SSM - Population Health最新文献

{"title":"Social desirability and under-reporting of smokeless tobacco use among reproductive age women: Evidence from National Family Health Survey.","authors":"Prashant Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Pankhuri Jain,&nbsp;Nishikant Singh,&nbsp;Lucky Singh,&nbsp;Chandan Kumar,&nbsp;Amit Yadav,&nbsp;S V Subramanian,&nbsp;Shalini Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study hypothesises that the presence of a third person during the interaction between the survey investigator and the woman respondent leads to underreporting of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use by Indian women, including pregnant and breastfeeding women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional data from the National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015-16 was analysed for SLT use among women aged 15-49. Multivariate logistic regression examined the odds of SLT use reporting by women respondents in the presence of their husbands and other male or female adults.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SLT use reporting by women significantly varied by the presence of someone during the interview. The analysis shows that the odds of reporting SLT use among women who were neither pregnant nor lactating was 20.6% lower when they were interviewed in the presence of their husbands than when they were interviewed alone. Similarly, compared to those interviewed alone, the odds of women reporting SLT use was 16.5% lower among pregnant and breastfeeding women interviewed in the presence of any adult female. The odds of women under-reporting SLT use were higher in Central and Western India.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study argues that the current survey estimates misconstrue the authentic prevalence of tobacco use among women in India, including pregnant and lactating women. Due to social desirability or the presence of a third person during the survey interview, those respondents who do not report their tobacco use status are also more likely to forego essential support for successful tobacco cessation. Survey methodology must be strengthened to avert the presence of a third person during the interview to ensure better reporting and population health estimates.</p>","PeriodicalId":506314,"journal":{"name":"SSM - Population Health","volume":" ","pages":"101257"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/17/b1/main.PMC9573902.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40657162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asset and consumption gradient of health estimates in India: Implications for survey and public health research.","authors":"Sanjay K Mohanty,&nbsp;S K Singh,&nbsp;Santosh Kumar Sharma,&nbsp;Kajori Banerji,&nbsp;Rajib Acharya","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The wealth index based on household assets and amenities is been increasingly used to explain economic variations of health outcomes in the developing countries. While the variables used to compute the wealth index are easy to collect and time- and cost-effective, the wealth index tends to have an urban bias, uses arbitrary weighting, does not provide per capita measures and is a poor measure of inequality. We used micro data from two of the large-scale population-based surveys, the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India, 2017-18 and the India Human Development Survey, 2011-12 that covered over 42,000 households each and collected data on household consumption, assets and amenities in India. We examined the variations and inequality in health estimates by consumption per capita and asset-based measures in India. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression model, concentration index, and concentration curve were used in the analyses. We found a weak association between monthly per capita consumption expenditure (MPCE) and wealth index in both the surveys. Some of the health conditions such as hypertension, cataract, refractive error, and diabetes tended to be underestimated in the bottom 40% of the population when economic well-being was measured using the wealth index compared to consumption. Socio-economic inequality in health outcome, inpatient and outpatient health services were underestimated when measured using the wealth index than when measured using MPCE. We conclude that economic gradients of health by consumption and wealth index are inconsistent and that per capita consumption predicts health estimates better than the wealth index. It is recommended that public health research using population-based surveys that provide data on consumption and wealth index use per capita consumption to explain economic variations in health and health care utilization. We also suggest that the future rounds of the health surveys of National Sample Survey and the National Family and Health Surveys include an abridged version of the consumption schedule to predict better economic variations in health and health care utilization in India.</p>","PeriodicalId":506314,"journal":{"name":"SSM - Population Health","volume":" ","pages":"101258"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fd/09/main.PMC9550646.