Building Services Engineering Research & Technology最新文献

{"title":"Frost suppression performance of an air source heat pump using sensible heat from indoor air to preheat outdoor air","authors":"Peng Wei, Zhiwei Wang, Hengli Feng, Sheng Wang, Jufang Fan","doi":"10.1177/01436244231188708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244231188708","url":null,"abstract":"Frost forms on the surfaces of air source heat pump (ASHP) outdoor heat exchangers under heating mode in winter, when the surface temperature of the heat exchanger is lower than both 0°C and the ambient dew point temperature. This can reduce the coefficient of performance (COP) and heating capacity of the ASHP unit. A novel ASHP was examined using two rooms with the same size, orientation, and structure. To test the frost suppression performance of the novel system, two ASHPs of the same size and specifications, but one including a sensible-heat preheating device, were placed in the test platform rooms. By comparing and analyzing field-measured parameters such as COP, heat loss, and frost weight of the two ASHP units, the frost suppression performance of the novel ASHP was evaluated in severe, moderate, and mild frost areas. The results show that when the air conditions were −3.9°C and 98.7% in the moderate frost area and 3.2°C and 96.7% in the severe frost area, the novel ASHP showed significantly improved performance. The frost formation time increased from 25 min to 38.5 min, frost-defrost heat loss decreased by 31.6%–43.7%, frost weight decreased 11.8%–17.4%, and COP increased 7.4%–13.1% compared with those of the conventional ASHP. In the low temperature and mild frost area, when the air temperature was −11.8°C and the relative humidity was 88.8%, the frost suppression effect of the novel ASHP was unapparent. \u0000 Practical application\u0000 Affected by the climate, the operation performance of ASHP will be different. Different ASHP can be used to adapt to the weather in different regions. The novel ASHP can significantly suppress frost and improve the heating performance of the unit in the mild climate and frost serious areas.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42109933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A revised PMV model: From a physiological standpoint","authors":"Lianfei Zhuang, Jingxin Huang, Ke Zhong","doi":"10.1177/01436244231191244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244231191244","url":null,"abstract":"In the field of thermal comfort, the adaptive approach is widely used. However, the current main adaptive models correlate thermal comfort with outdoor temperature, and the PMV model is only concerned with behavioural adaptation. The purpose of this paper is to develop a revised PMV (rPMV) model that can account for both behavioural and psychological adaptation. From a physiological standpoint, psychological adaptation affects the actual neutral skin temperature and actual sensitivity to thermal load change, whereas these two parameters used in the PMV model have no relation to psychological adaptation. When using the actual neutral skin temperature and actual sensitivity to thermal load change, the rPMV model can thus account for both psychological and behavioural adaptation. The actual neutral skin temperatures and sensitivities for Shanghai residents in the autumn, as well as Nanjing residents in the summer and winter, were calculated using data from field experiments that measured environmental parameters and investigated thermal sensation. The results show that the rPMV model significantly improves thermal sensation prediction accuracy compared to the PMV model. According to the findings, the rPMV model can be used to create an energy-efficient and comfortable indoor environment. Practical applications: The thermal comfort prediction model assesses indoor climate, which has a significant impact on building energy consumption and thus its sustainability. The use of a good prediction model is critical to the success of building design. This paper develops a thermal comfort prediction model that can not only accurately predict thermal comfort of building occupant but also be used to design sustainable buildings.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46811777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction models of bioaerosols inside office buildings: A field study investigation","authors":"Dong Jiang, Xiaoqiang Gong, Zhengsong Xu, Kai Yuan, Zengwen Bu","doi":"10.1177/01436244231189138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244231189138","url":null,"abstract":"Bioaerosols formed by microorganisms in the air directly affect people’s health. The air quality in an office building in Shenzhen, China, is investigated and pollutant levels measured on 36 occasions; six times for each of six indoor spaces. A relationship between indoor bioaerosols and environmental factors was determined using both linear regression analysis and Poisson regression analysis. Our results and analysis indicate that linear regression is a poor predictor for the concentration of bioaerosols based on a single indicator. In contrast, Poisson regression can better predict the concentration of bioaerosols, and PM10 may be the indicator with the greatest impact on bioaerosols. As a result, a simple, fast, and low-cost online monitoring method for monitoring indoor bioaerosols is developed and reported. Our paper provides first-hand basic data to predict the indoor bioaerosol concentration and helps to formulate appropriate monitoring guidelines. The proposed method offers