{"title":"اللاجئ في عدم الرد في ضوء الهجرة المختلطة","authors":"Saadi Yahya Saadi, Nagham Ishaq Zia","doi":"10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1793","url":null,"abstract":"يشكل الحق في عدم الرد أهمية كبيرة بالنسبة للاجئين، ويعد من اهم الركائز التي تقوم عليها الحماية الدولية ويشكل الضمانة الأساسية التي تحمي الشخص من رده الى خطر العنف أو الاضطهاد، غير انه عند تطبيق الحق في عدم الرد قد تثير مسألة تتعلق بنطاق الاشخاص المحميين، وكذلك النطاق الاقليمي الذي ينبغي تطبيق الحق فيه، كما ان التحدي المتمثل في تنقلات اللاجئين مع المهاجرين بنفس وسائل السفر وبطرق غير نظامية في ظل تدفقات الهجرة المختلطة تثير العديد من التحديات معربة عن مخاوفها تتعلق بسلوك الدول عند مواجهتها للهجرة غير النظامية تخلط اللاجئين بالمهاجرين غير النظاميين، ويرجع ذلك الى ان السلطات الوطنية في كثير من الأحيان لا تدرك أو لا تريد أن تكون على دراية بالتمييز الجوهري بين اللاجئين المحتاجين إلى الحماية الدولية والمهاجرين الآخرين القادرين بالفعل على تلقي الحماية الوطنية من بلدانهم، الامر الذي أدى الى اختلاف مواقف الدول للإستجابة للحق في عدم الرد عند تعاملها مع تلك التدفقات.","PeriodicalId":505543,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Nawroz University","volume":"93 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140360319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Intersectional Feminist Analysis of Women's Oppression in Evie Shockley’s Selected Poems","authors":"Aram Omar Esmaeel, Zanyar Faiq Saeed","doi":"10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1808","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary African American poetry passionately portrays the historical oppression of African American women. Through powerful verses, it explores their resilience and strength amid challenges, inspiring identity, empowerment, and unity within the community. One such writer is Evie Shockley, who attempts to showcase the oppression exercised upon black American women in her body of verses. Oppression includes but is not limited to gender, racial, and class oppression. The intersectional feminist approach is employed in analyzing and interpreting the oppression theme expressed in Shockley’s selected poems. The paper’s significance emanates from an investigation into the diverse oppression that African American women have encountered throughout history and continue to face in the present. Through this exploration, a heightened awareness of the plight endured by these women is achieved, fostering more significant concern regarding the inhumane treatment they have been subjected to multiple oppressions.","PeriodicalId":505543,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Nawroz University","volume":"29 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140360533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bacterial Contamination on Electronic Surfaces in ICU","authors":"Ayas Hussein Omar","doi":"10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1889","url":null,"abstract":"Bacteria, especially MDR isolates, can infect inanimate surfaces and equipment in ICUs (such as bedrails, stethoscopes, medical charts, and ultrasound machines). Transmission of microbes from inanimate surfaces may play a major role in the colonization and infection of patients in intensive care units. Healthcare worker hands and patient discharge both have the potential to spread germs, which can live for months on dry surfaces. It has been reported that the rate of environmental contamination is higher near infected individuals than it is near colonized patients, and that within the latter group, there is a link between the frequency of environmental contamination and culture-positive body locations. In addition to acquiring germs from direct patient contact, healthcare personnel can pick them up through inanimate surfaces and equipment in the patient zone. Patient colonization or infection can occur if healthcare workers don't properly clean their hands before and after handling patients. Several pieces of equipment and frequently used objects in the intensive care unit (ICU) include bacteria with antibiotic susceptibility profiles that are quite similar to those of germs isolated from patients. In light of the patient-zone concept and the potential consequences for bacterial pathogen cross-transmission to critically ill patients, this review aims to present up-to-date knowledge concerning the contamination of inanimate surfaces and equipment in ICUs.","PeriodicalId":505543,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Nawroz University","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140361201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Safad Muzaffar Muhammad, Idris Hussein Saleh, Khaled Mahmoud Aziz
