Developmental Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Sex-Specific Behavioural Deficits in Adulthood following Acute Activation of the GABAA Receptor in the Neonatal Mouse.","authors":"Ane Goikolea-Vives, Cathy Fernandes, Michael S C Thomas, Claire Thornton, Helen B Stolp","doi":"10.1159/000536641","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000536641","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Sex differences exist in the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Part of the aetiology of NDDs has been proposed to be alterations in the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, leading to the question of whether males and females respond differently to altered neurotransmitter balance. We investigated whether pharmacological alteration of GABAA signalling in early development results in sex-dependent changes in adult behaviours associated with NDDs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male and female C57BL/6J mice received intraperitoneal injections of 0.5 mg/kg muscimol or saline on postnatal days (P) 3-5 and were subjected to behavioural testing, specifically open field, light/dark box, marble-burying, sucralose preference, social interaction, and olfactory habituation/dishabituation tests between P60 and P90.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Early postnatal administration of muscimol resulted in reduced anxiety in the light/dark box test in both male and female adult mice. Muscimol reduced sucralose preference in males, but not females, whereas female mice showed reduced social behaviours. Regional alterations in cortical thickness were observed in the weeks following GABAA receptor activation, pointing to an evolving structural difference in the brain underlying adult behaviour.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We conclude that activation of the GABAA receptor in the first week of life resulted in long-lasting changes in a range of behaviours in adulthood following altered neurodevelopment. Sex of the individual affected the nature and severity of these abnormalities, explaining part of the varied pathophysiology and neurodevelopmental diagnosis that derive from excitatory/inhibitory imbalance.</p>","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"386-400"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139703904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Gene Regulatory Elements in Human Fetal Cortical Development: Enhancing Our Understanding of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Evolution.","authors":"Qiuyu Guo, Sarah Wu, Daniel H Geschwind","doi":"10.1159/000530929","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000530929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The neocortex is the region that most distinguishes human brain from other mammals and primates [Annu Rev Genet. 2021 Nov;55(1):555-81]. Studying the development of human cortex is important in understanding the evolutionary changes occurring in humans relative to other primates, as well as in elucidating mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders. Cortical development is a highly regulated process, spatially and temporally coordinated by expression of essential transcriptional factors in response to signaling pathways [Neuron. 2019 Sep;103(6):980-1004]. Enhancers are the most well-understood cis-acting, non-protein-coding regulatory elements that regulate gene expression [Nat Rev Genet. 2014 Apr;15(4):272-86]. Importantly, given the conservation of both DNA sequence and molecular function of the majority of proteins across mammals [Genome Res. 2003 Dec;13(12):2507-18], enhancers [Science. 2015 Mar;347(6226):1155-9], which are far more divergent at the sequence level, likely account for the phenotypes that distinguish the human brain by changing the regulation of gene expression. In this review, we will revisit the conceptual framework of gene regulation during human brain development, as well as the evolution of technologies to study transcriptional regulation, with recent advances in genome biology that open a window allowing us to systematically characterize cis-regulatory elements in developing human brain [Hum Mol Genet. 2022 Oct;31(R1):R84-96]. We provide an update on work to characterize the suite of all enhancers in the developing human brain and the implications for understanding neuropsychiatric disorders. Finally, we discuss emerging therapeutic ideas that utilize our emerging knowledge of enhancer function.</p>","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"69-83"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9876673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood Biomarkers in the Fetally Growth Restricted and Small for Gestational Age Neonate: Associations with Brain Injury.","authors":"Hannah Musco, Kate Beecher, Kirat K Chand, Paul B Colditz, Julie A Wixey","doi":"10.1159/000530492","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000530492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fetal growth restriction (FGR) and small for gestational age (SGA) infants have increased risk of mortality and morbidity. Although both FGR and SGA infants have low birthweights for gestational age, a diagnosis of FGR also requires assessments of umbilical artery Doppler, physiological determinants, neonatal features of malnutrition, and in utero growth retardation. Both FGR and SGA are associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes ranging from learning and behavioral difficulties to cerebral palsy. Up to 50% of FGR, newborns are not diagnosed until around the time of birth, yet