European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation最新文献

{"title":"Prevention of diabetes and cardiovascular disease among prediabetic individuals: lifestyle versus drug interventions.","authors":"Frank B Hu","doi":"10.1177/1741826711421689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1741826711421689","url":null,"abstract":"Prediabetes refers to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG), the stage preceding the development of clinical diabetes. IGT is defined as 2-h post-load glucose 140mg/dl (7.8mmol/l) and <200mg/dl (11.1mmol/l); IFG as fasting plasma glucose 110mg/dl (6.1mmol/l) and <126mg/dl (7.0mmol/l). More recently, HbA1c of 5.7–6.4% was added as another criterion for defining prediabetes. According to the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994, the prevalence of IFG in the US population 20 years of age was 6.9% and that of IGT in those 40–74 years of age was 15.8%. No matter how it is defined, prediabetes is associated with a substantially elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This finding provides support for the ‘ticking clock’ hypothesis, which postulates that ‘the clock for coronary heart disease starts ticking before the onset of clinical diabetes.’ The evidence is also compatible with the ‘common soil’ hypothesis, which posits that diabetes and cardiovascular disease share common pathophysiological and environmental antecedents, i.e., ‘they spring from a common soil.’ In the Nurses’ Health Study cohort, participants who converted from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes during follow-up had a more atherogenic risk profile (e.g., higher BMI values and greater prevalence of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia) and increased incidence of CVD than those who did not convert. However, individuals with preexisting diabetes at baseline had the most adverse CVD risk profiles and the highest incidence of CVD during follow-up. Therefore, prediabetes, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease constitute a continuum of cardiometabolic risk. As a consequence, early management of prediabetes through lifestyle interventions or pharmacological means is not only critical to reduce the progression from prediabetes to diabetes, but also to decrease the long-term risk of CVD. In this issue of European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, Hopper et al. reported a meta-analysis of prospective, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effects of lifestyle intervention or pharmacological treatment on diabetes prevention among individuals with IGT and/or IFG. Ten RCTs with 23,152 patients were included in the metaanalysis. The average duration of the trials was 3.75 years. Overall, the interventions reduced the risk of diabetes by 17% (95%CI 14–20%), with lifestyle interventions more effective than drug-based ones (RR1⁄4 0.52, 0.46–0.58 vs 0.70, 0.58–0.85, p< 0.05). No significant benefit in either total or cardiovascular mortality was observed for either intervention. This meta-analysis confirms earlier data showing the superiority of lifestyle interventions over drug-based treatment for diabetes prevention among prediabetic individuals. In the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), the lifestyle intervention group experienced a 58% decrease in the risk of diabetes over a 3-year period compared","PeriodicalId":50492,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1741826711421689","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30346723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and functional vascular changes induced by childhood obesity.","authors":"Marco Matteo Ciccone,&nbsp;Vito Miniello,&nbsp;Roberto Marchioli,&nbsp;Pietro Scicchitano,&nbsp;Francesca Cortese,&nbsp;Vincenzo Palumbo,&nbsp;Stefano Giuseppe Primitivo,&nbsp;Marco Sassara,&nbsp;Gabriella Ricci,&nbsp;Santa Carbonara,&nbsp;Michele Gesualdo,&nbsp;Lucia Diaferio,&nbsp;Giuseppe Mercuro,&nbsp;Giovanni De Pergola,&nbsp;Paola Giordano,&nbsp;Stefano Favale","doi":"10.1177/1741826711398180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1741826711398180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To investigate endothelial dysfunction and morphological vascular changes in childhood obesity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>93 overweight/obese children (body mass index 26 ± 5 kg/m(2); median 26 kg/m(2); interquartile range 22-28 kg/m(2)), mean age 10.9 ± 2.7 years, underwent a check-up of total, high-density lipoprotein- and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and white blood cell count, together with ultrasound measures of flow-mediated dilatation, carotid intima-media thickness, and anterior-posterior diameter of the abdominal aorta.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The body mass index of overweight/obese children had a statistically significant linear relationship (p < 0.05) with triglycerides, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, carotid intima-media thickness, anterior-posterior diameter of the abdominal aorta, and flow-mediated dilatation values.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overweight/obese children have an initial endothelial dysfunction and vascular damage, i.e., the first stage in the development of atherosclerosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":50492,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1741826711398180","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29781514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mortality from ischaemic heart disease: sex-specific effects of transferrin saturation, serum iron, and total iron binding capacity. The HUNT study.","authors":"Bjørn Mørkedal,&nbsp;Lars E Laugsand,&nbsp;Pål R Romundstad,&nbsp;Lars J Vatten","doi":"10.1177/1741826710390134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1741826710390134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We assessed sex-specific associations of iron status with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality and explored whether the strength of the associations changed during follow-up.