Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology最新文献

{"title":"Commentary on \"Consciousness as a Memory System\" by Budson, Richman, and Kensinger (2022).","authors":"Howard S Kirshner","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000326","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Consciouness is a phenomenon that has eluded explanation by generations of physicians and scientists. Many discussions, experiments, and theories about consciousness have been published, but none has adequately explained the phenomenon. In the previous issue, Budson and colleagues (2022) present a theory of consciousness based on explicit memory processes, with consciousness developing in the context of memory function. In the authors' view, consciousness accompanying other cortical processes such as language or visual-spatial function developed only later in evolution. The evidence presented for this evolutionary sequence, however, is very limited. Furthermore, no discussion is directed toward the theory that consciousness involves the intersection between external perceptions and internal bodily states. The authors also develop the concept that most of our actions, and even our personality, are conscious only after the fact; immediate decisions are taken by the unconscious mind-the \"horse\" rather than the \"rider.\" There is empirical evidence that rapid decisions and responses occur before they become conscious. However, Budson and colleagues (2022) extend the concept of unconscious decision-making to virtually all actions; in so doing, not only do they minimize the phenomenon of self-conscious awareness, but their theory has disturbing ethical implications for personal responsibility, criminal law, free will, and personality.</p>","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":"36 1","pages":"59-62"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9251132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blurred Lines: Memory, Perceptions, and Consciousness: Commentary on \"Consciousness as a Memory System\" by Budson et al (2022).","authors":"Hinze Hogendoorn","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000325","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000325","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the previous issue, Budson, Richman, and Kensinger (2022) put forth the intriguing proposal that consciousness may have evolved from the episodic memory system. In addition to providing a possible evolutionary trajectory for consciousness, I believe that viewing consciousness as an extension of memory in this way is particularly useful for understanding some of the puzzling temporal complexities that are inherent to consciousness. For example, due to neural transmission delays, our conscious experience must necessarily lag the outside world, which creates a paradox for both conscious perception (Do we see the past, rather than the present?) and action (How can we make rapid decisions if it takes so long to become conscious of something?). These paradoxes can be elegantly solved by treating consciousness as a memory system. Finally, the proposal put forth by Budson and colleagues (2022) aligns with the emerging perspective that consciousness, like memory, represents a narrative time line of events rather than any single instant. However, I believe that this conceptualization can be further extended to include not only the past, but also the future. In this way, consciousness can be provocatively viewed as the remembered past, present, and future.</p>","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":"36 1","pages":"54-58"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9304192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consciousness as a Memory System.","authors":"Andrew E Budson,&nbsp;Kenneth A Richman,&nbsp;Elizabeth A Kensinger","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000319","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000319","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We suggest that there is confusion between why consciousness developed and what additional functions, through continued evolution, it has co-opted. Consider episodic memory. If we believe that episodic memory evolved solely to accurately represent past events, it seems like a terrible system-prone to forgetting and false memories. However, if we believe that episodic memory developed to flexibly and creatively combine and rearrange memories of prior events in order to plan for the future, then it is quite a good system. We argue that consciousness originally developed as part of the episodic memory system-quite likely the part needed to accomplish that flexible recombining of information. We posit further that consciousness was subsequently co-opted to produce other functions that are not directly relevant to memory per se, such as problem-solving, abstract thinking, and language. We suggest that this theory is compatible with many phenomena, such as the slow speed and the after-the-fact order of consciousness, that cannot be explained well by other theories. We believe that our theory may have profound implications for understanding intentional action and consciousness in general. Moreover, we suggest that episodic memory and its associated memory systems of sensory, working, and semantic memory as a whole ought to be considered together as the conscious memory system in that they, together, give rise to the phenomenon of consciousness. Lastly, we suggest that the cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that makes consciousness possible, and that every cortical region contributes to this conscious memory system.</p>","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":"35 4","pages":"263-297"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9708083/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9249414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Somatoform Symptoms in Parkinson Disease.","authors":"David Glovinsky,&nbsp;Ann L Gruber-Baldini,&nbsp;Seth Himelhoch,&nbsp;Karen E Anderson,&nbsp;Lisa M Shulman","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000322","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Co-occurring somatoform symptoms complicate the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease (PD).