Developing World Bioethics最新文献

{"title":"An African moral approach against the perverted faculty argument: Ukama, partiality and homophobia in Africa","authors":"Luis Cordeiro-Rodrigues","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12419","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dewb.12419","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In Africa, homosexuality is routinely understood as a form of immoral behaviour. This has great implications for the physical and psychological well-being of homosexuals in Africa. One of the reasons why homosexuals are sometimes understood to be behaving immorally is because it is believed that same-sex relations are unnatural. I think that this conception of unnatural is grounded on the perverted faculty argument, although this is not often expressed in such terms. In this article, I will develop a concept of natural grounded on the concept of <i>Ukama</i>. I will show that despite <i>Ukama</i> implying a functional conception of nature, just like in the perverted faculty argument, it does not imply that homosexuality is immoral.</p>","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":"24 3","pages":"192-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10278234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What has Kant got to say about conscientious objection to reproductive health in South Africa?","authors":"E. Lekunze Fritz","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12416","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dewb.12416","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A woman's right to a safe legal abortion in South Africa conflicts with a health care professional's freedom of conscience. Conscientious objection or treatment refusal on the basis of conscience may be protected by the constitution but its morality has not been explored. This study uses Kantian Deontology to elucidate the ethical duties of health care professionals based on the Physician's Pledge. It concludes that conscience is morally empty and that health care professionals have a duty to treat all patients equally irrespective of the condition they present. Drawing on Kantian promise keeping, the study also concludes that health care professionals should place patients health and wellbeing above all other considerations. Using the categorical imperative, the study shows that health care professionals have a perfect duty not to refuse treatment. The study recommends that conscientious objection be rejected in all circumstances except where the psychological wellbeing of the health care professional will be affected. This can be achieved through legislative and professional body regulation of conscientious objection.</p>","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":"24 3","pages":"172-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dewb.12416","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9836927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethical consumerism, human rights, and Global Health Impact","authors":"Brian Berkey","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12415","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dewb.12415","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, I raise some doubts about Nicole Hassoun's account of the obligations of states, pharmaceutical firms, and consumers with regard to global health, presented in <i>Global Health Impact</i>. I argue that it is not necessarily the case, as Hassoun claims, that if states are just, and therefore satisfy all of their obligations, then consumers will not have strong moral reasons, and perhaps obligations, to make consumption choices that are informed by principles and requirements of justice. This is because there may be justice-based limits on what states can permissibly and feasibly do both to promote access to existing drugs for all of those who need them, and to promote research and development for new drugs that could treat diseases that primarily affect the global poor. One important upshot of my argument is that there can be reasons for organizations like the Global Health Impact Organization to exist, and to do the kind of work that Hassoun argues is potentially valuable in our deeply unjust world, even in much less unjust worlds in which states and firms largely, or even entirely, comply with their obligations.</p>","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":"24 1","pages":"31-36"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9827964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethics and professionalism among community health workers in Tamil Nadu, India: A qualitative study","authors":"Vijayaprasad Gopichandran,&nbsp;Sudharshini Subramaniam,&nbsp;Balasubramanian Palanisamy,&nbsp;Priyadarshini Chidambaram","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12414","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dewb.12414","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 <p>Community health workers (CHW) are the backbone of the public health system in developing countries. Little is known about the practice of ethics and professionalism in their work. This study was conducted to explore the experiential wisdom of ethics and professionalism among CHWs in Tamil Nadu. We conducted a qualitative study among 125 CHWs in six districts of Tamil Nadu. We found that the CHWs went beyond the call of their duty to do good to the community. Their conceptualization of autonomy ranged from shared to full paternalistic decision making. The CHWs were sensitive to issues of privacy and confidentiality, but the discussion on these topics were limited. They reflected the societal norms of gender, class, and caste hierarchies in their work. They had to work amidst difficult power struggles and had their own innovative strategies to subvert power. In conclusion, there is a need for framing a code of ethics and professionalism for CHWs and training in ethics and professionalism for them to help them effectively deliberate on ethical issues.