Forests最新文献

{"title":"Dynamic Changes in Endogenous Substances in Flowering Organs of Camellia drupifera during the Flowering Stage","authors":"Zhen Liu, Jialu Tao, Chunhua Ma, Mengling Wen, Ruchun Xi, Xiaomei Deng","doi":"10.3390/f15081391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081391","url":null,"abstract":"Camellia drupifera is an important woody oil plant in South China, renowned for its seed oil that is rich in unsaturated fatty acids and possesses significant antioxidant, anti-cancer, and immune-enhancing properties. The low fruit-setting rate of C. drupifera is influenced by multiple factors, including flowering stage climate, flowering habits, pollination biology, soil conditions, and self-incompatibility. Among these, large-scale pure forest plantations are the primary cause of the low fruit-setting rate. Although previous studies have explored the impact of self-incompatibility on fruit-setting in C. drupifera, research on the dynamic changes of endogenous substances during the flowering stage in pure forest environments remains limited. Research findings indicate that tannase activity is relatively high in the pistils of C. drupifera, creating a favorable environment for pollen tube growth. Plant hormones such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin (CTK), gibberellin (GA), and ethylene (ETH) regulate the development and aging of floral organs through complex interactions. Specifically, high levels of IAA in the pistil promote pollen tube growth, while changes in ETH and ABA are closely related to the aging of floral organs. Under oxidative stress conditions, high levels of H2O2 in the pistil may contribute to self-incompatibility. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the floral organs during the flowering stage is significantly higher compared to peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), highlighting the critical role of SOD in regulating oxidative stress during this stage. This study provides new insights into the changes in endogenous substances in the floral organs of C. drupifera during the flowering stage. It offers theoretical references for understanding its sexual reproduction process and for the application of plant growth regulators to improve fruit setting.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"61 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141922603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between Plant Habitat Types and Butterfly Diversity in Urban Mountain Parks","authors":"Shanjun Huang, Ying Lin, Jiaying Dong, Yuxin Lin, Ziang Su, Junyi Li, Yanqin Zhang, Jiali Jin, Weicong Fu","doi":"10.3390/f15081390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081390","url":null,"abstract":"Butterflies serve as valuable indicators of urban ecosystem quality. Due to their accessibility, they also provide urban residents with essential opportunities to connect with nature, fulfilling social functions such as education and recreation, which significantly contribute to city dwellers’ physical and mental well-being. Urban mountain parks are critical habitats for butterflies; analyzing their spatial and temporal distribution and the impact of plant elements is crucial for enhancing plant landscape quality and butterfly diversity. The main results were as follows: (1) A monthly butterfly survey was carried out over the course of a year in the seven urban mountain parks of Fuzhou City. This survey recorded 46 species of butterflies from 36 genera across 7 families, totaling 2506 butterflies. (2) Among the seven habitat types analyzed, TS-, T-, and SG-habitats exhibited elevated levels of butterfly diversity, richness, abundance, and evenness. There were variations in butterfly evenness, diversity, richness, and abundance observed between these habitats. With the exception of N-habitat, there was a consistent seasonal pattern in butterfly diversity across different habitat types. (3) Butterfly diversity and abundance were significantly correlated with vegetation habitat factors across the tree, shrub, and herb layers. Multiple regression modeling using the Akaike information criterion revealed that arbor layer vegetation factors were present in the top four models for butterfly diversity, richness, abundance, and evenness. (4) The quality assessment of different habitat types ranked habitats as follows: TS-habitat > SG-habitat > TSG-habitat > T-habitat > TG-habitat > G-habitat = N-habitat.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"59 29","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141923468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exogenous Salicylic Acid Alleviates Physiological Stress in Salix matsudana Seedlings and Increases 2,4-Dinitrophenol Removal","authors":"Chen Wu, Liudong Zhang, Yikang Fu, Guilong Fu, Degang Fu, Hui Li, Shuai Su, Huicheng Xie, Hui Tian, Ruijiang Wang, Kun Li","doi":"10.3390/f15081392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081392","url":null,"abstract":"2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) is a new kind of pollutant that is highly toxic and difficult to be biodegraded. In this study, the feasibility of using exogenous growth regulator salicylic acid (SA) to improve the purification ability of Salix matsudana (S. matsudana) seedlings to 2,4-DNP stress was investigated by a hydroponic simulation experiment. The main research results are as follows: (1) After adding exogenous SA, a high concentration of SA (1000 mg·L−1) inhibited the photosynthetic process and the normal physiological process of the chlorophyll fluorescence system of S. matsudana