this diagnosis lacks further indication of the risk of brain injury or adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Blood biomarkers may be a promising tool. Defining blood biomarkers indicating an infant's risk of brain injury would provide the opportunity for early detection and therefore earlier support. The aim of this review was to summarize the current literature to assist in guiding the future direction for the early detection of adverse brain outcomes in FGR and SGA neonates. The studies investigated potential diagnostic blood biomarkers from cord and neonatal blood or serum from FGR and SGA human neonates. Results were often conflicting with heterogeneity common in the biomarkers examined, timepoints, gestational age, and definitions of FGR and SGA used. Due to these variations, it was difficult to draw strong conclusions from the results. The search for blood biomarkers of brain injury in FGR and SGA neonates should continue as early detection and intervention is critical to improve outcomes for these neonates.</p>","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"84-97"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9515125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain Injury Outcomes after Adjuvant Erythropoietin Neuroprotection for Moderate or Severe Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Report from the HEAL Trial.","authors":"Jessica L Wisnowski, Sarah E Monsell, Stefan Bluml, Amy M Goodman, Yi Li, Bryan A Comstock, Patrick J Heagerty, Sandra E Juul, Yvonne W Wu, Robert C McKinstry, Amit M Mathur","doi":"10.1159/000534618","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000534618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Erythropoietin (Epo) is a putative neuroprotective therapy that did not improve overall outcomes in a phase 3 randomized controlled trial for neonates with moderate or severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). However, HIE is a heterogeneous disorder, and it remains to be determined whether Epo had beneficial effects on a subset of perinatal brain injuries.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was a secondary analysis of neuroimaging data from the High-dose Erythropoietin for Asphyxia and Encephalopathy (HEAL) Trial, which was conducted from 2016 to 2021 at 17 sites involving 23 US academic medical centers. Participants were neonates &gt;36 weeks' gestation undergoing therapeutic hypothermia for moderate or severe HIE who received 5 doses of study drug (Epoetin alpha 1,000 U/kg/dose) or placebo in the first week of life. Treatment assignment was stratified by trial site and severity of encephalopathy. The primary outcome was the locus, pattern, and acuity of brain injury as determined by three independent readers using a validated HIE Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scoring system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 500 infants enrolled in HEAL, 470 (94%) had high quality MRI data obtained at a median of 4.9 days of age (IQR: 4.5-5.8). The incidence of injury to the deep gray nuclei, cortex, white matter, brainstem and cerebellum was similar between Epo and placebo groups. Likewise, the distribution of injury patterns was similar between groups. Among infants imaged at less than 8 days (n = 414), 94 (23%) evidenced only acute, 93 (22%) only subacute and 89 (21%) both acute and subacute injuries, with similar distribution across treatment groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Adjuvant erythropoietin did not reduce the incidence of regional brain injury. Subacute brain injury was more common than previously reported, which has key implications for the development of adjuvant neuroprotective therapies for this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"285-296"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11249061/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71428702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Prognostic Prediction of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.","authors":"Kengo Onda, Raul Chavez-Valdez, Ernest M Graham, Allen D Everett, Frances J Northington, Kenichi Oishi","doi":"10.1159/000530938","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000530938","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the leading cause of acquired neonatal brain injury with the risk of developing serious neurological sequelae and death. An accurate and robust prediction of short- and long-term outcomes may provide clinicians and families with fundamental evidence for their decision-making, the design of treatment strategies, and the discussion of developmental intervention plans after discharge. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is one of the most powerful neuroimaging tools with which to predict the prognosis of neonatal HIE by providing microscopic features that cannot be assessed by conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). DTI provides various scalar measures that represent the properties of the tissue, such as fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). Since the characteristics of the diffusion of water molecules represented by these measures are affected by the microscopic cellular and extracellular environment, such as the orientation of structural components and cell density, they are often used to study the normal developmental trajectory of the brain and as indicators of various tissue damage, including HIE-related pathologies, such as cytotoxic edema, vascular edema, inflammation, cell death, and Wallerian degeneration. Previous studies have demonstrated widespread