Differentiation最新文献

{"title":"Osteocyte-like differentiation of osteosarcoma by inorganic phosphate","authors":"Yuya Suzuki ,&nbsp;Makoto Takeuchi ,&nbsp;Sumie Koike ,&nbsp;Satoshi Takagi ,&nbsp;Ryohei Katayama","doi":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Osteosarcoma (OS) cells that deviate from the normal osteogenic differentiation pathway from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to less migratory osteocytes are in an undifferentiated and highly malignant state. β-glycerophosphate (β-gp) is commonly used to induce the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, inorganic phosphate (Pi) is also widely used to promote MSC differentiation into osteocytes. Recently, OS cells were found to differentiate into an osteocyte-like state by culturing in osteocyte differentiation medium containing β-gp, dexamethasone, and ascorbate. However, whether Pi can induce the osteogenic differentiation of OS cells and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the ability of two types of Pi (i.e., disodium phosphate [Na₂HPO₄] and monosodium phosphate [NaH₂PO₄]) to promote the osteogenic differentiation of OS cells. Culturing OS cells in Pi-supplemented medium resulted in increased osteogenic marker gene expression and calcium deposition and reduced cell motility. Notably, Na₂HPO₄ exhibited particularly strong differentiation-inducing effects. Furthermore, our data suggest that WNT5b, a key factor of the noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway, is involved in the Na₂HPO₄-induced osteogenic differentiation of OS cells. These findings suggest that above 3 mM of Na₂HPO₄ function as an inducer of osteocyte-like differentiation in OS cells and that targeting this pathway may offer new therapeutic strategies to suppress OS metastasis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50579,"journal":{"name":"Differentiation","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 100912"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145057165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering potential of mesenchymal stem cells exosomes-derived microRNAs","authors":"Navidreza Shayan ,&nbsp;Negin Ghiyasimoghaddam ,&nbsp;Nima Ameli ,&nbsp;Mohammadhasan Baghbani ,&nbsp;Hanieh Alsadat Mirkatuli ,&nbsp;Amir Attaran Khorasani ,&nbsp;Nooshin Mohtasham","doi":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100911","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been revealed as an appropriate candidate for cell-based therapies by isolation from a different range of sources such as bone marrow, umbilical cord, adipose, liver, and orofacial tissues. MSCs showed low immunogenicity, which is considered as a potential alternative therapy for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Transplantation of MSCs in different research studies showed that it improves the repairment and regeneration of injured and impaired tissues. MSCs release biologically active molecules, such as extracellular vehicles (EVs) and exosomes (EXOs). EXOs participate in different physiological processes, including immune response, wound healing, bone repair, stem cell maintenance, interaction between the central nervous system (CNS), and pathological impacts in tumorigenesis, inflammation, and heart diseases. Across the tissues, MSCs release exosomes and regenerative molecules and transfer proteins, mRNAs and microRNAs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs (21–23 nt) in length that bind to the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of target mRNA and post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression that affects different cellular pathways. More studies are needed relating to the exosome's biogenesis, cellular uptake, trafficking, isolation, qualification, purity, optimization, standardization, and molecular mechanisms of exosome connection with target cells. Recent studies reported promising applications of exosomes derived from various sources in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering approaches. Herein, we are more focused on studies with different approaches in regenerative medicine for tissue repair and healing related to bone, cartilage, tendon-bone, heart, nerves, wounds, skin, and tooth regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50579,"journal":{"name":"Differentiation","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 100911"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EMT: from embryogenesis, through cancer progression, to the development of carcinosarcoma","authors":"Marcello Guarino","doi":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epithelial cells are tightly connected to one another by intercellular junctions which prevent much of their motility, and have distinct apical-basal cell polarity, with their basal pole facing the basement membrane; they form mono- or multilayered sheet-like structures, and establish the borders of tissues and organs. In contrast, mesenchymal cells fill the spaces delimitated by other tissues, do not form stable contacts with other cells, are embedded within the extracellular matrix with which their entire surface interacts, and have definite locomotory capabilities. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs when an epithelium loses its distinguishing characteristics, and acquires mesenchymal traits. It is recognised as an important and reversible mechanism of embryogenesis aimed at creating cells with the ability to move within the embryo, and implies the possibility of reforming new epithelia at distant sites through the reverse process, mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). Importantly, EMT-based phenotype changes are recapitulated in cancer progression and metastasis, thus indicating that EMT is a conserved mechanism in adult life and, furthermore, also suggesting that it may provide the possibility of expanding the differentiation potential of tumours. Indeed, in carcinomas, EMT may underlie the unexpected development of mesenchymal differentiation and give rise to tumours with mixed epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype, carcinosarcomas, malignant neoplasms known to be usually associated with high biological aggressiveness and poor response to therapy. Although these cancers have been known for a long time, the biological mechanisms underlying their histopathogenesis have not yet been definitively clarified, therefore requiring a conceptual placement in a modern framework. In this article an overview on EMT is provided, with brief presentations of single examples occurring in embryogenesis, the involvement of EMT in cancer progression is concisely illustrated and, finally, the proposition that carcinosarcoma develops through an EMT-based mechanism is discussed, refuting the two alternative mechanisms that have been proposed, the collision theory and the combination theory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50579,"journal":{"name":"Differentiation","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 100903"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibition of Atg13-mediated autophagy enhances the anti-osteoclastogenic effect of sirolimus by counteracting its pro-autophagic activity","authors":"Tingwei Gao ,&nbsp;Jiankun Wang ,&nbsp;Jiajia Wang ,&nbsp;Xi Li ,&nbsp;Zhanhao Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sirolimus can inhibit osteoclastogenesis. But sirolimus-activated autophagy is a favorable factor for osteoclastogenesis. This study aimed to explore the significance of autophagy in sirolimus-regulated osteoclastogenesis. Our results confirmed that sirolimus inhibited osteoclastic differentiation (including the number and size of osteoclasts as well as the expression of osteoclastic genes) and promotes osteoclast precursor (OCP) autophagy (including LC3 conversion and autophagosome/autolysosome formation). As expected, OCP autophagy (including LC3 conversion and LC3-puncta formation) promoted by sirolimus was reversed by autophagy inactivation with 3-MA or Atg13 silencing. Importantly, compared with single intervention of sirolimus, the combination of sirolimus and 3-MA or Atg13 silencing more effectively inhibited osteoclastic differentiation and OCP proliferation. <em>In vivo</em> experiments also demonstrated that the combination of sirolimus and Atg13-silencing adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) was more effective than sirolimus alone in improving decreased bone density and damaged bone microstructure (including Micro-CT imaging results, bone tissue parameters and trabecular area), and attenuating osteoclastic activity (including the abundance of osteoclasts in trabecular bones and the production of osteoclastic markers in serum) in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. In conclusion, repressing Atg13-related autophagy can effectively enhance the function of sirolimus in inhibiting osteoclastogenesis by counteracting its pro-autophagic activity. Therefore, the combination of sirolimus and Atg13-targeting therapy is expected to enhance the efficacy of sirolimus in ameliorating osteoclastic osteoporosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50579,"journal":{"name":"Differentiation","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 100902"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NONO regulates monocyte-macrophage lineage differentiation through a potential PI3K/AKT-dependent mechanism","authors":"Xiu-Rong Wei ,&nbsp;Dan Hu ,&nbsp;Zi-Jiang Yang ,&nbsp;Lv-Bin Yan ,&nbsp;Guang-Yu Xu ,&nbsp;Rui-Gang Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiu-Juan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-POU domain containing octamer binding protein (NONO) is a multifunctional nuclear protein which plays important roles in regulating nuclear processes such as transcription and splicing. We aimed to delineate the effects and the underlying mechanisms of NONO on monocyte-macrophage lineage differentiation. By depolying a phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced THP-1 cell differentiation model and a macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-induced mouse bone marrow cell differentiation model, we examined the expression pattern and the effects of NONO during monocyte-macrophage lineage differentiation. The research revealed that the expression of NONO protein progressively decreased during the M-CSF-induced differentiation of mouse bone marrow cells into macrophages and the PMA-induced differentiation of THP-1 human monocytic leukemia cells into macrophages. The