seedlings to a certain extent. When adding a low concentration of SA (10 mg·L−1) to treat S. matsudana seedlings, all exogenous treatment groups could alleviate the stress of 2,4-DNP on the photosynthetic system and chlorophyll fluorescence system of S. matsudana seedlings, and 10 mg·L−1 SA (DNP + S1) was the best. (2) The addition of exogenous SA could alleviate the damage of 2,4-DNP to S. matsudana seedlings by enhancing the activity of its antioxidant enzymes to remove excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body and reducing the level of membrane lipid peroxidation and the size of membrane damage. The treatment with 10 mg·L−1 SA had the best effect. (3) Exogenous low concentration of SA (10 mg·L−1) could alleviate the decline of biomass index of S. matsudana seedlings under 2,4-DNP stress, but a high concentration of SA (1000 mg·L−1) could not alleviate the 2,4-DNP toxicity of S. matsudana seedlings leaves. Exogenous SA could effectively alleviate the growth damage caused by 2,4-DNP stress on S. matsudana seedlings and increase the tolerance threshold range of S. matsudana seedlings to 2,4-DNP (8.81–33.78 mg·L−1). (4) Exogenous addition of SA could increase the removal percentage of 2,4-DNP in Salix matsudana seedlings. Among them, the removal percentage of Salix matsudana was the highest at 10 mg·L−1 SA, which was 1.46 times (5 days) and 1.19 times (10 days) higher than that of the DNP treatment group, respectively. Overall, when SA reached 10 mg·L−1, the photosynthetic productivity of S. matsudana was the highest, and S. matsudana had the best purification effect on 2,4-DNP in wastewater.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"2 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141921687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential of Non-Native Pines for Timber Production—A Case Study from Afforested Post-Mining Sites","authors":"A. Zeidler, V. Borůvka, Karol Tomczak, Zdeněk Vacek, Jan Cukor, S. Vacek, Arkadiusz Tomczak","doi":"10.3390/f15081388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081388","url":null,"abstract":"Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) represents one of the most important commercial coniferous tree species, providing valuable timber. Due to climate change, it is experiencing serious problems in some areas, therefore, finding a suitable substitute for its wood is currently a challenge. In this study, we compared the wood quality of three different non-native pine species and Scots pine growing at the same site to ensure identical growing conditions. Black pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold), a pine species native to Southern Europe, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson) native to North America were compared to Scots pine for selected quantitative (productivity) and qualitative (physical and mechanical) properties. Significant differences between pine species were found in all quantitative dendrometric parameters, except average diameter at breast height. The stand volume ranged from 157 m3 ha−1 for lodgepole pine to 356 m3 ha−1 for Scots pine. For qualitative characteristics, wood density, shrinkage, and compressive strength were used to find differences among species in choosing the best alternative. The highest wood density was obtained for Scots pine (458 kg m−3), followed by black pine with 441 kg m−3. The density of the remaining pine species was significantly lower. Scots pine also exceeded the tested species in compressive strength (44.2 MPa). Lodgepole pine achieved the second highest value (39.3 MPa) but was statistically similar to black pine (36.5 MPa). The tested pine species exhibited similar values in shrinkage, which were statistically insignificant, ranging from 14.3% for lodgepole pine to 15.1% for Scots pine. Based on applications and preferred characteristics, black pine or lodgepole pine could serve as the Scots pine substitute in some areas. And vice versa, ponderosa pine did not attain the Scots pine wood quality.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141927105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Salt Concentration and Treatment Cycles on Nail-Holding Power in Dimension Lumber","authors":"Jia Lei, Jingkang Lin, Zhiyuan Chen, Shuke Jia, Youying Zi, Z. Que","doi":"10.3390/f15081387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081387","url":null,"abstract":"To rigorously analyze the effects of high-salt environments on dimension lumber and provide scientific and reliable data to facilitate the advancement of light-frame construction in such environments, this study subjected dimension lumber to salt solution treatment. The study investigated the trend of nail-holding power variations across the radial, tangential, and cross-sections of spruce–pine–fir (SPF) dimension lumber under varying salt concentrations and treatment durations. The experimental results exhibited a significant influence of salt on the nail-holding power across all sections of the SPF dimension lumber. As the concentration of salt solution increased, the holding power gradually decreased across all directions, exhibiting considerable differences across salinity gradients. Specifically, the radial and tangential sections exhibited a 15%–20% higher nail-holding power compared to the cross-section. An increase in the salt solution concentration above 3% corresponded to an approximate 1% decrement in nail-holding power per section for every 0.5% rise in concentration. Additionally, prolonged salt treatment initially resulted in an increase, followed by a subsequent decrease in nail-holding power, demonstrating a consistent pattern across all variations. Post hoc analyses confirmed that the differences between individual salt concentrations, including between 3.5%, 4%, and 4.5%, were statistically significant. These findings provide valuable data for understanding the degradation of timber connectors in high-salt environments, contributing to the development of more durable and resilient wood-frame buildings in such conditions.