Forests最新文献

{"title":"Mapping Characteristics in Vaccinium uliginosum Populations Predicted Using Filtered Machine Learning Modeling","authors":"Yadong Duan, Xin Wei, Ning Wang, Dandan Zang, Wenbo Zhao, Yuchun Yang, Xingdong Wang, Yige Xu, Xiaoyan Zhang, Cheng Liu","doi":"10.3390/f15071252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15071252","url":null,"abstract":"Bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) is considered a highly valued non-wood forest product (NWFP) species with edible and medicinal uses in East Asia. It grows in the northeastern forests of China, where stand attributes and structure jointly determine its population characteristics and individuals’ growth. Mapping the regional distributions of its population characteristics can be beneficial in the management of its natural resources, and this mapping should be predicted using machine learning modeling to obtain accurate results. In this study, a total of 60 stands were randomly chosen and screened to investigate natural bog bilberry populations in the eastern mountains of Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces in northeastern China. Individual height, canopy cover area, and fresh weight all increased in stands at higher latitudes, and shoot height was also higher in the eastern stands. The rootstock grove density showed a polynomial quadratic distribution pattern along increasing topographical gradients, resulting in a minimum density of 0.43–0.52 groves m−2 in stands in the southern part (44.3016° N, 129.4558° E) of Heilongjiang. Multivariate linear regression indicated that the bog bilberry density was depressed by host forest tree species diversity; this was assessed using both the Simpson and Shannon–Wiener indices, which also showed polynomial quadratic distribution patterns (with a modeling minimum of 0.27 and a maximum of 1.21, respectively) in response to the increase in latitude. Structural equation models identified positive contributions of tree diameter at breast height and latitude to shoot height and a negative contribution of longitude to the bog bilberry canopy area. Random forest modeling indicated that dense populations with heavy individuals were distributed in eastern Heilongjiang, and large-canopy individuals were distributed in Mudanjiang and Tonghua. In conclusion, bog bilberry populations showed better attributes in northeastern stands where host forest trees had low species diversity, but the dominant species had strong trunks.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141824236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Conservation in the Futian Mangrove National Nature Reserve on Water Quality in the Last Twenty Years","authors":"Jin Luo, Qiming Huang, Hongsheng Zhang, Yanhua Xu, Xiaofang Zu, Bin Song","doi":"10.3390/f15071246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15071246","url":null,"abstract":"Mangroves play a crucial role in improving the water quality of mangrove wetlands. However, current research faces challenges, such as the difficulty in quantifying the impact of mangroves on water quality and the unclear pathways of influence. This study utilized remote sensing imagery to investigate the long-term changes in mangrove forests in the Futian Mangrove National Nature Reserve and constructed a water quality index based on water quality data. Finally, structural equation modeling was employed to explore the pathways of influence and quantify the impact effects of mangroves, climate, and water quality. The study findings revealed several key points: (1) The mangrove forests in the Futian Mangrove National Nature Reserve exhibited a trend of expansion towards the ocean during this period. (2) The seasonal and annual characteristics of water quality in Shenzhen Bay indicated a significant improvement in water quality from 2000 to 2020. (3) Mangroves have significant direct and indirect impacts on water quality, which are more pronounced than the effects of climate factors. These findings not only offer insights for the environmental management and conservation of Shenzhen Bay but also provide support for future comprehensive studies on the response relationships between the morphology, species, and physiological characteristics of mangroves and water quality.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141829328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomass and Carbon Stock Capacity of Robinia pseudoacacia Plantations at Different Densities on the Loess Plateau","authors":"Yawei Hu, Jiongchang Zhao, Yang Li, Peng Tang, Zhou Yang, Jianjun Zhang, Ruoxiu Sun","doi":"10.3390/f15071242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15071242","url":null,"abstract":"Forests make an important contribution to the global carbon cycle and climate regulation. Caijiachuan watershed false acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia Linn.) plantation forests have been created for 30 years, but a series of problems have arisen due to the irrationality of the density involved at that time. To precisely assess the contribution of R. pseudoacacia plantations with different densities to this cycle, we measured the diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H), biomass, and carbon stocks in trees, shrubs, herbs, litter, and