Comparative Cytogenetics最新文献

{"title":"New cytogenetic data for three species of Pentatomidae (Heteroptera): <i>Dichelops melacanthus</i> (Dallas, 1851), <i>Loxa viridis</i> (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805), and <i>Edessa collaris</i> (Dallas, 1851).","authors":"Jaqueline Fernanda Dionisio,&nbsp;Joana Neres da Cruz Baldissera,&nbsp;Angélica Nunes Tiepo,&nbsp;José Antônio Marin Fernandes,&nbsp;Daniel Ricardo Sosa-Gómez,&nbsp;Renata da Rosa","doi":"10.3897/CompCytogen.v14i4.56743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v14i4.56743","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, we present new cytogenetic data for three species of the family Pentatomidae: <i>Dichelops melacanthus</i> (Dallas, 1851), <i>Loxa viridis</i> (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805), and <i>Edessa collaris</i> (Dallas, 1851). All studied species presented holocentric chromosomes and inverted meiosis for the sex chromosomes. <i>D. melacanthus</i> has 2<i>n</i> = 12 (10A + XY); <i>L. viridis</i> showed 2<i>n</i> = 14 (12A + XY); and <i>E. collaris</i> showed 2<i>n</i> = 14 (12A + XY). C-banding was performed for the first time in these species and revealed terminal and interstitial heterochromatic regions on the autosomes; DAPI/CMA₃ staining showed different fluorescent patterns. In all species, fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization (FISH) with 18S rDNA probe identified signals on one autosomal bivalent, this being the first report of FISH application in the species <i>D. melacanthus</i> and <i>L. viridis</i>. The results obtained add to those already existing in the literature, enabling a better understanding of the meiotic behavior of these insects.</p>","PeriodicalId":50656,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cytogenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7686203/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38309613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Karyotype and DNA barcode of <i>Polyommatus</i> (<i>Agrodiaetus</i>) <i>cyaneus</i> (Staudinger, 1899) from its type locality: implication for taxonomic and evolutionary research in <i>Polyommatus</i> blue butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae).","authors":"Vladimir A Lukhtanov,&nbsp;Alexander V Dantchenko,&nbsp;Karine V Balayan,&nbsp;Anastasia V Gagarina","doi":"10.3897/CompCytogen.v14i4.59574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v14i4.59574","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chromosomal and molecular analyses of rapidly evolving organisms such as <i>Polyommatus</i> Latreille, 1804 blue butterflies are essential for understanding their taxonomy and evolutionary history, and the studies of populations from their type localities are crucially important for resolving problems of nomenclature and species identity. Here we present data on the topotypical population of the blue butterfly species described as Lycaena damone var. cyanea Staudinger, 1899. This taxon was described from Khankendi (Nagorno-Karabakh, Caucasus), and rediscovered at the type locality for the first time since it was collected there in 1869. The specimens were found on dry stony meadows with a predominance of <i>Onobrychis radiata</i> Bieberstein, 1810, on upper border of oak forests. Their haploid chromosome number (n) was established as n = 17. Chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA barcode analyses of the studied samples from type-locality provided an opportunity for the critical taxonomic re-examination of Caucasian species of the subgenus Agrodiaetus Hübner, 1822 of the genus <i>Polyommatus</i> Latreille, 1804. The obtained data support the interpretation of the P. (A.) cyaneus (Staudinger, 1899) and P. (A.) carmon (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) as two different, not closely related species complexes as previously hypothesized by Hugo de Lesse. On the contrary, the treatment by Walter Forster who considered these taxa as two groups of conspecific populations was not supported by our data.</p>","PeriodicalId":50656,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cytogenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7686216/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38309611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Karyotypes diversity in some Iranian Pamphagidae grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea, Pamphagidae): new insights on the evolution of the neo-XY sex chromosomes.","authors":"Olesya Buleu, Ilyas Jetybayev, Mohsen Mofidi-Neyestanak, Alexander Bugrov","doi":"10.3897/compcytogen.v14.i4.53688","DOIUrl":"10.3897/compcytogen.v14.i4.53688","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For the first time, cytogenetic features of grasshoppers from Iran have been studied. In this paper we conducted a comparative cytogenetic analysis of six species from the family Pamphagidae. The species studied belong to subfamilies Thrinchinae Stål, 1876 (<i>Eremopeza bicoloripes</i> (Moritz, 1928), <i>E. saussurei</i> (Uvarov, 1918)) and Pamphaginae (<i>Saxetania paramonovi</i> (Dirsh, 1927), <i>Tropidauchen escalerai</i> Bolívar, 1912, <i>Tropidauchen</i> sp., and <i>Paranothrotes citimus</i> Mistshenko, 1951). We report information about the chromosome number and morphology, C-banding patterns, and localization of ribosomal