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":"24 3","pages":"151-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10204067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fighting the COVID-19 pandemic: A socio-cultural insight into Pakistan","authors":"Sualeha Siddiq Shekhani,&nbsp;Farhat Moazam,&nbsp;Aamir Jafarey","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12413","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dewb.12413","url":null,"abstract":"<p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare professionals around the world were driven by universal values of solidarity and duty to provide care. However, local societal norms and existing healthcare systems influenced interactions among physicians, and with patients and their families. An exploratory qualitative study design using in-depth interviews was undertaken with physicians working at two public sector hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. Using the constant comparison method of data analysis, several key themes were identified highlighting norms of kinship and interdependencies characteristic of collectivistic societies that influenced professional interactions. The role of seniors in the hierarchical society of Pakistan played a major role in provision of care. Physicians reported numerous challenges in dealing with patients and their families amidst public denial fueled due to ill-formed government policies. This included interruption of funeral rites which undermined public trust. The study provides insights into the local moral world of two healthcare institutions in Pakistan.</p>","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":"24 3","pages":"231-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9827646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroethics and cultural context: The case of electroconvulsive therapy in Argentina","authors":"Paula Castelli,&nbsp;Salvador M. Guinjoan,&nbsp;Abel Wajnerman-Paz,&nbsp;Arleen Salles","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12412","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dewb.12412","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As neuroethics continues to grow as an established discipline, it has been charged with not being sufficiently sensitive to the way in which the identification, conceptualization, and management of the ethical issues raised by neuroscience and its applications are shaped by local systems of knowledge and structures. Recently there have been calls for explicit recognition of the role played by local cultural contexts and for the development of cross-cultural methodologies that can facilitate meaningful cultural engagement. In this article, we attempt to fill this perceived gap by providing a culturally situated analysis of the practice of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in Argentina. ECT was introduced as a psychiatric treatment in Argentina in the 1930s but it is largely underutilized. While the use of ECT remains low in several countries, what makes the Argentinian case interesting is that the executive branch of government has taken a stance regarding both the scientific and moral appropriateness of ECT, recommending its prohibition. Here, we begin with a recent controversy over the use of ECT in Argentina and explain the legal recommendation to ban its application. Next, we offer an overview of some of the salient aspect of the international and local discussions on ECT. We argue that the governmental recommendation to ban the procedure should be rethought. While acknowledging the role that contexts and local conditions play in shaping the identification and assessment of the relevant ethical issues, we caution against using contextual and cultural considerations to avoid a necessary ethical debate on controversial issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":"24 3","pages":"183-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9770152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethical, legal, and social implications in research biobanking: A checklist for navigating complexity","authors":"Olga Tzortzatou-Nanopoulou,&nbsp;Kaya Akyüz,&nbsp;Melanie Goisauf,&nbsp;Łukasz Kozera,&nbsp;Signe Mežinska,&nbsp;Michaela Th. Mayrhofer,&nbsp;Santa Slokenberga,&nbsp;Jane Reichel,&nbsp;Talishiea Croxton,&nbsp;Alexandra Ziaka,&nbsp;Marina Makri","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12411","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dewb.12411","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biobanks’ activity is based not only on securing the technology of collecting and storing human biospecimen, but also on preparing formal documentation that will enable its safe use for scientific research. In that context, the issue of informed consent, the reporting of incidental findings and the use of Transfer Agreements remain a vast challenge. This paper aims to offer first–hand tangible solutions on those issues in the context of collaborative and transnational biobanking research. It presents a four-step checklist aiming to facilitate researchers on their compliance with applicable legal and ethical guidelines, when designing their studies, when recruiting participants, when handling samples and data, and when communicating research results and incidental findings. Although the paper reflects the outcomes of the H2020 B3Africa project and examines the transfers from and to the EU as a case study, it presents a global checklist that can be used beyond the EU.