Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science最新文献

{"title":"Trace metal concentrations in the bulk and non-sinking suspended particulate matter of the Gaoping River plume after heavy rainfall events","authors":"François L.L. Muller","doi":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Between May and September, monsoon rains contribute 99.8 % of the water flowing down the Gaoping River annually, and an even greater percentage of the suspended particulate matter (SPM) discharged to the coast. The Gaoping River links vast amounts of highly erodible sedimentary material to the marine environment, creating turbid plumes at the freshwater-marine interface. Climate warming is projected to increase the intensity of flood events and the amount of erosion in the river catchment, yet the export processes delivering this material to the offshore environment are poorly quantified. In this study, particulate organic carbon (POC) and trace metals were measured in the SPM collected in surface waters of the river plume after moderate, strong and very strong pulses of freshwater discharge. Both the bulk and non-sinking portions of the SPM had a terrigenous origin and were not distinguishable from each other based on their trace metal contents. Particulate metal contents primarily depended on SPM concentration and increased continuously with decreasing SPM, i.e. when progressing towards the open sea. A striking result was that the non-sinking SPM discharged to the coast exhibited only a 3-fold increase in response to a 10-fold increase in river discharge and 400-fold increase in total SPM. This may reflect the limited supply of organic compounds responsible for imparting a stabilising surface charge on these mineral particles. Despite representing a very small percentage of the total SPM, the non-sinking SPM was shown to be a potentially important and long-lived transport vehicle for river-derived metals in the surface circulation of the South China Sea.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50497,"journal":{"name":"Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 109370"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144123871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A quantitative approach to classify the shape of beach profiles","authors":"Md Yousuf Gazi ,&nbsp;Thomas E. Fellowes ,&nbsp;Ratneel Deo ,&nbsp;Ana P. Silva ,&nbsp;Lachlan Perris ,&nbsp;Ana Vila-Concejo","doi":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sandy beaches in estuaries and bays (BEBs) are common globally, and their existence relies on the complex interactions of regional and local waves, limited sediment input, tidal dynamics, and human interventions. BEB morphodynamics are poorly defined with only a few studies attempting to qualitatively relate different BEB profile shapes with relevant physical drivers. Here, we propose a novel Profile Morphotype Index (Γ) to quantitatively classify the shape of beach profiles in BEBs into distinct morphotypes to allow an objective analysis of changes in beach morphodynamic states. For this study, beach profiles in three swash-aligned and one drift-aligned BEBs in Gamay–Botany Bay (NSW, Australia) were measured periodically between 2016 and 2023, resulting in a total of 774 beach profile surveys. Based on this dataset, we defined equations that compute the profile shape assigning it to a specific morphotype. Ten unique morphotypes form the new morphometric index (Γ) varying gradually between <em>Concave</em> (Γ = −1.000) <em>and Convex</em> (Γ = 1.000) profile shapes, which indicate more erosive and accretive beach states, respectively. Our results show that those BEBs closest to the estuary entrance favoured the <em>Convex (Γ = 1.000)</em> morphotype, while BEBs farthest from the entrance and under erosive conditions were <em>Mostly Concave</em> (Γ = −0.570 to −0.950) morphotypes. The morphometric index also captured changes in profile shape due to high-energy storm waves propagating into the estuary. This new morphotype index (Γ) provides an objective classification of BEB profile shape allowing us to better predict beach state response to changes in coastal processes and hydrodynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50497,"journal":{"name":"Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 109373"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial redistribution difference between particle associate and free living bacteria in a micro-tidal influenced estuary","authors":"Chao Guo ,&nbsp;Yanfang Li ,&nbsp;Stefan Bertilsson ,&nbsp;Qinqin Hao ,&nbsp;Lin Liu ,&nbsp;Hao Sun ,&nbsp;Yao Huang ,&nbsp;Jianhui Tang ,&nbsp;Tongxu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbial community variation in estuaries had been a research hotspot in recent years, but the effects of hydrodynamic forces on bacterial community redistribution remain underexplored. This study presents fixed-point observations of bacterial community redistribution under hydrodynamic influence during both dry and wet seasons. Alpha diversity analysis indicated that the bacterial community in the dry season exhibited higher richness and diversity than in the wet season, likely due to weaker hydrodynamics and lower temperatures. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that particle-associated (PA) communities had lower network diameter, graph density, and average path length than free-living (FL) communities. The FL community was more affected by vertical mixing, while the PA community was more affected by bottom flow. It is speculated that variation in the FL community results from the mixing of seawater and river water bacteria, which are more affected by surface currents, whereas PA community variation is driven by sedimentation and the bottom flow transport of particles. Unlike FL taxa, which correlated with real-time flow, PA taxa showed a stronger correlation with the flow data 1 h in the past, likely due to the greater inertial resistance of particulate matter compared to bacteria. This study highlights the differential behavior of PA and FL communities under hydrodynamic forces, enhancing the understanding of factors influencing bacterial community variation in estuaries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50497,"journal":{"name":"Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 109369"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coastal exposure and artificialization: Drivers of shell shape variation in intertidal limpets","authors":"Olivia Martínez-Ruiz ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Riera ,&nbsp;Víctor M. Tuset ,&nbsp;Joana Vasconcelos","doi":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The level of exposure and the degree of coastal urbanization are key environmental and human-related factors that significantly affect the spatial distribution of species in different environments. Intertidal species show morphological adaptations to these influences, but little research has been done on how shell shape varies due to the island effect, including factors like island orientation and substrate type. This study aims to analyze the dorsal shell phenotypic variability of the limpets <em>Patella aspera</em> and <em>Patella crenata</em>, in response to island orientation (North <em>vs.</em> East) and different substrate types (Natural: platform and rocks; Artificial: wave breakers), on the island of Gran Canaria, using geometric morphometric analysis. Our findings support the hypothesis that these limpet species exhibit phenotypic plasticity in response to wave exposure influenced by island orientation and coastal artificialization. Oval shapes with wider and flattened shells, displaying greater shell lengths, on waveswept shores may be explained by the need for a larger foot to ensure attachment to substrate, thereby increasing resistance to dislodgement by wave action. In contrast, more rounded shapes with taller and narrower shells in sheltered environments can accommodate a smaller foot as an adaptation against thermal and desiccation stress. The substrate plays a secondary role in influencing the shell morphology, as slight variations were observed between natural and artificial substrates, particularly in body size, regardless of wave exposure. This phenotypic plasticity may lead to spatial segregation, enabling the species to exploit diverse habitats and reduce intraspecific and interspecific competition. The present study emphasizes the need to conserve intertidal species, particularly along the northern coast of Gran Canaria, by accounting for local responses, implementing targeted monitoring and protection efforts, and preserving the diverse phenotypic traits and plasticity of limpets on both protected and full-access shores amidst coastal sprawl and anthropogenic global change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50497,"journal":{"name":"Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 109344"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144131191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blue Carbon at the southern tip of Africa: current knowledge and future perspectives for dynamic estuarine environments","authors":"Janine B. Adams ,&nbsp;Daniel Buttner ,&nbsp;Sarah Hawkes ,&nbsp;Lucienne R.D. Human ,&nbsp;Anesu Machite ,&nbsp;Athi N. Mfikili ,&nbsp;Andrew Ndhlovu ,&nbsp;Leigh-Ann Smit ,&nbsp;Anusha Rajkaran ,&nbsp;Taryn Riddin ,&nbsp;Gavin M. Rishworth ,&nbsp;Heidi van Deventer ,&nbsp;Lara Van Niekerk ,&nbsp;Sophie von der Heyden ,&nbsp;Emily C. Whitfield ,&nbsp;Jacqueline L. Raw","doi":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blue Carbon Ecosystems (BCEs), specifically salt marsh, seagrass, mangroves, occur in South Africa's relatively small, sheltered estuaries that are often disconnected from the ocean. These are dynamic environments where shifts between BCEs and other habitats along ecotones occur in response to mouth changes, floods and droughts, as well as anthropogenic pressures. Although Blue Carbon is becoming well established in South Africa, critical knowledge gaps remain; these are summarised under seven themes and future research and management actions identified. A holistic approach is recommended for Blue Carbon studies in estuaries to measure across elevation gradients (rather than focusing on individual vegetation types) and to include reeds, sedges and forested wetlands. Additionally, quantifying data deficient carbon stocks and processes, modelling future climate change impacts, instilling a sustainable long-term monitoring program, incorporating relevant emerging blue carbon stocks, realizing nationally inclusive restoration and protection co-management plans, and aligning local approaches with global frameworks of reporting are advocated as future recommendations with respect to South African BCEs. South Africa has high biodiversity and unique pressures influencing BCEs and is well positioned to inform the global research agenda. While the limited spatial extent of BCEs restricts the feasibility of carbon credit opportunities, high biodiversity values of these ecosystems hold potential under emerging ‘nature credit’ frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50497,"journal":{"name":"Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 