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Prospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>During 11.4 years of follow-up, IHD mortality was studied in 28,154 men and 32,644 women without known myocardial infarction or stroke at baseline.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During follow-up, 1,034 men and women died from IHD. Compared to being in the highest quartile of transferrin saturation, the multivariate adjusted hazard ratio associated with being in the lowest quartile was 1.3 (95% CI 1.0-1.6) in men and 1.4 (95% CI 1.0-1.9) in women. The corresponding hazard ratios for serum iron were 1.5 (95% CI 1.1-1.9) in men and 1.1 (95% CI 0.8-1.4) in women, and for total iron binding capacity (TIBC), the hazard ratio of being in the highest compared to the lowest quartile was 0.9 (95% CI 0.8-1.2) in men and 1.5 (95% CI 1.1-2.0) in women. Associations with iron status were stronger in the early than in later stages of follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results suggest that low iron status may be a late sign of IHD pathology or that unknown prevalent disease at baseline could influence the associations.</p>","PeriodicalId":50492,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1741826710390134","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29780764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of statins on coronary and peripheral endothelial function in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","authors":"Martin K Reriani,&nbsp;Shannon M Dunlay,&nbsp;Bhanu Gupta,&nbsp;Colin P West,&nbsp;Charanjit S Rihal,&nbsp;Lilach O Lerman,&nbsp;Amir Lerman","doi":"10.1177/1741826711398430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1741826711398430","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of statins on peripheral and coronary endothelial function in patients with and without established cardiovascular disease.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Early atherosclerosis is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, a known prognostic factor for cardiovascular disease.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>The search included MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and EMBASE to identify studies up to 1 December 2009. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials on the effects of statins compared with placebo on endothelial function. Two reviewers extracted data on study characteristics, methods, and outcomes. Forty-six eligible trials enrolled a total of 2706 patients: 866 (32%) were women and 432 (16%) had established cardiovascular disease. Meta-analysis using random-effects models showed treatment with statins significantly improved endothelial function [standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.66, 95% CI 0.46-0.85, p < 0.001]. Subgroup analyses demonstrated statistically significant improvement in endothelial function assessed both peripherally by flow-mediated dilatation (SMD 0.68, 95% CI 0.46-0.90, p < 0.001) and venous occlusion plethysmography (SMD 0.59, 95% CI 0.06-1.13, p = 0.03) and centrally in the coronary circulation by infusion of acetylcholine (SMD 1.58, 95% CI 0.31-2.84, p = 0.01). Significant heterogeneity observed across studies was explained in part by the type of endothelial function measurement, statin type and dose, and study population differences. Exclusion of outlier studies did not significantly alter the results.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Statin therapy is associated with significant improvement in both peripheral and coronary endothelial function. The current study supports a role for statin therapy in patients with endothelial dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":50492,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1741826711398430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29781511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias - any controversies behind the consensus?","authors":"Zeljko Reiner","doi":"10.1177/1741826711418946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1741826711418946","url":null,"abstract":"As it is with all the other guidelines, no matter whether everybody will agree with all the statements in these guidelines or not (it has to be stressed once again that they are based on evaluation of all available scientific evidence at the time od the writing and reviewing preocess), the most important will be their implementation.","PeriodicalId":50492,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1741826711418946","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30021098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A national survey on aspirin patterns of use and persistence in community outpatients in Italy.","authors":"Alessandro Filippi,&nbsp;Cosetta Bianchi,&nbsp;Fabio Parazzini,&nbsp;Claudio Cricelli,&nbsp;Emiliano Sessa,&nbsp;Giampiero Mazzaglia","doi":"10.1177/1741826710397850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1741826710397850","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Aspirin is recommended as preventive therapy in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), diabetes mellitus, and high cardiovascular risk due to multiple risk factors. However, the benefits of aspirin might be affected by its inappropriate use. Real-life information on aspirin use is therefore needed as an audit tool aimed to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Retrospective cross-sectional and cohort study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Primary care data were obtained from 400 Italian general practitioners (GPs) providing information to the Health Search/CDS Longitudinal Patients Database. Prevalence of use was assessed in individuals aged 18 years and older, registered in the GP's list at the beginning of the observation period (year 2005). As potential correlates of aspirin use, clinical and demographic variables were also recorded. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between such covariates and aspirin use. Persistence to aspirin treatment was examined among newly prescribed aspirin users during the years 2000-04.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On a total sample of 540,984 patients, 45,271 (8.3%) were prescribed at least once with aspirin. On 35,473 patients with previous CVD, 51.7% were treated with aspirin, whereas only 15.2% of 151,526 eligible patients free of CVD received an aspirin prescription. In primary prevention, prevalence of aspirin use was significantly associated with the increased number of cardiovascular risk factors either among diabetic (p < 0.001) or non-diabetic (p < 0.001) patients. A negative association has been observed among patients with contraindication to aspirin use. Only 23.4% of patients at 1 year and 12.2% at 2 years remained persistent with aspirin use, although most of first-time users reported an intermittent use.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Underuse and discontinuation of aspirin treatment is common among eligible patients. Increased cardiovascular risk only partially influences aspirin management. An effort aimed to improve appropriate aspirin use is likely to provide major benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":50492,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1741826710397850","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29781516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of pain-free treadmill training on fibrinogen, haematocrit, and lipid profile in patients with claudication.","authors":"Piotr Mika,&nbsp;Boguslaw Wilk,&nbsp;Anna Mika,&nbsp;Anna Marchewka,&nbsp;Rafał Nizankowski","doi":"10.1177/1741826710389421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1741826710389421","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the effect of pain-free treadmill training on changes of plasma fibrinogen, haematocrit, lipid profile, and walking ability in patients with claudication.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Randomized control trial.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty-eight patients with peripheral obstructive arterial disease and intermittent claudication (Fontaine stage II) were randomly assigned into the treadmill training (repetitive intervals to onset of claudication pain, three times a week) or a control group (no change in physical activity) over 3 months. Both groups performed treadmill test to assess pain-free walking time (PFWT) and maximal walking time (MWT) and had blood analyses [for haematocrit, fibrinogen, triglycerides, and cholesterol: total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)] done at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks of the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Total and LDL cholesterol levels in the training group decreased (p < 0.05) by 14.8% and 20,5%, respectively. Significant (p < 0.05) HDL cholesterol increased (14.6%) and triglycerides decreased (19%) in the training group but changes of all these lipids were insignificant in the control group over the 3 months. Haematocrit and fibrinogen changes were insignificant in both groups. PFWT was prolonged by 109% and MWT increased by 54% in the training group (p < 0.01), but not in the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The improvement in walking time over 3 months of pain-free treadmill training parallels with progressive normalization of lipid profiles in patients with claudication.</p>","PeriodicalId":50492,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1741826710389421","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29780696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'I'm just short for my weight, doctor': body weight and risk.","authors":"Ian Graham,&nbsp;Alexandra Dudina,&nbsp;Marie-Therese Cooney","doi":"10.1177/1741826711417333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1741826711417333","url":null,"abstract":"In this issue, the SCORE (Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation) investigators explore relationships between body mass index (BMI), cardiovascular mortality and risk factors in pooled data from 12 European cohort studies of 186,308 subjects. This follows a number of other major studies on this topic. Some aspects of the intricate relationships between body weight and both total and cardiovascular mortality are becoming more clear. These studies include those from:","PeriodicalId":50492,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1741826711417333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30021099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design matters in secondary prevention: individualization and supervised exercise improves the effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation.","authors":"Alexander M Clark,&nbsp;Sonnda Catto,&nbsp;Graham Bowman,&nbsp;Paul D Macintyre","doi":"10.1177/1741826710397107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1741826710397107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hospital or centre-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) can lengthen and improve life. However, most existing trials do not examine the effects of design characteristics. To examine the effects of these characteristics, this study compared an individualized cardiac rehabilitation programme to a standardized programme and examined what factors contributed most to programme effects.