</p>","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":"24 3","pages":"139-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dewb.12411","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9757485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conceptual and empirical reflection provide more arguments for the centrality of extreme poverty in COVID-19 vaccination: A reply to Abal and Zeledón-Ramírez et al.","authors":"Carlos Augusto Yabar","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12410","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dewb.12410","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":"23 3","pages":"209-210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10182567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive Justice: Inequalities in the Global South","authors":"Ilana Ambrogi MD, PhD,&nbsp;Gabriela Arguedas-Ramírez PharmD, MSc, PhD","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12404","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dewb.12404","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;In this special issue on &lt;i&gt;Reproductive Justice: Inequalities in the Global South&lt;/i&gt; we hope to promote academic discussions that shift the focus towards a plurality of global South perspectives on issues related to reproductive justice (RJ). The goal is at least two-fold: to promote a space for counterhegemonic analyses and to expand the dialogue on reproductive justice. This special issue covers a wide range of themes and research questions, as well as a diverse participation of scholars working in the intersection between bioethics, reproduction, healthcare, pandemics and epidemics, and public policy. We hope that the concept of reproductive justice, itself, will continue to promote academic and activist conversations and debates that de-normalize and de-naturalize hegemonic power structures and practices in science, healthcare and academia. It is in that spirit that the papers in this special issue contribute, in one way or another, to the task of asking questions from counterhegemonic, anti-racist and feminist perspectives.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The concept of reproductive justice is known to have been coined in 1994 by a group of black women and women of color in Chicago as they prepared for the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo.1 As bioethicists from the global South, we would like to draw attention that other black women led movements around the same time that were happening elsewhere (in Brazil, for instance) and invite all to wonder about how knowledge is produced and promoted and how ideas coalesce in different ways depending on the circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In August 1993, also in preparation for the Cairo conference, a group of Brazilian black women convened for the National Seminar on Politics and Reproductive Rights of Black Women [English translation].2 This meeting resulted in the “Declaração de Itapecirica da Serra das Mulheres Negras Brasileiras”,3 - in English, the “Declaration of Itapecerica da Serra of Black Brazilian Women”.4 At this meeting they stated that: ““&lt;i&gt;We, black women, consider that the State has the task of guaranteeing the necessary conditions so that Brazilians, women, &lt;b&gt;and in particular black Brazilian women, can exercise their sexuality and their reproductive rights, controlling their own fertility, to have or not to have the children they want, guaranteeing access to good quality health services, care for pregnancy, childbirth and abortion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.” [English translation].5 They also made it clear that “&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;The guarantee of reproductive rights presupposes the guarantee of broad citizenship rights…&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;” [English translation]6 which included employment, housing, education and safety, ethical and interdisciplinary education and training for healthcare providers, and democratization on information access among other public policy demands.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;As we rarely hear, or do not hear at all, about how Brazilian black women might have, or not, contributed to the concept of reproductive justice, t","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":"23 2","pages":"91-92"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dewb.12404","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9732473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children as participants in health research in South Africa: A response to Labuschaigne, Mahomed and Dhai","authors":"Dusty-Lee Donnelly,&nbsp;Donrich W Thaldar","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12403","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dewb.12403","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A complex network of ethico-legal rules makes it difficult for health researchers in South Africa to <i>lawfully</i> recruit adolescents to the kinds of sensitive studies where it may be <i>ethically</i> appropriate to proceed without notifying parents or obtaining parental consent. This article responds to a recent proposal to amend the blanket requirement for mandatory parental consent presently contained in section 71 the South African National Health Act 61 of 2003 [NHA]. The proposed amendment is intended to bring the NHA into alignment with South Africa's 2015 Department of Health Guidelines on Ethics in Health Research by permitting greater flexibility for a health research ethics committee to waive parental consent, and permit adolescents to consent independently. A lacuna in this proposal is highlighted with reference to the requirements of South Africa's Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 [POPIA]: Even if the NHA is amended as proposed, the goal of aligning South African law with prevailing ethics norms in South Africa would not necessarily be attained, as parental consent may still be required by POPIA. This article investigates whether this goal (of aligning the law with ethics) can be attained in a way that is compliant with POPIA. It is concluded that this is indeed possible in a number of ways, and that the best way to attain this goal is by requesting the South African Information Regulator to issue a guidance note to the effect that all health research projects that are approved by institutional health research ethics committees are to be regarded as being in the public interest, which would qualify such health research projects to be exempted from POPIA's consent requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":"24 3","pages":"167-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10651795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9847422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}