more practical values compared to existing studies as our prediction model facilitates estimation of the concentration of bioaerosols at low cost. Additionally, due to the current maturity and low cost of indoor environmental sensors, the proposed method is suitable for large-scale deployment for most buildings. Practical application Based on measurement data from a real office building, our investigation explores the relationship between indoor microorganisms and building environmental indicators through a combination of probability analysis and actual measurement. We establish a novel indoor microbial prediction model using the Poisson regression model. Our work presents an effective, low-cost, method for estimating the concentration of bioaerosols and discusses the possibility for large-scale deployment of microbial monitoring equipment inside buildings which may then support real-time monitoring of indoor microbial concentration to provide healthy indoor environments for personnel.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45376008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overheating criterion for bedrooms in temperate climates: Derivation and application","authors":"K. Lomas, Matthew Li","doi":"10.1177/01436244231183113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244231183113","url":null,"abstract":"Adequate sleep is crucial to human health and well-being and elevated night-time temperatures can degrade sleep quality. European countries with temperate climates use temperature thresholds between 25°C and 28°C to identify homes that are overheated. The current UK bedroom threshold of 26°C, is based on one small study, which is now over 45 years old. An extensive literature review indicated that with modern summertime bedding and bedwear, which enables body coverage to be easily adjusted, thermal comfort can be achieved for night-time bedroom temperatures up to approximately 29°C. Temperatures measured in 591 bedrooms during England’s hottest ever summer, 2018, are re-analysed. The prevalences of night-time overheating generated by alternative criteria are compared with the prevalences generated by the established adaptive overheating criterion. Comparisons are made for homes with different dwelling and household characteristics. Finally, a new overheating criterion is proposed based on the mean night-time bedroom temperature, with thresholds between 26°C and 29°C depending on the application of the criterion. The allowable exceedance of the chosen threshold is limited to seven nights between May and September. Adopting thresholds of 27°C for vulnerable households and 28°C for others, 23% (5.5 million) of the main bedrooms in English homes were deemed to be overheated in the hot summer of 2018, far fewer than the 69% obtained using the current UK bedroom criterion. Irrespective of the threshold chosen, there were clear, consistent and significant differences in overheating prevalence depending on dwelling and household characteristics. The proposed new overheating criterion is applicable to unconditioned bedrooms in temperate regions. It seeks to strike a balance between the risk that hot bedrooms will be air-conditioned and the risk of temperatures detrimental to a “good nights’ sleep”. Practical Application A new overheating criterion is proposed to identify overheated bedrooms. It adopts the familiar format of a temperature threshold and an allowable exceedance. It is applicable in temperate climates when people are asleep in unconditioned bedrooms. The criterion is intended to aid the interpretation of night-time temperatures predicted by dynamic thermal models and temperature measurements in existing bedrooms. It is applicable to individuals of different heat sensitivity, the design of new homes or the refurbishment of existing homes. With further testing and refinement, it offers a credible replacement to the existing UK bedroom criterion given in CIBSE Guide A, TM59 and in other guides. It can thus underpin the new overheating regulations, Part O, for the design of new dwellings in England.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47321156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of different offset modes on the drainage characteristics of a double stack drainage system in a high-rise building","authors":"Ruoying Chen, Xin Yan, Yu Shang, Y. Guan, Zheng Fang","doi":"10.1177/01436244231180596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244231180596","url":null,"abstract":"To meet the functional requirements of high-rise buildings, drainage stacks usually employ an offset pipe in the structural transfer floor. At the offset point, the flow direction changes and the air pressure fluctuates, which significantly influences the drainage system capacity and water seal effectiveness. Different offset modes have different degrees of influence on drainage characteristics. To better understand the influence of different offset modes on drainage characteristics, five different test conditions in double stack building drainage systems were established and investigated. DS1 was a standard double-stack drainage system with anti-reflux H-tube joints for every two floor levels. The remaining four systems were developed from DS1 by adopting various offset pipes (or pipe joints) on the fourth floor. DS2 adopted an S-shape offset pipe joint at the offset point. DS3 adopted double S-shape offset pipe joints. DS4 adopted a 1.0-m-long horizontal offset pipe. DS5 adopted a 1.5-m-long horizontal offset pipe. The pressure fluctuations and water seal losses were chosen