulado of the Indies of Cadiz (cargadores) obviously dominated the market. However, these were in turn dominated by the merchants from the consulates of Mexico and Lima in the inland trade (comercio de tierra adentro), which linked the great American ports and fairs with the markets of the interior of the continent, and by the foreign merchants of Cadiz, structured into “nations,” in the exchanges that linked the Andalusian port with the rest of Europe and the world. Thus, the beneficiaries of the Spanish colonial trade in the second half of the eighteenth century were neither only cargadores, nor foreign “smugglers” enjoying the weakness of the Spanish empire as the historiography of the Carrera de Indias has traditionally postulated, but those three groups of traders.\u0000 After highlighting this singular structure of colonial trade in the Spanish Atlantic, we will consider the different institutional and relational factors that could explain it. Obviously, it is because the different groups of actors involved in these exchanges had a specific social, relational, cultural, and institutional capital that they had a comparative advantage over their rivals in certain segments of the Carrera de Indias circuits, and that they were able to obtain the dominant position that we observe.","PeriodicalId":507356,"journal":{"name":"The Americas","volume":"103 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139444744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Christian Apocalyptic Discourse in New Spain - Aztec and Maya Apocalypses: Old World Tales of Doom in a New World Setting. By Mark Z. Christensen. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2022. Pp. xii, 252. $55.00 cloth. 新西班牙的基督教启示录--阿兹台克和玛雅启示录：新世界背景下的旧世界末日故事。马克-Z-克里斯滕森著。诺曼：俄克拉荷马大学出版社，2022 年。第 xii、252 页。布版售价 55.00 美元。

The Americas Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/tam.2023.100

David Tavárez

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Brazil and International Nuclear Politics - Brazil in the Global Nuclear Order, 1945-2018. By Carlo Patti. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2021. Pp. ix, 294. $57.00 cloth. 巴西与国际核政治--1945-2018 年全球核秩序中的巴西。卡洛-帕蒂著。马里兰州巴尔的摩：约翰-霍普金斯大学出版社，2021 年。第 ix 页，第 294 页。布版售价 57.00 美元。

The Americas Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/tam.2023.115

David M. K. Sheinin

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Latinx Radicalism and Labor in Florida - Ybor City: Crucible of the Latina South. By Sarah McNamara. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023. Pp. 266. $24.95 paper. 佛罗里达州的拉丁激进主义和劳工--伊伯市：南方拉丁裔的熔炉。萨拉-麦克纳马拉著。教堂山：北卡罗来纳大学出版社，2023 年。第 266 页。纸质版 24.95 美元。

The Americas Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/tam.2023.109

Jorell A. Meléndez-Badillo