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A prospective cohort analysis was done comparing patients using an individualized centre-based cardiac rehabilitation programme (ICR) in a mixed urban-rural region of the west of Scotland, to a standardized cardiac rehabilitation programme (SCR) provided at the same site three years previously. Both inter- and intra-programme differences in outcomes were explored.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>More patients were referred to ICR than SCR (749 versus 414 patients, p = 0.002) and the proportion of patients who subsequently attended was around 30% higher (p < 0.0001) although the overall rate of referral to ICR was lower (70% versus 62%, p = 0.002). ICR was associated with a reduction in hospital admission compared to SCR (HR: 0.664: 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.554 to 0.797). ICR patients also had significantly shorter hospitalizations (mean: 8.02 days versus 5.84 days, p < 0.05). ICR patients who attended at least 75% of the exercise sessions were significantly less likely to be hospitalized than individuals who partially attended (HR 2.39, 95% CI: 1.659 to 3.488) or did not participate in exercise sessions (HR 2.16, 95% CI: 1.482 to 3.143).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Individualized content and supervised exercise components are key design characteristics for improving outcomes from centre-based CR in clinically representative populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":50492,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1741826710397107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29779927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiologists' educational needs for preventive cardiology in Europe.","authors":"Lale Tokgozoglu,&nbsp;Pedro Marques Vidal,&nbsp;Diego Vanuzzo","doi":"10.1177/1741826711415721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1741826711415721","url":null,"abstract":"In the medical literature, there is little meaningful information available on the perceptions and opinions about the cardiologists’ educational needs regarding cardiovascular prevention. A few publications have addressed postgraduate training of cardiologists, but did not consider the trainees’ views. This lack of data regarding cardiologists’ educational needs is especially disheartening when compared to other disciplines, in particular family practice. Moreover, there is little information regarding the techniques used by practising cardiovascular specialists to facilitate prevention in their practices. In order to better understand the educational needs on the topic of preventive cardiology of different European cardiac societies, we conducted an electronic survey of the appointed national coordinators andmembers of the European Forum on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention who had the task to implement cardiovascular prevention in their countries, within the European Social Charter framework. Questions on motivation to attend an educational event, format of live (presential) and non-live (i.e. webcast) education, factors that might make an educational event successful, and educational topics to be developed were asked. Of the 43 coordinators, 29 replied (response rate 67.4%). Regarding the motivations to attend an educational event, the desire to learn best practices was indicated by 75% of participants, followed by a desire to ensure practice is up to date (72%) and getting continuing medical education credits (63%). Regarding the format of live education, case-based learning (56%) and small interactive group discussions (54%) were the most preferred, with hands-on skill building collecting 40% of positive answers. While a majority (52%) of responders wanted to attend regional conferences or symposia, only 33% were interested in large annual congresses. Participants were more enthusiastic about live formats than online video programmes or webcasts. Almost two-thirds (60%) of participants indicated that for an event to be successful, the ideal duration should be one day. An overwhelming 97% wanted an ‘easy’, geographically accessible location. Faculty reputation and programme content was an important factor for 94%. Interestingly, 77% of participants preferred the event to be conducted in their national language vs. 39% for English. Further, almost half (45%) of participants considered presence of refreshments and other extras as nonrelevant for their attending. Regarding non-live programmes, the preferred formats were internet-based point of care (55%) and online case studies (54%), printed journal supplements being indicated by one-third (34%) of participants. For an online course, the optimal duration was thought to be 30 45 minutes. The main educational topics to be developed in preventive cardiology were physical activity and stress management (85%) and hypertension (82%), followed by secondary prevention, diet and weight control, lifestyl","PeriodicalId":50492,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1741826711415721","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30021100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}