109360"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144123870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon dioxide emissions from coastal waters and mangrove sediments in a microtidal bay under tropical monsoon climate (Martinique, Lesser Antilles)","authors":"Gwenaël Abril ,&nbsp;Mélissa Narayaninsamy ,&nbsp;Frank David ,&nbsp;Raisa Chielle ,&nbsp;Pierre Le Moal ,&nbsp;Tarik Meziane","doi":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report seasonal data of carbonate chemistry, partial pressure of CO₂ and air-sea CO₂ fluxes in coastal waters of the bay of Fort-de-France, where tidal amplitude was 20 cm. Sampling included the open bay, two small river mouths, a mangrove margin, and a mangrove channel and creek. To achieve a more complete carbon budget of the bay, CO₂ sediment-air fluxes were also measured with static chambers inside the mangrove at low tide. All water masses and sediments were a net source of CO₂ to the atmosphere. Microtidal conditions apparently resulted in little enrichment of bay's waters with dissolved CO₂, except in channels and creeks within the mangrove itself, where high concentrations of alkalinity were also recorded. Monsoonal climate caused a more significant, but still modest, export of dissolved CO₂ from the mangrove to the bay of Fort-de-France during the wet season, preferentially through small river mouths. We observed a fivefold increase of CO₂ emissions during the wet season compared to the dry season, with 73 % of this seasonal increase attributed to the mouths of small rivers draining the mangrove channels networks. Our data highlight that, because of the very low tidal amplitude, carbon export and emissions from the mangrove mainly varied according to the monsoonal regime, increasing during the wet season.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50497,"journal":{"name":"Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 109355"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy metal pollution in sediments and its Biotransference in crabs from mangrove and coastal zones of Pakistan","authors":"Asmat Saleem Siddiqui,&nbsp;Noor Us Saher","doi":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study endeavored to assess distributions, contamination, and sources of heavy metals (HMs) in sediments and benthic crabs in mangrove and coastal zones of Pakistan. The presence of HMs (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Co, Ni, and Cd) was significant (p &lt; 0.05) in sediments among the study sites.According to sediment quality guidelines, all sites were categorized as medium-low priority with a 25 % probability of having adverse biological effects on benthic fauna. Seven benthic crab species were analyzed to investigate HM bioaccumulation, which presented habitat-specificity and species-specific variations in HM profiles. Each species exhibited different behavior as expressed by the HM concentration indicator (HMCI). The overall HM burden in crabs was considered by the metal pollution index (MPI), and all crabs showed an MPI value &gt; 1.0. Fiddler crabs (<em>Austruca sindensis</em> and <em>A. iranica</em>) exhibited the highest MPI values indicating their ability to cope with various HMs. Most of the metals (Cu, Zn, Co, Pb, and Cd) showed a high sediment-biota accumulation factor (SBAF &gt;1.0) that signified the prevalence of HMs in crabs as compared with their surroundings. Principal component analysis (PCA) discriminated between HMs in sediments and crabs and suggested that long-standing anthropogenic events aggregated HMs in coastal sediments, potentially incorporated into the benthic food chain. The crab species was revealed as an efficient accumulator of HMs and acted as a potential candidate for HMCI in the contaminated environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50497,"journal":{"name":"Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 109358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Winter-Spring dynamics of dissolved organic carbon fluxes driven by precipitation in a North Carolina tidal marsh","authors":"Marie Cindy Lebrasse ,&nbsp;Blake A. Schaeffer ,&nbsp;DelWayne R. Bohnenstiehl ,&nbsp;Christopher L. Osburn ,&nbsp;Megan M. Coffer ,&nbsp;Ruoying He ,&nbsp;Peter J. Whitman ,&nbsp;Wilson B. Salls ,&nbsp;David D. Graybill","doi":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lateral transport of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is crucial in tidal marsh carbon budgets, but estimating DOC remains a challenge due to the dynamic nature of terrestrial-aquatic interfaces and limitations of <em>in situ</em> observations. This study used a linear model to correlate DOC and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption coefficient at 440 nm (<em>a</em>_CDOM(440); <em>r</em>² = 0.75) in Bald Head Creek, North Carolina, USA. Modeled DOC concentrations were merged with current velocity derived from the Semi-implicit Cross-scale Hydroscience Integrated System Model (SCHISM) to estimate daily DOC fluxes from January to April 2021, representing winter and spring in the mid-latitude northern hemisphere. DOC flux depended on season and tide, where negative values represent DOC import into the marsh and positive values represent export to the estuary. Results showed that DOC was exported from the marsh in February and March after peak rainfall. While tidal inundation and increased river flow from precipitation influenced DOC flux, the average daily DOC import of −13.6 ± 6.0 g C m⁻² d⁻¹ was greater than the average daily DOC export of 9.4 ± 8.3 g C m⁻² d⁻¹ during the study period, showing that the marsh was a net sink for DOC during the early spring. This study demonstrated that field measurements with models like SCHISM provided a synoptic representation of DOC flux, where rainfall-induced river discharge impacts DOC mobilization and export to coastal systems like Bald Head Creek.