alteration in DTI measurements in severe cases of HIE and more localized changes in neonates with mild-to-moderate HIE. In an attempt to establish cutoff values to predict the occurrence of neurological sequelae, MD and FA measurements in the corpus callosum, thalamus, basal ganglia, corticospinal tract, and frontal white matter have proven to have an excellent ability to predict severe neurological outcomes. In addition, a recent study has suggested that a data-driven, unbiased approach using machine learning techniques on features obtained from whole-brain image quantification may accurately predict the prognosis of HIE, including for mild-to-moderate cases. Further efforts are needed to overcome current challenges, such as MRI infrastructure, diffusion modeling methods, and data harmonization for clinical application. In addition, external validation of predictive models is essential for clinical application of DTI to prognostication.</p>","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"55-68"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10712961/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9521910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disrupted Small-World Networks in Children with Drug-Naïve Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A DTI-Based Network Analysis.","authors":"Liuhui Wu, Shu Su, Yan Dai, Huaqiong Qiu, Liping Lin, Mengsha Zou, Long Qian, Meina Liu, Hongyu Zhang, Yingqian Chen, Zhiyun Yang","doi":"10.1159/000533128","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000533128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, while the potential neurological mechanisms are poorly understood. To explore the alterations in the white matter (WM) structural connectome in children with drug-naïve ADHD, forty-nine ADHD and 51 age- and gender-matched typically developing (TD) children aged 6-14 years were enrolled. WM structural connectivity based on deterministic diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was constructed in 90 cortical and subcortical regions, and topological parameters of the resulting graphs were calculated. Network metrics were compared between two groups. The concentration index and the total cancellation test scores of digit cancellation test were used to evaluate clinical symptom severity in ADHD. Then, a partial correlation analysis was performed to explore the relationship between significant topologic metrics and clinical symptom severity. Compared to TD group, ADHD showed an increase in the characteristic path length (Lp), normalized clustering coefficient (γ), small worldness (σ), and a decrease in the global efficiency (Eglob) (all p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, ADHD showed reduced nodal centralities mainly in the regions of default mode network (DMN), central executive network (CEN), basal ganglia, and bilateral thalamus (all p &lt; 0.05). After performing Benjamini-Hochberg's procedure, only the left orbital part of superior frontal gyrus and the left caudate were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05, FDR-corrected). In addition, the concentration index of ADHD was negatively correlated with the nodal betweenness of the left orbital part of the middle frontal gyrus (r = -0.302, p = 0.042). Our findings revealed an ADHD-related shift of WM network topology toward \"regularization\" pattern, characterized by decreased global network integration, which is also reflected by changed nodal centralities involving DMN, CEN, basal ganglia, and bilateral thalamus. ADHD could be understood by examining the dysfunction of large-scale spatially distributed neural networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"201-209"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9981242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"miR-26a Improves Microglial Activation and Neuronal Apoptosis in a Rat Model of Cerebral Infarction by Regulating the TREM1-TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Axis.","authors":"Daxiong Xu, Qi'an Guo","doi":"10.1159/000533813","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000533813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emerging studies have indicated that abnormally expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) are related to the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia. Nevertheless, the function of miR-26a in neuronal damage and microglial activation during cerebral infarction remains elusive. It was revealed that miR-26a was downregulated in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated microglia and neurons. Overexpressing miR-26a reduced the inflammatory reaction in BV2 cells and decreased neuronal apoptosis following OGD stimulation. miR-26a upregulation inactivated the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and inhibited TREM1 expression. Repressing NF-κB phosphorylation inhibited the miR-26a level. As supported by the dual-luciferase reporter assay, TREM1 was directly targeted by miR-26a. Furthermore, a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was built. We discovered that miR-26a improved cognitive, learning, and motor functions and reduced cerebral edema in MCAO rats. Mechanistically, upregulating miR-26a reduced inflammation and neuronal apoptosis by mitigating the TREM1-TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in the MCAO rat model. Collectively, this study verified that the miR-26a-TREM1-TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB axis contributes to modulating OGD-mediated microglial activation and neuronal injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"221-236"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10228901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Central Autonomic Network and Heart Rate Variability in Premature Neonates.","authors":"Kelsey Christoffel, Josepheen De Asis-Cruz, Rathinaswamy B Govindan, Jung Hoon Kim, Kevin Michael Cook, Kushal Kapse, Nickie Andescavage, Sudeepta Basu, Emma Spoehr, Catherine Limperopoulos, Adre du Plessis","doi":"10.1159/000536513","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000536513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The Central Autonomic Network (CAN) is a hierarchy of brain structures that collectively influence cardiac autonomic input, mediating the majority of brain-heart interactions, but has never been studied in premature neonates. In this study, we use heart rate variability (HRV), which has been described as the \"primary output\" of the CAN, and resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) to characterize brain-heart relationships in premature neonates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We studied premature neonates who underwent rsfMRI at term (37-week postmenstrual age or above) and had HRV data recorded during the same week of their MRI. HRV was derived from continuous electrocardiogram data during the week of the rsfMRI scan. For rsfMRI, a seed-based approach was used to define regions of interest (ROIs) pertinent to the CAN, and blood oxygen level-dependent signal was correlated between each ROI as a measure of functional connectivity. HRV was correlated with CAN connectivity (CANconn) for each region, and subgroup analysis was performed based on sex and clinical comorbidities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-seven premature neonates were included in this study, with a mean gestational age at birth of 28.1 +/- 2.6 weeks. Term CANconn was found to be significantly correlated with HRV in approximately one-fifth of CAN connections. Two distinct patterns emerged among these HRV-CANconn relationships. In the first, increased HRV was associated with stronger CANconn of limbic regions. In the second pattern, stronger CANconn at the precuneus was associated with impaired HRV maturation. These patterns were especially pronounced in male premature neonates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We report for the first time evidence of brain-heart relationships in premature neonates and an emerging CAN, most striking in male neonates, suggesting that the brain-heart axis may be more vulnerable in male premature neonates. Signatures in the heart rate may eventually become an important noninvasive tool to identify premature males at highest risk for neurodevelopmental impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"373-385"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11300706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139698817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Delayed TGF-β1 Receptor Antagonist Administration on Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury.","authors":"Hur Dolunay Kanal, Steven W Levison","doi":"10.1159/000531650","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000531650","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury in neonatal encephalopathy triggers a wave of neuroinflammatory events attributed to causing the progressive degeneration and functional deficits seen weeks after the primary damage. The cellular processes mediating this prolonged neurodegeneration in HI injury are not sufficiently understood. Consequently, current therapies are not fully protective. In a recent study, we found significant improvements in neurologic outcomes when a small molecule antagonist for activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5), a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) receptor was used as a therapeutic in a rat model of moderate term HI. Here, we have extended those studies to a mouse preterm pup model of HI. For these studies, postnatal day 7 CD1 mice of both sexes were exposed to 35-40 min of HI. Beginning 3 days later, SB505124, the ALK5 receptor antagonist, was administered systemically through intraperitoneal injections performed every 12 h for 5 days. When evaluated 23 days later, SB505124-treated mice had ∼2.5-fold more hippocampal area and ∼2-fold more thalamic tissue. Approximately 90% of the ipsilateral hemisphere (ILH) was preserved in the SB505124-treated HI mice compared to the vehicle-treated HI mice, where the ILH was ∼60% of its normal size. SB505124 also preserved the subcortical white matter. SB505124 treatment preserved levels of aquaporin-4 and n-cadherin, key proteins associated with blood-brain barrier function. Importantly, SB505124 administration improved sensorimotor function as assessed by a battery of behavioral tests. Altogether, these data lend additional support to the conclusion that SB505124 is a candidate neuroprotective molecule that could be an effective treatment for HI-related encephalopathy in moderately injured preterm infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"188-200"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9677286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Insights into the Developmental Neurobiology of Brain Tumors.","authors":"Timothy N Phoenix","doi":"10.1159/000533817","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000533817","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50585,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"147-148"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10673054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}