soil across different density ranges, denoted as D1 = 900–1400, D2 = 1401–1900, D3 = 1901–2400, D4 = 2401–2900, and D5 = 2901–3400 trees ha−1. In order to achieve the purpose of accurately estimating the biomass, carbon stocks and the contribution rate of each part in different densities of R. pseudoacacia plantations were measured. The results are as follows: (1) Both DBH and H decreased with increasing density, and field surveys were much more difficult and less accurate for H than DBH. Based on the two allometric growth models, it was found that the determination coefficient of the biomass model that incorporated both H and DBH (0.90) closely resembled that of the model using only DBH (0.89), with an error margin of only 0.04%. (2) At the sample scale, stand density significantly affected R. pseudoacacia stem biomass and total biomass. At the individual plant scale, stand density significantly affected R. pseudoacacia organ biomass. Increasing stand densities promoted the accumulation of vegetation biomass within the sample plot but did not improve the growth of individual R. pseudoacacia trees. The stem biomass constituted the majority of the total R. pseudoacacia biomass (58.25%–60.62%); the total R. pseudoacacia biomass represented a significant portion of the vegetation biomass (93.02%–97.37%). (3) The total carbon stock in the sample plots tended to increase with increasing stand density, indicating a positive correlation between density and the carbon stock of the whole plantation forest ecosystem. Hence, in future R. pseudoacacia plantations, appropriate densities should be selected based on specific objectives. For wood utilization, a planting density of 900–1400 trees ha−1 should be controlled. For carbon fixation, an initial planting density of 2900–3400 trees ha−1 should be selected for R. pseudoacacia. This study provides theoretical support for local forest management and how to better sequester carbon.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Literature Review of Machine Learning and Image Processing Techniques Used for Scaling and Grading of Wood Logs","authors":"Yohann Jacob Sandvik, C. Futsæther, K. H. Liland, O. Tomic","doi":"10.3390/f15071243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15071243","url":null,"abstract":"This literature review assesses the efficacy of image-processing techniques and machine-learning models in computer vision for wood log grading and scaling. Four searches were conducted in four scientific databases, yielding a total of 1288 results, which were narrowed down to 33 relevant studies. The studies were categorized according to their goals, including log end grading, log side grading, individual log scaling, log pile scaling, and log segmentation. The studies were compared based on the input used, choice of model, model performance, and level of autonomy. This review found a preference for images over point cloud representations for logs and an increase in camera use over laser scanners. It identified three primary model types: classical image-processing algorithms, deep learning models, and other machine learning models. However, comparing performance across studies proved challenging due to varying goals and metrics. Deep learning models showed better performance in the log pile scaling and log segmentation goal categories. Cameras were found to have become more popular over time compared to laser scanners, possibly due to stereovision cameras taking over for laser scanners for sampling point cloud datasets. Classical image-processing algorithms were consistently used, deep learning models gained prominence in 2018, and other machine learning models were used in studies published between 2010 and 2018.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":" 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141829728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Frequency of Droughts in Mexico’s Forest Ecosystems","authors":"L. C. López-Teloxa, A. Monterroso-Rivas","doi":"10.3390/f15071241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15071241","url":null,"abstract":"Droughts can affect forest ecosystems and lead to soil degradation, biodiversity loss, and desertification. Not all regions of Mexico are affected in the same way, as some areas are naturally more prone to drought due to their geographical location. Therefore, the objective of this work was to carry out a spatio-temporal analysis of the occurrence of droughts (severe and extreme) in Mexican forest systems, covering the period 2000–2021, and to study the area covered by these events in Mexican forest systems. This analysis was divided into three stages: the classification of land use and vegetation, spatial mapping and the classification of drought intensity, and an analysis of drought frequency and probability in forest systems. The results show that more than 46% of Mexico’s forest area experienced severe and extreme droughts during the 21-year period studied. Broadleaved forests were most affected by severe and extreme droughts, with a frequency of 6 years. The increasing frequency of droughts poses a major challenge to the resilience of forest ecosystems in Mexico, highlighting the need to implement climate change adaptation and forest management measures to protect the country’s biodiversity and natural resources.