DNA clusters and telomeric (TTAGG)_n repeats. Among these species, only <i>S. paramonovi</i> had an ancestral Pamphagidae karyotype (2n=18+X0♂; FN=19♂). The karyotypes of the remaining species differed from the ancestral karyotypes. The karyotypes of <i>E. bicoloripes</i> and <i>E. saussurei</i>, despite having the same chromosome number (2n=18+X0♂) had certain biarmed chromosomes (FN=20♂ and FN=34♂ respectively). The karyotypes of <i>T. escalerai</i> and <i>Tropidauchen</i> sp. consisted of eight pairs of acrocentric autosomes, one submetacentric neo-X chromosome and one acrocentric neo-Y chromosome in males (2n=16+neo-X neo-Y♂). The karyotype of <i>P. citimus</i> consisted of seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, submetacentric the neo-X₁ and neo-Y and acrocentric the neo-X₂ chromosomes (2n=14+neo-X₁ neo-X₂ neo-Y♂). Comparative analysis of the localization and size of C-positive regions, the position of ribosomal clusters and the telomeric DNA motif in the chromosomes of the species studied, revealed early unknown features of their karyotype evolution. The data obtained has allowed us to hypothesize that the origin and early phase of evolution of the neo-Xneo-Y♂ sex chromosome in the subfamily Pamphaginae, are linked to the Iranian highlands.</p>","PeriodicalId":50656,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cytogenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7674378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38631199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First cytogenetic information on four checkered beetles (Coleoptera, Cleridae).","authors":"Atılay Yağmur Okutaner","doi":"10.3897/CompCytogen.v14i4.55358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v14i4.55358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The karyotypes of four species of Cleridae (Coleoptera): <i>Trichodes favarius</i> (Illiger, 1802), <i>Trichodes quadriguttatus</i> Adams, 1817, <i>Trichodes reichei</i> (Mulsant et Rey, 1863), and <i>Tilloidea transversalis</i> (Charpentier, 1825) were reported for the first time with this study. The chromosome numbers of these four species were determined as 2n = 18, sex chromosome system Xy_p, and all chromosomes were metacentric (the except y chromosome). Together with this study, the chromosome data of only 17 species are available in this family. It is remarkable that all of them display the same chromosome number and similar karyotypes. This may make the effect of karyotypical features important in interpreting the evolutionary process of Cleridae.</p>","PeriodicalId":50656,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cytogenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7609493/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38608312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A checklist of chromosome numbers and a review of karyotype variation in Odonata of the world.","authors":"Valentina G Kuznetsova, Natalia V Golub","doi":"10.3897/CompCytogen.v14i4.57062","DOIUrl":"10.3897/CompCytogen.v14i4.57062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ancient insect order Odonata is divided into three suborders: Anisoptera and Zygoptera with approximately 3000 species worldwide each, and Anisozygoptera with only four extant species in the relict family Epiophlebiidae. An updated list of Odonata species studied regarding chromosome number, sex chromosome mechanism and the occurrence of m-chromosomes (= microchromosomes) is given. Karyotypes of 607 species (198 genera, 23 families), covering approximately 10% of described species, are reported: 423 species (125 genera, 8 families) of the Anisoptera, 184 species (72 genera, 14 families) of the Zygoptera, and one species of the Anisozygoptera. Among the Odonata, sex determination mechanisms in males can be of X(0), XY and X₁X₂Y types, and diploid chromosome numbers can vary from 6 to 41, with a clear mode at 2n = 25(60%) and two more local modes at 2n = 27(21%) and 2n = 23(13%). The karyotype 2n = 25(24A + X) is found in each of the three suborders and is the most typical (modal) in many families, including the best-covered Libellulidae, Corduliidae (Anisoptera), Lestidae, Calopterygidae, and Platycnemididae (Zygoptera). This chromosome set is considered ancestral for the Odonata in general. Chromosome rearrangements, among which fusions and fissions most likely predominated, led to independent origins of similar karyotypes within different phylogenetic lineages of the order. The karyotype 2n = 27(26A + X) prevails in Aeshnidae and Coenagrionidae, whereas the karyotype 2n = 23(22A + X) is modal in Gomphidae and Chlorocyphidae, in both pairs of families one being from the Anisoptera while the other from the Zygoptera.