monocyte-macrophage lineage differentiation process was enhanced in <em>Nono</em> gene knockout (Nono K.O.) mouse bone marrow cells as well as <em>NONO</em> knockdown (NONO K.D.) THP-1 cells. The study also found that reduced NONO expression enhanced the AKT phosphorylation during macrophage lineage differentiation. At the same time, the PI3K inhibitor suppressed THP-1 cell differentiation into macrophages and attenuated the AKT phosphorylation activation by PMA and NONO knockdown during PMA-induced differentiation of THP-1 cells into macrophages. These results suggested an important role of NONO in regulating monocyte-macrophage lineage differentiation and this process was mediated, at least partially, through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50579,"journal":{"name":"Differentiation","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 100901"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144895308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging role of alternative splicing in oral and maxillofacial development","authors":"Yinyu Fu,&nbsp;Bo Yang,&nbsp;Ling Lai,&nbsp;Jun He,&nbsp;Xinzhu Li ,&nbsp;Jin Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The excision of introns and subsequent ligation of exons in precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) is a fundamental mechanism requisite for the expression of eukaryotic genes. Alternative splicing (AS) serves as a potent amplifying factor, augmenting the spectrum of protein isoforms that can emanate from a singular genetic locus, thereby bolstering proteomic diversity. Perturbations in the regulatory framework of pre-mRNA splicing have been associated with an extensive array of pathological conditions. Oral and maxillofacial morphogenesis, a multifaceted process governed by intricate molecular interactions during embryonic development, is also susceptible to the modulating influence of alternative splicing. Aberrations or dysfunctions in the components responsible for alternative splicing during this critical developmental window can culminate in abnormal craniofacial architectures. In this scholarly review, our emphasis is placed on the exploration of RNA splicing as an emergent feature in oral and maxillofacial development. Importantly, we spotlight instances of splicing dysregulation that contribute to either non-syndromic or syndromic manifestations of cleft palate and enamel developmental anomalies. Deepening our understanding of the role of RNA splicing components and potential downstream effectors in oral and maxillofacial development may provide invaluable insights for prenatal diagnostic modalities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50579,"journal":{"name":"Differentiation","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 100900"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WNT7A","authors":"Naomi M. Calhoun,&nbsp;Richard R. Behringer","doi":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100899","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>WNT7A regulates numerous developmental processes. It can activate canonical and non-canonical signaling depending on context. It is expressed in the developing central nervous system, limb buds, reproductive organs, and other tissues. Spontaneous and targeted <em>Wnt7a</em> mutations in mouse models resulted in abnormal limbs, defects in male and female reproductive tract organs, infertility, and defects in cerebellar axon remodeling. In zebrafish, <em>wnt7aa</em> mutants exhibited neurogenesis and angiogenesis defects in the central nervous system. In humans, recessive <em>WNT7A</em> missense and nonsense mutations resulted in severe limb and pelvic bone defects. Alterations in <em>WNT7A</em> expression correlated with multiple types of cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50579,"journal":{"name":"Differentiation","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 100899"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Roles and mechanisms of piRNAs in self-renewal and differentiation of germline stem cells","authors":"Jianchun Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiexin Wang ,&nbsp;Xuanhe Feng ,&nbsp;Yan Chen ,&nbsp;Ke Yu ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>piRNAs are considered to be plentiful and heterogeneous non-coding RNAs, playing a significant role in embryonic patterning and stem cells. In recent research, scientists have explored how piRNAs contribute to both biological processes and roles in stem cells. Their regulatory action is essential for enabling stem cells to both renew themselves and differentiate into specialized types. piRNAs mediate transposable element (TE) silencing to ensure gene integrity via epigenetic repression mechanisms, ‘ping-pong’ mechanism, and splicing. Recent findings reveal that piRNAs are involved in silencing TE and regulating protein-coding mRNAs. This regulation suppresses the target mRNAs either via cleavage mediated by PIWI proteins or through recruiting the CCR4-NOT complex. Thereby the processes of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation have been lightened. piRNAs together with PIWI proteins contribute to controlling the translation of factors. As biological translation regulators, piRNAs in germline stem cells (GSCs) can trigger cell fate by specific regulation of mRNA targets. This role of piRNAs in regulating translation appears to be conserved across stem cells and is likely essential for maintaining stem cell balance. Furthermore, piRNAs along with PIWI proteins can be the biomarkers of stem cells. This review concentrates on recent findings that explore the developmental and biological functions of piRNAs, with a particular emphasis on their contributions to early embryonic organization and the regulation of stem cell behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50579,"journal":{"name":"Differentiation","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 100897"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144763779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes, and chondroprogenitors using molecular markers, cellular markers and polarized microscopy","authors":"Archa Suresh ,&nbsp;Ayshath Ruksana C ,&nbsp;Ganesh Parasuraman ,&nbsp;Mohana Priya ,&nbsp;Grace Rebekah ,&nbsp;Christo Jeyaraj ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Vinod","doi":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Fibronectin adhesion assay progenitors (FAA-CPs) and migratory assay progenitors (MCPs), subsets of mesenchymal-like stromal cells (MSCs), exhibit superior in-vitro chondrogenic potential compared to bone marrow (BM)-MSCs and chondrocytes. To assess this potential, differentiation studies followed by confirmatory staining for collagen deposition are utilized. Polarized light microscopy (PLM), based on birefringence principles, is a valuable tool for visualizing organized collagen fibers. Its use as a predictive tool for assessing chondrogenesis and osteogenesis has not been reported.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study involved FAA-CPs, MCPs, chondrocytes, and BM-MSCs derived from osteoarthritic knee joints (n = 3). After phenotypic characterization, the cells underwent chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation, followed by Picrosirius red staining and PLM analysis, including immunohistochemical analysis for collagen types I, II, and X.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Birefringence assessment revealed greater collagen fibril alignment and significant remodeling in the BM-MSC group, which exhibited an arcade-like pattern. The MCP group displayed well-organized collagen fibrils in pericellular zones and as a peripheral band, while chondrocytes and FAA-CPs exhibited lower intensity birefringence, indicating random alignment. Areas with higher collagen type II deposition corresponded to reduced collagen type I and the absence of collagen type X, highlighting the unique fibrillar network seen with PLM was indicative of collagen type II.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>While its application for osteogenesis was limited, probably due to the non-fibrillar nature of collagen type X, its value for chondrogenesis is notable. Although not directly reflecting chondrogenesis, PLM can serve as a valuable tool for gaining insights into collagen remodeling, particularly concerning collagen type II during chondrogenic differentiation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50579,"journal":{"name":"Differentiation","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 100898"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144722381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mettl3 is required for germline function during Drosophila spermatogenesis","authors":"Alannah Morse,&nbsp;Hailey Kaba,&nbsp;Corinne Leighty,&nbsp;Emily MacLean,&nbsp;Rosemarie Mirabella,&nbsp;Mary Reinaker,&nbsp;Rohan Harris,&nbsp;Jazmyn Moodie,&nbsp;Antonio Rockwell","doi":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.diff.2025.100895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The m⁶A modification is responsible for regulating several aspects of RNA metabolism. The enzyme that catalyzes this modification Mettl3, is highly conserved and required for numerous biological processes such as spermatogenesis. Here we examine the role of Mettl3 in germline function during <em>Drosophila</em> spermatogenesis. We find that depletion of Mettl3 in the germline results in errors in late-stage spermatogenesis, the process known as spermiogenesis. In germline knockdowns, actin cones bound to spermatids fail to remain tightly packed during the individualization process. Issues with actin cone assembly appear to disrupt progression through spermiogenesis resulting in waste bag deficiency, an indicator of abnormal spermatid individualization. These errors result in little to no sperm in seminal vesicles culminating in reduced fertility in germline knockdowns. Furthermore, our findings suggest <em>Hsp60B</em> is misregulated in knockdowns, which potentially explains at least some observed phenotypes. Collectively, the data presented in this investigation suggests Mettl3 has a prominent role in regulating spermatid differentiation during <em>Drosophila</em> spermatogenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50579,"journal":{"name":"Differentiation","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 100895"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144665708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}