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50497,"journal":{"name":"Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 109361"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual reproduction underlies the bloom dynamics of toxicogenic diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia H. Peragalo","authors":"Svetlana L. Polyakova,&nbsp;Nikolai A. Davidovich","doi":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over six years (from March 2018 to the present), representatives of the genus <em>Pseudo-nitzschia</em> have been monitored in the waters of the Karadag Biological Station (44. 91 N, 35. 20 E). The data obtained indicate a periodic increase in the abundance of representatives of the genus in spring and autumn. During the early spring periods of 2021 and 2024, the number of cells in the population increased sharply. The potentially harmful <em>Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha</em> Lundholm, Moestrup et Hasle was continuously present and was dominant during bloom periods. Before this period, the relative number of small, reproductively potent cells increases in the population that enhances the probability of meeting sexual partners and facilitates fusion of gametes during sexual reproduction. Mass development up to phenomenon known as \"blooms\" is thus caused by the need for sexual reproduction in populations of <em>P. calliantha</em>. During the blooms, a redistribution of cell sizes was observed with the gradual disappearance of smaller cells and the appearance of larger ones, resulting from sexual reproduction, the size of which approached the maximum species-specific size. An increase in the sexually effective proportion of the population may predict bloom occurrence. We hypothesize that a sharp increase in cell numbers associated with sexual reproduction is a trait shared by all representatives of <em>Pseudo-nitzschia</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50497,"journal":{"name":"Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 109349"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological restoration measures for shallow coastal habitats of the Baltic Sea and the Skagerrak – effectiveness, costs and knowledge gaps","authors":"P. Kraufvelin ,&nbsp;J. Olsson ,&nbsp;L. Bergström ,&nbsp;U. Bergström ,&nbsp;A.C. Bryhn","doi":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human-induced pressures are interfering with the environmental status of marine and coastal areas impacting their ability to maintain ecosystem functions and services. In combination with planning and conservation measures to halt ongoing biodiversity loss, there is a need for developing and adapting toolboxes for active and passive restoration. Such habitat-specific restoration measures need to be tailor-made to strengthen the ecosystem services we depend on and to increase the resilience to climate change and other pressures. Today, there is a knowledge gap both regarding potential restoration measures and in the follow-up and evaluation of the effectiveness of existing measures. There is also a lack of general guidance about which measures are the most functional ones. Such knowledge is of utmost importance for implementation of the EU nature restoration law.</div><div>Here, we provide an overview of eight marine/coastal active and passive restoration measures relevant and applicable for the Northeast Atlantic, focusing on the Baltic Sea and the Skagerrak region. The measures reviewed foremostly aim at reversing negative impacts from physical disturbance on coastal habitats, focusing on active restoration of eelgrass beds, macrophyte beds on soft sediment, rocky-shore macroalgal beds, blue mussel reefs, stony reefs, as well as coastal wetlands and flads/lagoons. Two passive restoration methods are also reviewed, including strengthening populations of predatory fish and undertaking habitat protection. When relevant, these measures are reviewed with regard to type of restoration target, threats, benefits from restoration, restoration measures/methodologies and documented effects, pertinent geographical areas, approximate costs and possible additional information/key knowledge gaps. Among the measures reviewed, three stand out as having especially low costs per area/effort, i.e., 1) restoration of coastal wetlands and flads/lagoons, 2) strengthening populations of predatory fish and 3) habitat protection. We further conclude that there is a general lack of evidence for the cost-effectiveness of measures and that even the more costly measures may still bring more benefits than costs. Nevertheless, many measures are still understudied, provide limited positive effects in relation to their costs, are hard to upscale, have geographical limitations for a broader use or are sensitive to poor environmental status and continued environmental degradation. Additionally, all measures continuously need various degrees of development and fine tuning in order to improve success rates and value for money. The results are intended to support management in this maritime region and they are also applicable to other areas where the studied or similar habitat types exist.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50497,"journal":{"name":"Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 109353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}