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33512646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement and assessment of fidelity and competence in nonspecialist-delivered, evidence-based behavioral and mental health interventions: A systematic review.","authors":"Laura Bond,&nbsp;Erik Simmons,&nbsp;Erika L Sabbath","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nonspecialists have increasingly been used to deliver evidence-based, mental health and behavioral interventions in lower resource settings where there is a dearth of specialized providers and a corresponding gap in service delivery. Recent literature acknowledges that nonspecialist-delivered interventions are shown to be effective. However, few studies report on the fidelity (the degree to which an intervention was implemented as intended) and/or competence (general skills of nonspecialists), key concepts that measure quality of evidence-based intervention delivery. This study seeks to understand how both fidelity and competence have been assessed in nonspecialist-delivered, evidence-based interventions with an intended social or psychological behavior-change outcome. Our search results originally yielded 2317 studies, and ultimately, 16 were included in our final analysis. Generally, results from a narrative synthesis indicated that tools used in the studies demonstrated sufficient inter-rater reliability and intra-class correlation components. Included studies used and described a range of fidelity and competence tools. However, the ENhancing Assessment of Common Therapeutic factors tool was the most commonly used tool that measures competence of nonspecialists, and has been adapted to several other settings. The roles of supervisors in mentoring, monitoring, and supervising nonspecialists emerged as a key ingredient for ensuring fidelity. Most studies assessing fidelity were limited by small sample sizes due to low numbers of nonspecialists implementing interventions, however, more advanced statistical methods may not be needed and may actually impede community-based organizations from assessing fidelity data. Our results suggest interventions can share resources, tools, and compare findings regardless with proper supervision. While the two terms \"fidelity\" and \"competence\" are often used interchangeably, their differences are noteworthy. Ultimately, both competency and fidelity are critical for delivering evidence-based interventions, and nonspecialists are most effective when they can be evaluated and mentored on both throughout the course of the intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":506314,"journal":{"name":"SSM - Population Health","volume":" ","pages":"101249"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/32/fb/main.PMC9563630.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33513414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of modular approach in ensuring data quality in large-scale surveys: Evidence from National Family Health Survey - 4 (2015-2016).","authors":"Shri Kant Singh,&nbsp;Santosh Kumar Sharma,&nbsp;Md Juel Rana,&nbsp;Akash Porwal,&nbsp;Laxmi Kant Dwivedi","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to examine the effect of administration of shorter and longer versions of questionnaires on key indicators such as age displacement, birth displacement, age heaping, and skipping questions on antenatal care (ANC) visits and use of contraceptive methods in India using National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 data. At the individual level, the effect of the adoption of the shorter and longer versions of the questionnaires on the age displacement of women and children and skipping of the key questions is insignificant. However, the results from the two-level logistic regression model reveal that at the primary sampling unit (PSU) level, work pressure, depending on the number of eligible women in a household, emerges as a confounder in skipping certain questions, namely ANC [1.18 (p < 0.09)] and contraceptive use [AOR = 1.17 (p < 0.05)]. To expand the coverage of NFHS in providing state- and district-level estimates since 2015, the overall sample size was increased from 88,562 households and 89,777 eligible women in 1992-93 to 6,01,509 households and 6,99,686 eligible women in 2015-16. As a strategy to reduce workload and non-sampling errors during the survey, a nested design and modular approach were adopted to provide estimates of maternal and child health indicators at the district/state level and sexual behaviour, HIV/AIDS, and women's empowerment at the state level. It was hypothesised that a longer version of the questionnaire canvassed in the state module may be detrimental to data quality issues. The findings of this study establish the effectiveness of adopting a modular approach in large-scale surveys, depending on the scale of investigation. However, the differential workload calls for expanding the duration of surveys in PSUs, where the number of eligible women is higher. State level variation in the key data quality indicators may be partially explained by differentials in the training of investigators by the agency and use of translators.