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To learn more about the relationship between somatoform symptoms and PD by comparing demographic and clinical features across PD groups differing in somatoform symptom severity.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Using standardized Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) scores to measure somatoform symptom severity, we assigned 1093 individuals with PD to one of four subgroups using comparisons to normative means: low (M < -½ SD), average (M ± ½ SD), high (M +½ SD to +1 SD), very high (M > +1 SD). We used demographics and disease severity measures to assess each subgroup.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most of the individuals with PD (56%) had high or very high somatoform symptom levels. Increased somatoform symptom levels were associated with female gender, lower socioeconomic status, greater disease duration, increased PD severity (Total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale), greater disability (Older Americans Resource and Services Disability subscale), increased BSI-18 Depression and Anxiety subscale scores, lower cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination), lower self-efficacy scores (Self-Efficacy to Manage Chronic Disease Scale), lower quality of life scores (SF-12 Health Status Survey), and greater medical comorbidity (Cumulative Illness Rating Scale-Geriatrics) (all comparisons: P < 0.001). We found no significant between-group differences for age, race, or marital status.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Somatoform symptom severity in individuals with PD is associated with greater PD severity and disability and is more common in females and in individuals with low socioeconomic status. Greater awareness of somatoform symptoms should help improve PD treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":"35 4","pages":"255-262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10686080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Account of the Effect of Switch Probability on Switch and Mixing Costs: An ERP Study in a Cued Task-switching Paradigm.","authors":"Cheng Wenwen,&nbsp;Yan Yang,&nbsp;Liyan Cui,&nbsp;Ying Chen,&nbsp;Weiguo Zhang,&nbsp;Xiong Zhang,&nbsp;Shu Zhou","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000317","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000317","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Whether the effect of switch probability on switch and mixing costs is explained by an activation or preparation account is unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the account of the effect of switch probability on switch and mixing costs.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We used a cued task-switching paradigm with three switch probabilities (high, 75%; medium, 50%; and low, 25%) with 19 healthy young adults and recorded the cue- and target-locked event-related potentials (ERPs) and behavioral performance. The task included switch and stay trials under high, medium, and low switch conditions, as well as pure trials.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no significant difference in reaction time (RT) in switch and mixing costs between the high and medium switch conditions. The RT in switch and mixing costs in the high and medium switch conditions was significantly less and more than in the low switch condition, respectively. The cue-locked ERPs revealed significant effects on mixing costs (stay - pure) that were cue early frontal positivity (260-300 ms) in the high and medium switch conditions, and on switch costs (switch - stay) that were cue early central positivity (240-260 ms) in the low switch condition. Moreover, the target-locked ERPs of the mixing costs revealed significant effects on mixing costs that were target P3b (440-540 ms) in all three switch conditions, and on switch costs that were target P3b in the medium and low switch conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The effect of switch probability on switch and mixing costs is explained by the activation account.</p>","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":"35 4","pages":"230-246"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10633172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constructional Impairments and Their Neural Correlates in Nondemented Adults With Cerebral Autosomal-dominant Arteriopathy With Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy.","authors":"Natascia De Lucia,&nbsp;Michele Ragno,&nbsp;Cristina Paci,&nbsp;Gabriella Cacchiò,&nbsp;Anna Rita Caiazzo,&nbsp;Sara Tiberi,&nbsp;Anna De Rosa,&nbsp;Riccardo Navarra,&nbsp;Massimo Caulo,&nbsp;Giuseppe De Michele,&nbsp;Luigi Trojano","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000318","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a monogenic small-vessel disease that is characterized by a wide range of neurologic and neuropsychological impairments. Constructional impairments have been reported in some cases but have never been assessed systematically.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate constructional abilities and their cognitive and neural correlates in nondemented individuals with CADASIL.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Thirty individuals with CADASIL who were not affected by clinically relevant cognitive deterioration and 30 healthy controls (HC) underwent an extensive cognitive assessment and paper-and-pencil visuoconstructional tasks in order to detect constructional impairments. Performance on the visuoconstructional tasks was correlated with the cognitive assessment scores and with quantitative indices of regional gray matter atrophy (obtained via FreeSurfer image analysis) and white matter involvement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The individuals with CADASIL achieved significantly lower scores on the cognitive assessment compared with the HC. Poor visuoconstructional abilities were observed in seven (23.3%) of the individuals with CADASIL when performing the copy drawing task and in nine (30%) when performing the Rey Complex Figure Test. Logistic regression revealed that visuoconstructional impairments were significantly associated with scores on the Frontal Assessment Battery and the Attentional Matrices Test. Morphometric results revealed that scores on the visuoconstructional tasks were related to gray matter atrophy of the left frontal lobe and right parietal lobe.