</p>","PeriodicalId":50656,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cytogenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7596019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38589247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DNA-barcoding and a new data about the karyotype of <i>Myotis petax</i> (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) in the Russian Far East.","authors":"Uliana V Gorobeyko, Irina V Kartavtseva, Irina N Sheremetyeva, Denis V Kazakov, Valentin Yu Guskov","doi":"10.3897/CompCytogen.v14i4.54955","DOIUrl":"10.3897/CompCytogen.v14i4.54955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The DNA-barcoding and chromosomal study of the eastern water bat, <i>Myotis petax</i> Hollister, 1912, from the earlier unexplored localities in the Russian Far East are carried out. The COI barcoding obtained for 18 from a total of 19 individuals captured in five localities in the Russian Far East showed the low nucleotide variability with the prevalence of the central, the most abundant haplotype. The chromosomal characteristics of eight <i>M. petax</i> specimens (2n = 44, NFa = 52) in the Russian Far East are clarified. The number and localization of NOR in karyotype of <i>M. petax</i> is described at the first time and differ from distributional patterns of NOR in the sibling species <i>M. daubentonii</i> Kuhl, 1819 that can be used as diagnostic feature. The considerable intraspecific variability in the distribution of heterochromatin material revealed is not typical of the genus <i>Myotis</i>, but it has been found in other species of the family Vespertilionidae.</p>","PeriodicalId":50656,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cytogenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7661951/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38630769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Random chromosome distribution in the first meiosis of F1 disomic substitution line 2R(2D) x rye hybrids (ABDR, 4× = 28) occurs without bipolar spindle assembly.","authors":"Dina B Loginova,&nbsp;Anastasia A Zhuravleva,&nbsp;Olga G Silkova","doi":"10.3897/compcytogen.v14.i4.55827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v14.i4.55827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The assembly of the microtubule-based spindle structure in plant meiosis remains poorly understood compared with our knowledge of mitotic spindle formation. One of the approaches in our understanding of microtubule dynamics is to study spindle assembly in meiosis of amphyhaploids. Using immunostaining with phH3Ser10, CENH3 and α-tubulin-specific antibodies, we studied the chromosome distribution and spindle organisation in meiosis of F₁ 2R(2D)xR wheat-rye hybrids (genome structure ABDR, 4× = 28), as well as in wheat and rye mitosis and meiosis. At the prometaphase of mitosis, spindle assembly was asymmetric; one half of the spindle assembled before the other, with simultaneous chromosome alignment in the spindle mid-zone. At diakinesis in wheat and rye, microtubules formed a pro-spindle which was subsequently disassembled followed by a bipolar spindle assembly. In the first meiosis of hybrids 2R(2D)xR, a bipolar spindle was not found and the kinetochore microtubules distributed the chromosomes. Univalent chromosomes are characterised by a monopolar orientation and maintenance of sister chromatid and centromere cohesion. Presence of bivalents did not affect the formation of a bipolar spindle. Since the central spindle was absent, phragmoplast originates from \"interpolar\" microtubules generated by kinetochores. Cell plate development occurred with a delay. However, meiocytes in meiosis II contained apparently normal bipolar spindles. Thus, we can conclude that: (1) cohesion maintenance in centromeres and between arms of sister chromatids may negatively affect bipolar spindle formation in the first meiosis; (2) 2R/2D rye/wheat chromosome substitution affects the regulation of the random chromosome distribution in the absence of a bipolar spindle.</p>","PeriodicalId":50656,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cytogenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7567738/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38539627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative cytogenetic of six species of Amazonian Peacock bass (<i>Cichla</i>, Cichlinae): intrachromosomal variations and genetic introgression among sympatric species.","authors":"Janice Quadros,&nbsp;Alex M V Ferreira,&nbsp;Patrik F Viana,&nbsp;Leandro Marajó,&nbsp;Ezequiel Oliveira,&nbsp;Efrem Ferreira,&nbsp;Eliana Feldberg","doi":"10.3897/CompCytogen.v14i3.55279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v14i3.55279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytogenetic data for the genus <i>Cichla</i> Bloch et Schneider, 1801 are still very limited, with only four karyotype descriptions to date. The sum of the available cytogenetic information for <i>Cichla</i> species, points to a maintenance of the diploid number of 48 acrocentric chromosomes, considered a typical ancestral feature in cichlids. In the current study, we performed molecular and classical cytogenetic analyses of the karyotype organization of six species of <i>Cichla</i>, the earliest-diverging genus of Neotropical cichlids. We cytogenetically analysed <i>Cichla kelberi</i> Kullander et Ferreira, 2006, <i>Cichla monoculus</i> Agassiz, 1831, <i>Cichla piquiti</i> Kullander et Ferreira, 2006, <i>Cichla temensis</i> Humboldt, 1821, <i>Cichla vazzoleri</i> Kullander et Ferreira, 2006 and <i>Cichla pinima</i> Kullander et Ferreira, 2006, including three individuals that showed mixed morphological characteristics, likely from different species, suggesting they were hybrid individuals. All individuals analysed showed 2n = 48 acrocentric chromosomes, with centromeric heterochromatic blocks on all chromosomes and a terminal heterochromatic region on the <i>q</i> arm of the 2^nd pair. Mapping 18S rDNA gave hybridization signals, correlated with the nucleolus organizer regions, on the 2^nd pair for all analyzed individuals. However, we found distinct patterns for 5S rDNA: interstitially at the proximal position on 6^th pair of four species (<i>C. kelberi</i>, <i>C. pinima</i>, <i>C. piquiti</i> and <i>C. vazzoleri</i>), and on the distal of the 4^th pair in two (<i>C. monoculus</i> and <i>C. temensis</i>). Accordingly, we present here new data for the genus and discuss the evolutionary trends in the karyotype of this group of fish. In addition, we provide data that supports the occurrence of hybrid individuals in the Uatumã River region, mainly based on 5S rDNA mapping.