</p>","PeriodicalId":506314,"journal":{"name":"SSM - Population Health","volume":" ","pages":"101254"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9550650/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33512650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of feminist abortion accompaniment on emotions related to abortion: A longitudinal observational study in Mexico.","authors":"Alexandra Wollum,&nbsp;Sofía Garduño Huerta,&nbsp;Oriana López Uribe,&nbsp;Camille Garnsey,&nbsp;S Michael Gaddis,&nbsp;Sarah E Baum,&nbsp;Brianna Keefe-Oates","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emotions can reflect how individuals internalize identities, social roles, and broader power structures, including abortion stigma. Abortion accompaniment, in the form of logistical, informational, and emotional support offered by individuals and organizations, takes a person-centered, feminist, and rights-based approach. We tested the extent to which abortion accompaniment may decrease negative and increase positive feelings an individual holds related to their abortion. Using observational longitudinal data collected between January 2017 and mid-2018, we compared negative and positive emotional responses to a personal abortion experience one month and six months following the abortion to emotions immediately prior to the abortion (\"baseline\"), among women travelling from outside of Mexico City to abortion clinics in Mexico City with and without support of the accompaniment organization, Fondo MARIA. We used doubly robust longitudinal mixed effects models with inverse probability weighting methods. At baseline, accompanied and unaccompanied participants experienced an average of 4.9 and 4.4 negative emotions out of eight respectively (i.e., anguish, nervousness, scared, anxious, sadness, guilt, anger, shame) and 1.7 and 1.9 positive emotions of out 4 respectively (happiness, calmness, decidedness, and relief). From our model results, women accompanied (n = 77) had larger decreases in negative feelings (p < .05) and larger increases in positive feelings (p < .01) toward their abortion compared to those who were not accompanied (n = 119) at six months. These changes led the majority of accompanied respondents to have primarily positive feelings about their abortion by endline. Abortion accompaniment through Fondo MARIA in Mexico City was associated with a larger decrease in negative feelings, particularly those related to stigma, and a larger increase in positive feelings six months after abortion. Accompaniment's focus on person-centered support, self-determination, and autonomy may enable people seeking abortion to view their decision as one that is valid and legitimate, and resist the predominant stigmatizing narratives framing abortion as something that is transgressive.</p>","PeriodicalId":506314,"journal":{"name":"SSM - Population Health","volume":" ","pages":"101259"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9552094/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33512651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single and combined effects of marital status, education attainment, and employment status on suicide among working-age population: A case-control study in South Korea.","authors":"Minjae Choi,&nbsp;Joshua Kirabo Sempungu,&nbsp;Eun Hae Lee,&nbsp;Shu-Sen Chang,&nbsp;Yo Han Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Suicide in the working-age population is an important public health issue. This group is heterogeneous regarding marital status, education level, and employment status, which are generally important socioeconomic factors for suicide, and has a wide age range. This study aims to explore the individual and combined effect of these socioeconomic factors on suicide in different age groups among the working-age population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study utilized a population-based case-control design for the working-age population in South Korea. Suicide cases were identified in Korean Governmental Death Registry from 2008 to 2017, and eight controls from Korea Community Health Survey were matched to each case by gender, age group, and year of suicide. Conditional logistic regression models estimated the relationship between marital status and socioeconomic status (SES) including educational attainment and employment status and suicide and examined the combined effect of the SES indicators and marital status on suicide.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Low education, single status, and unemployment or economically inactive status were associated with suicide, but their magnitude varied across SES indicators. The association between SES and suicide was more pronounced in younger adults. The suicide risk was highest among divorced women aged 25-34 years (OR = 7.93; 95% CI: 7.21-8.72). Individuals experiencing two social adversities among SES or marital status had a significantly increased suicide risk. Those who are divorced and unemployed or economically inactive have the highest suicide risk, specifically among men aged 24-35 years (OR = 17.53; 95% CI: 14.96-20.55).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Marital status, education attainment, and employment status have a separate and combined impact on suicide among the working-age population. Specifically, the divorced and unemployed or economically inactive status amplified suicide risk, predominantly among young adults. Monitoring and intervention for those young adults should be considered for suicide prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":506314,"journal":{"name":"SSM - Population Health","volume":" ","pages":"101246"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b4/31/main.PMC9550645.