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":" 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141829305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FireYOLO-Lite: Lightweight Forest Fire Detection Network with Wide-Field Multi-Scale Attention Mechanism","authors":"Sha Sheng, Zhengyin Liang, Wenxing Xu, Yong Wang, Jiangdan Su","doi":"10.3390/f15071244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15071244","url":null,"abstract":"A lightweight forest fire detection model based on YOLOv8 is proposed in this paper in response to the problems existing in traditional sensors for forest fire detection. The performance of traditional sensors is easily constrained by hardware computing power, and their adaptability in different environments needs improvement. To balance the accuracy and speed of fire detection, the GhostNetV2 lightweight network is adopted to replace the backbone network for feature extraction of YOLOv8. The Ghost module is utilized to replace traditional convolution operations, conducting feature extraction independently in different dimensional channels, significantly reducing the complexity of the model while maintaining excellent performance. Additionally, an improved CPDCA channel priority attention mechanism is proposed, which extracts spatial features through dilated convolution, thereby reducing computational overhead and enabling the model to focus more on fire targets, achieving more accurate detection. In response to the problem of small targets in fire detection, the Inner IoU loss function is introduced. By adjusting the size of the auxiliary bounding boxes, this function effectively enhances the convergence effect of small target detection, further reducing missed detections, and improving overall detection accuracy. Experimental results indicate that, compared with traditional methods, the algorithm proposed in this paper significantly improves the average precision and FPS of fire detection while maintaining a smaller model size. Through experimental analysis, compared with YOLOv3-tiny, the average precision increased by 5.9% and the frame rate reached 285.3 FPS when the model size was only 4.9 M; compared with Shufflenet, the average precision increased by 2.9%, and the inference speed tripled. Additionally, the algorithm effectively addresses false positives, such as cloud and reflective light, further enhancing the detection of small targets and reducing missed detections.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":" 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141829975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Forces of Vegetation from 2001 to 2020: A Case Study of Shandong Province, China","authors":"Dejin Dong, Ziliang Zhao, Hongdi Gao, Yufeng Zhou, Daohong Gong, Huaqiang Du, Yuichiro Fujioka","doi":"10.3390/f15071245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15071245","url":null,"abstract":"As global climate change intensifies and human activities escalate, changes in vegetation cover, an important ecological indicator, hold significant implications for ecosystem protection and management. Shandong Province, a critical agricultural and economic zone in China, experiences vegetation changes that crucially affect regional climate regulation and biodiversity conservation. This study employed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data, combined with climatic, topographic, and anthropogenic activity data, utilizing trend analysis methods, partial correlation analysis, and Geodetector to comprehensively analyze the spatiotemporal variations and primary driving factors of vegetation cover in Shandong Province from 2001 to 2020.The findings indicate an overall upward trend in vegetation cover, particularly in areas with concentrated human activities. Climatic factors, such as precipitation and temperature, exhibit a positive correlation with vegetation growth, while land use changes emerge as one of the key drivers influencing vegetation dynamics. Additionally, topography also impacts the spatial distribution of vegetation to a certain extent. This research provides a scientific basis for ecological protection and land management in Shandong Province and similar regions, supporting the formulation of effective vegetation restoration and ecological conservation strategies.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":" 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141829171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cenostigma pluviosum Tree Stem Growth and Carbon Storage in a Subtropical Urban Environment: A Case Study in Sao Paulo City","authors":"Julia Rodrigues-Leite, Denise Duarte, A. Moser-Reischl, T. Rötzer","doi":"10.3390/f15071239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15071239","url":null,"abstract":"Our aim is to contribute to understanding the role of subtropical trees on carbon storage and CO2 removal in the city of Sao Paulo/Brazil, besides highlighting the surrounding environment implications to sibipiruna trees (Cenostigma pluviosum)’s performance. The case study was conducted with three trees, one planted on a sidewalk in Pinheiros neighborhood, a highly sealed area, and two in a green area, the Ibirapuera Park. To define the stem