</p>","PeriodicalId":50656,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cytogenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7515931/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38553454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid chromosomal evolution in the bush-cricket <i>Gonatoxia helleri</i> Hemp, 2016 (Orthoptera, Phaneropterinae).","authors":"Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa,&nbsp;Beata Grzywacz,&nbsp;Anna Maryańska-Nadachowska,&nbsp;Klaus-Gerhard Heller,&nbsp;Claudia Hemp","doi":"10.3897/CompCytogen.v14i3.54422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v14i3.54422","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Gonatoxia helleri</i> Hemp, 2016 is one of the most widespread bush-crickets of the genus <i>Gonatoxia</i> Karsch, 1889 in East Africa. This species with seven large chromosomes (2n♂ = 7) differs from other representatives of the genus <i>Gonatoxia</i> drastically by its reduced chromosome number, the asymmetrical karyotype including karyomorphs rarely found in tettigoniids, as well as in irregularities in the course of meiosis. To better understand the origin of such an exceptional karyotype, chromosomes of 29 specimens from four populations/localities were studied using classical techniques, such as C-banding, silver impregnation, fluorochrome double staining and fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization (FISH) technique with 18S rDNA and (TTAGG) <i>_n</i> telomeric probes. FISH showed many 18S rDNA loci as well as interstitial telomeric sequences, where chromosome morphology varied in these components in terms of quantity and distribution. The 18S rDNA loci coincided with active NORs and C-banding patterns. We suggest that a combination of Robertsonian rearrangements and/or multiple common tandem fusions involving the same chromosomes contributed to the formation of this karyotype/karyomorphs. The results are the first step towards a better understanding of chromosomal reorganization and evolution within the genus <i>Gonatoxia</i>. Low chromosome number, together with the incidence of chromosomal polymorphism that is higher in <i>G. helleri</i> than previously reported in bush-crickets, implies that this species can be a valuable new model for cytogenetic and speciation studies. Our findings suggest that chromosomal translocations lead to diversification and speciation in this species and could be the driving force of adaptive radiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":50656,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cytogenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7473956/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38399966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chromosomes of parasitic wasps of the superfamily Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): An overview.","authors":"Vladimir E Gokhman","doi":"10.3897/CompCytogen.v14i3.56535","DOIUrl":"10.3897/CompCytogen.v14i3.56535","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An overview of the current knowledge of chromosome sets of the parasitoid superfamily Chalcidoidea is given. Karyotypes of approximately 240 members of this group, i.e. just above one percent of described species, are studied up to now. Techniques for obtaining and analyzing preparations of chalcid chromosomes are outlined, including the so-called \"traditional\" and \"modern\" methods of differential staining as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Among the Chalcidoidea, the haploid chromosome number can vary from n = 3 to n = 11, with a clear mode at n = 6 and a second local maximum at n = 10. In this group, most chromosomes are either metacentric or submetacentric, but acrocentrics and/or subtelocentrics also can predominate, especially within karyotypes of certain Chalcidoidea with higher chromosome numbers. The following main types of chromosomal mutations are characteristic of chalcid karyotypes: inversions, fusions, translocations, polyploidy, aneuploidy and B chromosome variation. Although karyotype evolution of this superfamily was mainly studied using phylogenetic reconstructions based on morphological and/or molecular characters, chromosomal synapomorphies of certain groups were also revealed. Taxonomic implications of karyotypic features of the Chalcidoidea are apparently the most important at the species level, especially among cryptic taxa.</p>","PeriodicalId":50656,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cytogenetics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9849058/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10746540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}