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33512647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in the care of the fetus in the mother's womb and the neonate on her lap: Evidence from demographic surveillance and survey data from Bangladesh.","authors":"Nurul Alam,&nbsp;Md Mahabubur Rahman,&nbsp;Mamun Ibn Bashar,&nbsp;Ali Ahmed,&nbsp;Taslim Ali,&nbsp;M Moinuddin Haider","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101261","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Valuation of sons over daughters introduces sex-biased health, economic, and socio-demographic inequalities in many societies. This study aims to examine fetus-sex differences in maternity services and sex differences in medical care for terminally ill neonates in Bangladesh, using secondary data from the Matlab Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), maintained by icddr,b since 1966 along with data from the Bangladesh Maternal Mortality and Health Care Survey (BMMS) 2016. The HDSS follows a well-defined rural population (0.24 million in 2018) to register vital events and migrations and records the use of maternity services for the index birth and medical care-seeking during the terminal illness of each death in verbal autopsy. The BMMS 2016 recorded maternity care and maternal complications for the last live birth of mothers in the same population (weighted n = 27,133; unweighted n = 26,939). Bivariate analyses estimated the use (in %) of maternity services for the index live births and medical services for terminally ill neonates for each socio-demographic variable. Logistic regression models estimated odds ratios (AORs) adjusted for socio-demographic variables and clustering of births to the same mothers. The HDSS registered 49,827 live births and 1,049 neonatal deaths during 2009-2018. We found similar prenatal care-seeking for male and female fetuses but higher facility delivery (AOR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.12-1.23) and C-sections (AOR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.15-1.25) for male fetus pregnancies, differences that remain after adjusting for maternal complications. Sex differences persisted in seeking care for terminally ill neonates. Trained provider consultation (AOR = 1.46, CI: 1.00-2.12); hospital admissions (AOR = 1.43, CI: 1.01-2.03); and dying in hospital (AOR = 1.91, CI: 1.31-2.78) were all higher for male neonates. Other variables positively associated with delivery care and medical care-seeking were lower birth order of the child, higher maternal education, and higher household wealth status. Policy and decision-makers need to be aware of gender disparities in maternity care and care of sick neonates and plan remedial actions.</p>","PeriodicalId":506314,"journal":{"name":"SSM - Population Health","volume":" ","pages":"101261"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/89/dc/main.PMC9550641.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33512155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood adversity and cardiometabolic biomarkers in mid-adulthood in the 1958 British birth cohort.","authors":"Natalie Ella Miller,&nbsp;Rebecca E Lacey","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies that have examined associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and cardiometabolic biomarkers in adulthood are limited as they mainly focus on childhood maltreatment. This study aimed to examine the association between a range of prospectively and retrospectively reported ACEs and cardiometabolic biomarkers in mid-adulthood. Multiply-imputed data on 8511 participants from the National Child Development Study (1958 British birth cohort) were used. ACEs were prospectively reported at ages 7, 11 and 16, and retrospectively reported at age 33/44/45. Cardiometabolic outcomes assessed at age 44/45 included glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), cholesterol (total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)), triglycerides, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), body mass index, waist circumference and metabolic syndrome. Parental separation/divorce, physical neglect, emotional neglect and psychological abuse were associated with lower HDL cholesterol. Parental offending and physical neglect were associated with higher triglyceride concentrations. Parental offending was also associated with increased HbA1c. Exposure to 2+ (vs. 0) prospective ACEs was associated with lower HDL cholesterol. All these associations were after adjustment for sex and multiple early life factors. To conclude, several individual ACEs are associated with poorer cardiometabolic risk factor profiles in mid-adulthood. Furthermore, exposure to two or more prospective ACEs is associated with lower HDL cholesterol concentrations in mid-adulthood.</p>","PeriodicalId":506314,"journal":{"name":"SSM - Population Health","volume":" ","pages":"101260"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9550530/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33512648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey implementation process and interviewer effects on skipping sequence of maternal and child health indicators from National Family Health Survey: An application of cross-classified multilevel model.","authors":"Radhika Sharma,&nbsp;Laxmi Kant Dwivedi,&nbsp;Somnath Jana,&nbsp;Kajori Banerjee,&nbsp;Rakesh Mishra,&nbsp;Bidhubhusan Mahapatra,&nbsp;Damodar Sahu,&nbsp;S K Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Implementing a large-scale survey involves a string of intricate procedures exposed to numerous types of survey errors. Uniform and systematic training protocols, comprehensive survey manuals, and multilayer supervision during survey implementation help reduce survey errors, providing a consistent fieldwork environment that should not result in any variation in the quality of data collected across interviewers and teams. With this background, the present study attempts to delineate the effect of field investigator (FI) teams and survey implementation