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"53 49","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141929545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Xylogenesis Responses to a Mediterranean Climate in Holm Oak (Quercus ilex L.)","authors":"Iqra Liyaqat, A. Balzano, F. Niccoli, J. P. Kabala, M. Merela, G. Battipaglia","doi":"10.3390/f15081386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081386","url":null,"abstract":"Quercus ilex L., an evergreen oak species typical of the western and central Mediterranean basin, is facing decline and dieback episodes due to the increase in the severity and frequency of heat waves and drought events. Studying xylogenesis (the wood formation process) is crucial for understanding how trees respond with their secondary growth to environmental conditions and stress events. This study aimed to characterize the wood formation dynamics of Quercus ilex and their relationship with the meteorological conditions in an area experiencing prolonged drought periods. Cambial activity and xylem cell production were monitored during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons in a Q. ilex forest located at the Vesuvius National Park (southern Italy). The results highlighted the significant roles of temperature and solar radiation in stimulating xylogenesis. Indeed, the correlation tests revealed that temperature and solar radiation positively influenced growth and cell development, while precipitation had an inhibitory effect on secondary wall formation. The earlier cell maturation in 2020 compared to 2019 underscored the impact of global warming trends. Overall, the trees studied demonstrated good health, growth and adaptability to local environmental fluctuations. This research provides novel insights into the intra-annual growth dynamics of this key Mediterranean species and its adaptation strategies to climatic variability, which will be crucial for forest management in the context of climate change.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"7 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141925614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Characteristics and Influential Factors of Earthworm and Vermicompost under Different Land Use in a Temperate Area, China","authors":"Li Ma, Ming’an Shao, Yunqiang Wang, Tongchuan Li, Xuanxuan Jing, Kunyu Jia, Yangyang Zhang","doi":"10.3390/f15081389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081389","url":null,"abstract":"Earthworm communities influence soil carbon and nitrogen circulation by altering the diversity and composition of microbial communities, which improves soil fertility. Studying the soil nutrient composition and bacterial communities change in response to earthworm community natural invasion may be key to exploring earthworm ecological functions and accurately assessing C and N mineralization in artificial forests and croplands. In this study, we examined the communities of five earthworm species in ecosystems characterized by six different land-use types, such as buttonwood forest, walnut forest, apple orchard, kiwi orchard, ryegrass land, and corn field. The Metaphire baojiensis (d) and Amynthas carnosus planus were dominant earthworm species. Among different land-use types, earthworm densities ranged from 2 to 27 ind·m−2 in summer and 15 to 40 ind·m−2 in spring. However, surface vermicompost weight in summer (296.7 to 766.0 g·m−2) was greater than in spring. There was a positive correlation between the weight of the vermicompost and earthworm numbers in the same season. Soil carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) of vermicompost ranged from 5.12 to 20.93 g·kg−1 and from 0.52 to 1.35 g·kg−1, respectively. Compared with soil, the contents of vermicompost C and N increased 2.0 to 4.3 times and 1.6 to 7.7 times, respectively. The average C/N of vermicompost (9.5~23.5) was higher than in the soil (7.3~19.8). Due to the higher abundances of C and N in the soil of corn fields and kiwi orchards, which cultivate higher abundances of earthworms and more vermicompost, the C and N and C/N of vermicompost is higher than in the soil. C and N were accumulated by earthworms’ excreting and feeding activity instead of vegetation in vermicompost. Earthworm community structure plays key roles in decreasing bacterial diversity and adding Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflex in vermicompost, resulting in enriching soil C and N content and increasing C/N in vermicompost. Therefore, the evaluation of different vegetation ecosystems in soil C and N pool accumulation and mineralization should be given more attention regarding the function of earthworm communities in the future.