as the experimental parameters to determine the maximum discharge capacity according to the Standard for Capacity Test of Vertical Pipe of the Domestic Residential Drainage System CJJ/T 245. The experimental results demonstrated that the installation of offset pipes (or pipe joints) contributed to the abrupt positive pressure and severe water seal losses at the position where flow direction shifted. As the length of the offset pipe increased, the positive pressure was more severe, and maximum discharge capacity was minor. The relationships among the maximum discharge rate, pressure fluctuation limits, and water seal losses are discussed. Lastly, a nondimensional analysis was adopted to understand the relationship between water seal losses and pressure limit values under different discharge rates for current test facilities. Practical application: Pipe offset has the potential to influence a drainage system discharge capacity. As the length of the horizontal offset pipe increases, the discharge capacity will decrease. In the actual design, the length of the offset pipe section should be reduced and this study demonstrates that the application of S-shape offset pipe joints is an efficient solution.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42889244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial neural network modelling for predicting classical air pressure profile curves in building drainage systems","authors":"I. Mahapatra, M. Gormley","doi":"10.1177/01436244231180600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244231180600","url":null,"abstract":"Water trap seal loss can lead to the ingress of foul odours from the sewer network carrying harmful pathogens which can affect the health of building occupants. This loss is due to excessive negative or positive pressures within the system as a consequence of rapidly changing flow due to the unsteady nature of air and water flow discharges from appliances. This pressure regime within the system is often represented by a pressure profile along the height of the main vertical stack in the Building Drainage System (BDS). Experimental data from peer-reviewed literature and data from a unique 34-storey drainage test rig have been used as pressure profile data (Test data) for an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. Discharge input height (storey number) and discharge flow rate are considered to be the two independent input parameters and the pressure along the vertical stack is considered to be the output. In this work, both a Feed Forward and Back Propagation (FFBP) ANN model and a Radial Basis Function (RBF) ANN model have been used to train the algorithm. The work has confirmed the applicability of the FFBP-ANN model for steady two-phase fluid flow phenomena in BDS and allows for the prediction of pressures in a system for which no pressure data exists, by the prediction of modelled weights, based only on its physical and flow characteristics. Practical Application: Of great concern to designers of building drainage systems (BDS) is the control of pressure fluctuations within the system to prevent water trap seal loss. Prediction of a pressure profile based on the characteristics of the building – e.g. height, location of water discharge, discharge flow rate and ventilation type, would therefore increase confidence in designs, particularly in tall buildings. The work presented here addresses, for the first time, the applications of two ANN models for predicting the pressure profile in the BDS vertical stack of multi-storey buildings.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46834781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of new dew point evaporative cooler heat and mass exchanger designs with different geometries","authors":"M. Sulaiman, A. Adham","doi":"10.1177/01436244231179456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244231179456","url":null,"abstract":"In this study four new geometries of heat and mass exchanger for dew point evaporative cooling are investigated and their performance is compared to that of the commonly used flat plate and corrugated plate exchangers. In the proposed exchangers, each dry channel is completely enclosed by its adjacent wet channels, and each wet channel is completely enclosed by its adjacent dry channels (related detailed information is presented graphically in this paper). In addition, a robust numerical model was developed and is examined under various operational and geometrical conditions. The analysis showed that the proposed dew point evaporative coolers improve the chilled air temperature, water consumption, cooling capacity, and energy efficiency. In particular, the circular concentric tube exchanger, under certain operating conditions (inlet air temperature, humidity ratio, and velocity of 40°C, 6 g/kg, and 3 m/s, respectively), could produce the lowest chilled air temperature of 9.6°C and the highest wet bulb and dew point effectiveness of 148% and 99%, respectively. Additionally, water consumption is reduced to 1.34 L/hr for an inlet air velocity of 1 m/s. A triangular tube exchanger achieved the highest cooling capacity and coefficient of performance, but consumed the largest amount of water. Our geometrical analysis demonstrates that the overall performance of dew point evaporative cooling systems can be improved by employing new geometries for heat and mass exchanger channels. Practical application: The dew point evaporative cooler is an environmentally friendly air conditioning system used in buildings. It is considered the strongest candidate to replace vapour-compression refrigeration systems because it consumes considerably less electricity while achieving high performance. Our research demonstrates that through revised geometry it is possible to further improve the performance of the system leading to improved energy and water efficiency.