design on the selected outcomes. Data on four of the bigger Empowered Action Group (EAG) states of India, namely Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Rajasthan, were obtained from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) for analysis. A fixed-effect binary logistic regression model was used to assess the effect of FI teams and survey implementation design on the selected outcomes. To study the variation in the outcome variables at the interviewer level, a cross-classified multilevel model was used. Since one interviewer had worked in more than one primary sampling unit (PSU) & district and did not follow a perfect hierarchical structure, the cross-classified multilevel model was deemed suitable. In addition, since NFHS-4 used a two-stage stratified sampling design, two-level weights were adjusted for the models to compute unbiased estimates. This study demonstrated the presence of interviewer-level variation in the selected outcomes at both inter- and intra-field agencies across the selected states. The interviewer-level intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for women who had not availed antenatal care (ANC) was the highest for eastern Madhya Pradesh (0.23) and central Uttar Pradesh (0.20). For 'immunisation card not seen', Rajasthan (0.16) and western Uttar Pradesh (0.13) had higher interviewer-level ICC. Interviewer-level variations were insignificant for women who gave birth at home across all regions of Uttar Pradesh. Eastern Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Bihar showed higher interviewer-level variation across the selected outcomes, underlining the critical role of agencies and skilled interviewers in different survey implementation designs. The analysis highlights non-uniform adherence to survey protocols, which implies that not all interviewers and agencies performed in a similar manner in the field. This study recommends a refined mechanism for field implementation and supervision, including focused training on the challenges faced by FIs, random vigilance, and morale building. In addition, examining interviewer-level characteristics, field challenges, and field agency effects may also highlight the roots of interviewer-level variation in the data. However, based on the interviewer's performance in the field, the present study offers an intriguing insight into interviewer-level variations in the quality of data.</p>","PeriodicalId":506314,"journal":{"name":"SSM - Population Health","volume":" ","pages":"101252"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8d/5c/main.PMC9576585.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40650425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inconsistency in prevalence of hypertension based on self-reports and use of standard tests: Implications for large scale surveys.","authors":"Shri Kant Singh,&nbsp;Santosh Kumar Sharma,&nbsp;Sanjay K Mohanty,&nbsp;Rakesh Mishra,&nbsp;Akash Porwal,&nbsp;Bal Kishan Gulati","doi":"10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Biomarkers are increasingly integrated into population-based surveys to provide reliable estimates of the prevalence of specific diseases. The Demographic and Health Surveys have recently incorporated blood pressure measurements; however, little is known about the extent of agreement between measured and reported levels of hypertension in India. The objective of this study was to examine the extent of agreement between self-reported hypertension and the results of standard blood pressure measurements, as well as to explore the risk groups and factors associated with inconsistencies in self-reported and biomedically measured hypertension.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Reliability measures such as sensitivity, specificity, and kappa statistics were used to examine inconsistencies in self-reported and biomedically measured hypertension in the National Family Health Survey-4 data. Multilevel logistic models were adopted to analyse the respondent characteristics related to both false-positive and false-negative responses in the survey.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to biomedically measured hypertension, self-reported hypertension was inconsistent and disproportionate at disaggregated levels in India. While self-reports severely underestimated hypertension among men aged 15-54 years and women aged 35-49 years, it overestimated hypertension among women below the age of 35 years. The inconsistency in self-reported and biomedically examined hypertension had deviations from a sex standpoint. Women aged <35 years reported a false-positive prevalence of hypertension. False-negative responses were elucidated among women aged ≥35 years and men aged 15-54 years. The likelihood of false-positive responses was higher among pregnant and obese respondents, and those who consumed alcohol.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The significant deviance of self-reporting of hypertension from the prevalence derived based on standard tests further indicates the need for adopting standard tests in all emerging future large-scale surveys. A back-check survey is recommended to understand and differentiate the excessive false-positive reporting of hypertension among women aged 15-35 years.</p>","PeriodicalId":506314,"journal":{"name":"SSM - Population Health","volume":" ","pages":"101255"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9547289/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33498167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}