basal area growth and its pattern, local measurements were taken over a year and a segmented linear regression model was adjusted. The stem growth dependency on microclimate was tested by a Spearman Correlation. The trees’ active stem growth presented a similar pattern. The soil volumetric water content and soil temperatures were the variables with more impact. The total mean radial stem growth for the IBIRA1 and IBIRA2 trees was 1.2 mm year−1 and 3 mm year−1, while at PIN1 it was 1.3 mm year−1. The total biomass increment in IBIRA1 and IBIRA2 was 4.2 kg C year−1 and 12.8 kg C year−1, while in PIN it was 4.9 kg C year−1 and the removal was 15.3 C year−1, 47.1 kg CO2 year−1 and 17.9 kg CO2 year−1, respectively. The results indicated that the land cover difference implies a significant interference with the promotion of carbon fixation and CO2 removal, demonstrating that planting urban trees in soils with better water storage conditions is more efficient.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141642832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responses of Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics and GHG Fluxes in Forest Ecosystems to Climate Change and Human Activity","authors":"Xingkai Xu","doi":"10.3390/f15071235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15071235","url":null,"abstract":"Forest soils are considered the largest carbon and nitrogen pools in soil organic matter among terrestrial ecosystems, and soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are normally affected by climate change and human activity. The collection of recent research on this scientific theme would provide a basis for understanding the responses of soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics and GHG fluxes in forest ecosystems to climate change and human activity. A Special Issue was, thus, organized to discuss recent research achievements, including a total of nine research articles and one review. This Special Issue includes the effects of climate changes such as changes in throughfall, snow cover, and permafrost degradation; human activities such as nitrogen and/or phosphorus addition and the use of biochar; and soil–plant interactions on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics and GHG fluxes in forest ecosystems. Although this collection of papers reflects only a small part of this scientific theme, it can, to some extent, provide a basis for understanding some important research aspects related to the future of forest soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics and GHG fluxes in a changing world, thereby enabling sustainable development and the mitigation of climate change.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"1 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141640984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remark: Evaluation of the Habitat and Potential of Taxus chinensis var. mairei in the Jiangnan Hilly Region","authors":"Ruyi Bao, Jiufen Liu, Xiaohuang Liu, Xiaofeng Zhao, Xueqi Xia, Chao Wang","doi":"10.3390/f15071238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15071238","url":null,"abstract":"Taxus chinensis var. mairei is an endangered tree species endemic to China; it has important ornamental, timber, and medicinal value. In this work, based on a MaxEnt model, the Jiangnan hilly region was used as the study area, and geographic, climatic, soil, and vegetation data were synthesized to simulate the present area of suitable habitat for T. chinensis; the key environmental factors that constrain its habitat expansion were also explored. Additionally, the potential future distribution of this species under different climate-change scenarios was predicted. The results showed that the six variables making the highest contribution to T. chinensis habitat suitability were the precipitation of the warmest quarter (14.2%), precipitation seasonality variation coefficient (9.1%), aspect (8.2%), altitude (8%), maximum temperature of the warmest month (7.4%), and base saturation (6.6%). Ideal areas have middle elevations, northeastern or northwestern slopes, warmest quarterly precipitation of 508.3–629.2 mm, maximum temperature in the warmest month of 34.6–35.9 °C, and relatively moist soil. The current area of suitable habitat is 6.09 × 105 km2, of which the area of high suitability is 7.56 × 104 km2; this is mainly concentrated in the southwestern part of Hunan, the southwestern part of Jiangxi Province, and the northern part of Zhejiang. Under the SSP2-4.5 climate scenario, the area of high habitat suitability increases; under both the SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 climate scenarios, the suitable habitat area expands similarly. The direction of the center-of-mass migration of T. chinensis under different climate scenarios is somewhat different from that caused by the uncertainty of human activities and climate warming. This paper clarifies the distribution of suitable habitat and future potential for T. chinensis in the Jiangnan hilly region, providing a theoretical basis for habitat management of this species.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"9 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141642494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}