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46274455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solving the comfort-retrofit conundrum through post-occupancy evaluation and multi-objective optimisation","authors":"Chuan-Rui Yu, Xuan Liu, Qian-Cheng Wang, Dujuan Yang","doi":"10.1177/01436244231174354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244231174354","url":null,"abstract":"Developing appropriate building retrofit strategies is a challenging task. This case study presents a multi-criteria decision-supporting method that suggests optimal solutions and alternative design references with a range of diversity at the early exploration stage in building retrofit. This method employs a practical two-step method to identify critical comfort and energy issues and generate optimised design options with multi-objective optimisation based on a genetic algorithm. The first step is based on a post-occupancy evaluation, which cross-refers benchmarking and correlation and integrates them with non-linear satisfaction theory to extract critical comfort factors. The second step parameterises previous outputs as objectives to conduct building simulation practice. The case study is a typical post-war highly glazed open-plan office in London. The post-occupancy evaluation result identifies direct sunlight glare, indoor temperature, and noise from other occupants as critical comfort factors. The simulation and optimisation extract the optimal retrofit strategies by analysing 480 generated Pareto fronts. The proposed method provides retrofit solutions with a criteria-based filtering method and considers the trade-off between the energy and comfort objectives. The method can be transformed into a design-supporting tool to identify the key comfort factors for built environment optimisation and create sustainability in building retrofit. Practical application : This study suggested that statistical analysis could be integrated with parametric design tools and multi-objective optimisation. It directly links users’ subjective opinions to the final design solutions, suggesting a new method for data-driven generative design. As a quantitative process, the proposed framework could be automated with a program, reducing the human effort in the optimisation process and reducing the reliance on human experience in the design question defining and analysis process. It might also avoid human mistakes, e.g. overlooking some critical factors. During the multi-objective optimisation process, large numbers of design options are generated, and many of them are optimised at the Pareto front. Exploring these options could be a less human effort-intensive process than designing completely new options, especially in the early design exploration phase. Overall, this might be a potential direction for future study in generative design, which greatly reduce the technical obstacle of sustainable design for high building performance.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42446951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practical applications","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/01436244231171273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244231171273","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45684829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel hybrid Harris hawk optimization and sine cosine algorithm based home energy management system for residential buildings","authors":"K. Paul, Debolina Hati","doi":"10.1177/01436244231170387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01436244231170387","url":null,"abstract":"Smart grid technology has given users the ability to regulate their home energy in a much more effective manner. In such scenarios, Home Energy Management (HEM) potentially becomes an arduous task, as it necessitates the optimal scheduling of smart appliances in order to reduce energy usage. In this research, a hybrid Harris Hawk Optimization-Sine Cosine Algorithm (hHHO-SCA) has been proposed to develop a meta-heuristic-based HEM system. The hybridization of HHO with SCA has been done to enhance the exploration and exploitation stages of HHO, hence improving its global search phase and effectively optimizing the energy usages. In addition to this, several knapsacks are utilized to guarantee that load demand for power users does not surpass a certain level during the peak hours. In terms of electricity prices and Peak to Average Ratio (PAR) reduction, the hybridization is demonstrated to be beneficial in achieving the objectives. Simulations are performed for a multi-family housing complex with a range of smart equipment. The results achieved with the proposed approach suggest that hHHO-SCA has been comparatively efficient in terms of cost reduction, and PAR, when compared to the other optimization techniques. Practical Application. This home energy management system can be applied to optimally schedule all the smart appliances in a building to minimize electricity consumption and provide the consumer with potential savings in electricity costs.","PeriodicalId":50724,"journal":{"name":"Building Services Engineering Research & Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46765855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}