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"24 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141926996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Herbicide Uptake (Flashback) in Non-Target Hardwood Species within South Carolina Floodplains","authors":"Stephen E. Peairs, Nilesh Timilsina","doi":"10.3390/f15081307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081307","url":null,"abstract":"Herbicide flashback is an undesirable response that results in damage or mortality of non-target plants near chemically treated plants. In severe instances, crop trees can be injured resulting in financial loss or inability to capture management objectives. Land managers need to know the potential limitations of using triclopyr acid (50% solution in water) and what quantity can cause damage to non-target trees (trees not aimed at for control via herbicide). Three naturally regenerated (previously clearcut) bottomland hardwood sites, ranging from 14–20 years of age, received partial overstory deadening using Trycera® herbicide. Residual “leave” trees experienced indirect herbicide uptake resulting in some trees either experiencing mortality or partial mortality with top dieback/epicormic branching. An increased probability of damage occurred as tree diameter decreased and the number of treated stems around the non-target stems increased. American sycamore, green ash, and sweetgum were most susceptible to flashback. This study examines the unanticipated chemical effect of deadening adjacent stems surrounding residual leave trees in poorly drained soils.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141800263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection Model and Spectral Disease Indices for Poplar (Populus L.) Anthracnose Based on Hyperspectral Reflectance","authors":"Zhicheng Jia, Qifeng Duan, Yue Wang, Ke Wu, Hongzhe Jiang","doi":"10.3390/f15081309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081309","url":null,"abstract":"Poplar (Populus L.) anthracnose is an infectious disease that seriously affects the growth and yields of poplar trees, and large-scale poplar infections have led to huge economic losses in the Chinese poplar industry. To efficiently and accurately detect poplar anthracnose for improved prevention and control, this study collected hyperspectral data from the leaves of four types of poplar trees, namely healthy trees and those with black spot disease, early-stage anthracnose, and late-stage anthracnose, and constructed a poplar anthracnose detection model based on machine learning and deep learning. We then comprehensively analyzed poplar anthracnose using advanced hyperspectral-based plant disease detection methodologies. Our research focused on establishing a detection model for poplar anthracnose based on small samples, employing the Design of Experiments (DoE)-based entropy weight method to obtain the best preprocessing combination to improve the detection model’s overall performance. We also analyzed the spectral characteristics of poplar anthracnose by comparing typical feature extraction methods (principal component analysis (PCA), variable combination population analysis (VCPA), and the successive projection algorithm (SPA)) with the vegetation index (VI) method (spectral disease indices (SDIs)) for data dimensionality reduction. The results showed notable improvements in the SDI-based model, which achieved 89.86% accuracy. However, this was inferior to the model based on typical feature extraction methods. Nevertheless, it achieved 100% accuracy for early-stage anthracnose and black spot disease in a controlled environment respectively. We conclude that the SDI-based model is suitable for low-cost detection tasks and is the best poplar anthracnose detection model. These findings contribute to the timely detection of poplar growth and will greatly facilitate the forestry sector’s development.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"33 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141800764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Mixed Broadleaf Forest Segmentation Algorithm Based on Memory and Convolution Attention Mechanisms","authors":"Xing Tang, Zheng Li, Wenfei Zhao, Kai Xiong, Xiyu Pan, Jianjun Li","doi":"10.3390/f15081310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081310","url":null,"abstract":"Counting the number of trees and obtaining information on tree crowns have always played important roles in the efficient and high-precision monitoring of forest resources. However, determining how to obtain the above information at a low cost and with high accuracy has always been a topic of great concern. Using deep learning methods to segment individual tree crowns in mixed broadleaf forests is a cost-effective approach to forest resource assessment. Existing crown segmentation algorithms primarily focus on discrete trees, with limited research on mixed broadleaf forests. The lack of datasets has resulted in poor segmentation performance, and occlusions in broadleaf forest images hinder accurate segmentation. To address these challenges, this study proposes a supervised segmentation method, SegcaNet, which can efficiently extract tree crowns from UAV images under natural light conditions. A dataset for dense mixed broadleaf forest crown segmentation is produced, containing 18,000 single-tree crown images and 1200 mixed broadleaf forest images. SegcaNet achieves superior segmentation results by incorporating a convolutional attention mechanism and a memory module. The experimental results indicate that SegcaNet’s mIoU values surpass those of traditional algorithms. Compared with FCN, Deeplabv3, and MemoryNetV2, SegcaNet’s mIoU is increased by 4.8%, 4.33%, and 2.13%, respectively. Additionally, it reduces instances of incorrect segmentation and over-segmentation.","PeriodicalId":505742,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"54 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141799681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}