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Impairments on visuoconstructional tasks are quite common in individuals with CADASIL, even in the lack of clinically relevant cognitive deterioration, and are critically related to frontal and parietal atrophy.</p>","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":"35 4","pages":"247-254"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9199164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Memory Loss, Alzheimer's Disease, and Dementia: A Practical Guide for Clinicians, 3rd ed.","authors":"Howard S Kirshner","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/WNN.0000000000000323","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":"35 4","pages":"298-299"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41154673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Swimmers: A Novel.","authors":"Howard S Kirshner","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/WNN.0000000000000315","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":" ","pages":"227-228"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40343741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graph Theory Analysis of Semantic Fluency in Russian-English Bilinguals.","authors":"Vidushi Sinha, Frances Lissemore, Alan J Lerner","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000312","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Semantic category fluency is a widely used task involving language, memory, and executive function. Previous studies of bilingual semantic fluency have shown only small differences between languages. Graph theory analyzes complex relationships in networks, including node and edge number, clustering coefficient, average path length, average number of direct neighbors, and scale-free and small-world properties.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To shed light on whether the underlying neural processes involved in semantic category fluency testing yield substantially different networks in different languages.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We compared languages and methods using both network analysis and conventional analysis of word production. We administered the animal naming task to 51 Russian-English bilinguals in each language. We constructed network graphs using three methods: (a) simple association of unique co-occurring neighbors, (b) corrected associations between consecutive words occurring beyond chance, and (c) a network community approach using planar maximally filtered graphs. We compared the resultant network analytics as well as their scale-free and small-world properties.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants produced more words in Russian than in English. Small-worldness metrics were variable between Russian and English but were consistent across the three graph theory analytical methods.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The networks had similar graph theory properties in both languages. The optimal methodology for creating networks from semantic category fluency remains to be determined.</p>","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":"35 3","pages":"179-187"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10154949/pdf/nihms-1814366.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10130340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinguishing Between Genuine and Feigned Dementia Using Event-related Potentials.","authors":"August M Price,&nbsp;Rocco Palumbo,&nbsp;Anna Marin,&nbsp;Prayerna Uppal,&nbsp;Cheongmin Suh,&nbsp;Andrew E Budson,&nbsp;Katherine W Turk","doi":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000311","DOIUrl":"10.1097/WNN.0000000000000311","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Individuals with probable Alzheimer disease (AD) may perform below cutoffs on traditional, memory-based performance validity tests. Previous studies have found success using event-related potentials (ERPs) to detect feigned neurocognitive impairment in younger populations.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the utility of an auditory oddball task in conjunction with the P3b peak amplitude to distinguish probable AD from simulated dementia.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Twenty individuals with probable AD and 20 older healthy controls (HC) underwent an ERP auditory oddball protocol and the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM). The HC were asked to perform honestly for one condition and to simulate dementia for the other. The individuals with probable AD were asked to perform honestly. The P3b peak amplitude and button press accuracy were collected from each participant and were analyzed to determine their effectiveness in detecting performance validity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The P3b peak amplitude remained stable regardless of behavioral condition in the HC group. When combined with the TOMM Trial 2 score, the P3b peak amplitude further improved the ability to correctly differentiate individuals with probable AD from HC simulating dementia with 100% sensitivity and 90% specificity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The P3b peak amplitude was found to be an effective physiologic measure of cognitive impairment in individuals with probable AD compared with HC simulating dementia. When combined with the TOMM Trial 2 score, the P3b peak amplitude served as a promising performance validity measure for differentiating individuals with probable AD from HC simulating dementia.</p>","PeriodicalId":50671,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology","volume":"35 3","pages":"188-197"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9444996/pdf/nihms-1813003.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10505581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}