{"title":"تقييم مستوى الاستقرار النفسي لدى اعضاء الهيئات الادارية للأندية الرياضية في إقليم كوردستان – العراق","authors":"Safad Muzaffar Muhammad, Idris Hussein Saleh, Khaled Mahmoud Aziz","doi":"10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1721","url":null,"abstract":"يهدف البحث الى التعرف على مستوى الاستقرار النفسي لأعضاء الهيئات الإدارية للأندية الرياضية في إقليم كوردستان العراق. تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي بالاسلوب المسحي لملائمته وطبيعة البحث ، واشتمل مجتمع البحث على اعضاء الهيئات الإدارية بالأندية الرياضية في إقليم كوردستان العراق والبالغ عددهم (612) عضو يمثلون (102) نادي رياضي بموجب الكتاب الصادر عن المديرية العامة للرياضة في أقليم كوردستان المرقم (1293) بتاريخ 23/12/2021 في حين تكونت عينة البحث الرئيسية من (428) عضو هيئة إدارية في الأندية الرياضية المشاركة في نشاطات الأتحاد الكوردستاني لكرة القدم وهم يمثلون (67) نادي رياضي يشكلون نسبة (65.68 % ) موزعة على الدرجات ( الممتاز ، الاولى ، الثانية ) ، واشتملت اداة البحث تكيف مقياس الاستقرار النفسي لأعضاء الهيئات الإدارية بالأندية الرياضية في إقليم كوردستان العراق الذي اعدها ( طبيل واخرون 2008 ) واستخدم الباحثون الوسائل الاحصائية التالية ( النسبة المئوية ، الوسط الحسابي ، الانحراف المعياري، معامل الفاكرونباخ ، معامل الارتباط بيرسون ، معامل التحديد ) . من خلال هذه النتائج توصل الباحثون الى عدة استنتاجات أهمها ( كان الاستقرار النفسي لاعضاء الهيئات الادارية بالاندية الرياضية في إقليم كوردستان العراق بمستوى متوسط) .\u0000واوصى الباحثون بعدة توصيات أهمها :\u00001- الإهتمام بالعاملين والإستماع لهم من خلال تفعيل التواصل والتفاعل لضمان علاقات متميزة ومثمرة تسهم في تحفيز الأعضاء للإرتقاء بالنادي الرياضي.\u00002- تعزيز الإستقرار النفسي لدى الأعضاء العاملين في الأندية الرياضية عن طريق تفعيل القوانين والأنظمة للحد من تأثير الأمراض القيادية على الجوانب النفسية والإجتماعية للعاملين في النادي الرياضي. \u00003- زيادة الاهتمام بالجوانب النفسية والاجتماعية لاعضاء الهيئات الادارية في الاندية الرياضية .","PeriodicalId":505543,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Nawroz University","volume":"29 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140358367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sardar Imadaddeen Mohammed Saeed, Dlovan Abed Salim Suleiman
{"title":"الطبيعة القانونية لاعتراض الغير في المرافعات الإدارية ","authors":"Sardar Imadaddeen Mohammed Saeed, Dlovan Abed Salim Suleiman","doi":"10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1658","url":null,"abstract":"يعد اعتراض الغير الوسيلة التي نظمتها التشريعات للغير الخارج عن الخصومة لمنع امتداد أثر الحكم إليه، إذ تطلب العدالة والمنطق بأن يكون هناك سبيل له يعترض من خلاله على الحكم الإداري لغرض إزالة الضرر الذي مس حقوقه أو تعدى إليه.\u0000وتجدر الإشارة إلى أن اعتراض الغير لا يتعارض مع طبيعة الدعاوى الإدارية؛ لأنه يهدف من ورائه حماية مبدأ المشروعية ورفعاً من شأنها. وعلى الرغم من ذلك فهو موضع خلاف من ناحية الطبيعة القانونية، إذ تردد القضاء الإداري ومعه بعض الفقه في الاعتراف بكونه من طرق الطعن، فعده البعض تظلماً من نوع خاص، وزعم البعض أنه يمثل منازعة تنفيذ، في حين رأى آخرون أنه بمثابة تدخل في الخصومة. وتأصيل الطعن باعتراض الغير يتطلب الوقوف على الطبيعة القانونية له ورده إلى حقيقة قانونية معينة أو أصله القانوني، ويساعد ذلك على إزالة الخلاف بشأن هذا الطعن. ومن أهم ما تم التوصل إليه في البحث من نتائج أن اعتراض الغير له ذاتيته ويتميز عن غيره من الوسائل الشبيهة به كالإشكال أو المنازعة في التنفيذ ودعوى البطلان الأصلية، والتظلم، وانه يعد طريق طعن غير عادي كما يذهب إلى ذلك أغلب الفقه.","PeriodicalId":505543,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Nawroz University","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140359248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nareen Nareen Newzad M-N, Sheimaa Ibrahim Mohammed, Mudhafer Hameed Selman
{"title":"The Effect of Barzan Highway Improvements on the Traffic Stream Parameters","authors":"Nareen Nareen Newzad M-N, Sheimaa Ibrahim Mohammed, Mudhafer Hameed Selman","doi":"10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1644","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid economic growth in Duhok City has resulted in high traffic volumes, increased the flow of stream traffic, and decreased the speed of running. Therefore, over the last few years, many roads have suffered from non-uniform traffic flow, traffic jams, and increased traffic accidents. There are several causes for the development carried out by the Duhok Governorate on the Barzan Highway, where signalized at-grade intersections were replaced by bridges and tunnels to prevent conflicts between vehicles on the highway. This study will evaluate how much improvement has been made to the Barzan Highway's main parameters after the improvements have been made. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the underpasses have contributed to the creation of safer roads by reducing the accident rate by 47%, decreasing the average traffic flow from west to east (Imam Hamza underpass to Farmanda underpass) by 32%, and decreasing the average traffic flow from east to west by 10%, reducing travel time from west to east by 48%, and from east to west by 45%; moreover, the density improved from west to east by approximately 60%, while from east to west by 63%.","PeriodicalId":505543,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Nawroz University","volume":"107 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140360008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deep Excavation Analysis Supported by Anchored Diaphragm Walls: A comparison of Constitutive Models","authors":"Hind K. Nasir, Rafi’ M. Sulaiman Al-Ne’aimi","doi":"10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1646","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a numerical study of a large and deep excavation in clay soil supported by anchored diaphragm walls under unequal load to investigate the influence of several design parameters on the stability and safety of the supporting system and their impacts on the surrounding nearby structures using the Plaxis 2D v20 code. The numerical model result was compared with a case study of braced excavation in the clays, and a close match between the results was observed. The soil profile consists of several clay layers and is modeled with two constitutive modes: the Mohr-Coulomb model (MCM) and the hardening soil with a small strain model (HSsmall). The diaphragm walls were modeled as plates and the anchor rods as node-to-node connections. The studied parameters include the inclination angle of anchors, number of ground anchors, surface load magnitude, various ratios of wall-embedded depth to the excavation depth on a deep excavation, and the heave developed at the bottom of the excavation. It was observed that as is increased from 0.3 to 0.5, and is reduced by approximately 6.7% and 14.7%, respectively, for the MCM, compared to 10.5% and 8.1% by the HSsmall modeling. Whereas increased to 0.7, the values of and in both models remained unchanged. Furthermore, for all studied ratios, the MCM produces around 28 mm of heave compared to 23 mm for the HSsmall model. In general, the outcome results of the analysis were examined and discussed in terms of maximum values of lateral displacements, bending moments in the wall supporting system, and the settlement of the ground surface behind both sides of the excavation, which can serve as a reference for deep excavation design and similar geotechnical problems.","PeriodicalId":505543,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Nawroz University","volume":"94 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140360316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"قياس اثر متغيرات الاستقرار الاقتصادي في تدفقات الاستثمار الاجنبي المباشر لتركيا للمدة 1985-2020","authors":"Suad Abdul Qadir Qasim","doi":"10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1694","url":null,"abstract":" يهدف البحث الى قياس وتحليل العلاقة بين متغيرات الاستقرار الاقتصادي المتمثلة بالنمو الاقتصادي، التضخم، البطالة، رصيد الحساب الجاري وتدفقات الاستثمار الاجنبي المباشر لتركيا، وذلك باستخدام منهجية الانحدار الذاتي للإبطاء الموزع(ARDL)، اعتمادا على سلسلة زمنية من (1985-2020) انطلاقا من فرضية مفادها ان تدفقات الاستثمار الاجنبي المباشر الوافدة الى تركيا تتأثر كثيراً بالتغيرات الحاصلة في مؤشرات الاستقرار الاقتصادي، كما افترض البحث ان ما تتمتع به تركيا من مزايا متعددة نسبياً ساعدها الى حد ما على تجاوز الكثير من الظروف والازمات الاقتصادية والسياسية، الامر الذي ساهم في جذب رؤوس الاموال الاجنبية خاصة في ظل ما تم اعتماده من اصلاحات. ووفقا لنتائج التقدير توصل البحث الى وجود علاقة تكامل مشترك في المديين القصير والطويل والى معنوية متغيرات البحث ودلالتها الاحصائية إذ تبين ان متغيرات الاستقرار الاقتصادي المعتمدة في البحث ترتبط مع بعضها البعض وتعطي مؤشرات حقيقية لواقع الاقتصاد القومي وتوجهاته الامر الذي يخلق باستقرارها بيئة مشجعة ومحفزة للاستثمار سواء كان على المستوى المحلي او الدولي.","PeriodicalId":505543,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Nawroz University","volume":"30 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140359163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}