Evolutionary Ecology Research最新文献

{"title":"Investigating the association between armour coverage and parasite infection in an estuarine population of stickleback.","authors":"Meghan F Maciejewski,&nbsp;Catherine A Hernandez,&nbsp;Daniel I Bolnick","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>When threespine stickleback colonized fresh water, they repeatedly evolved reduced armour plating via changes in <i>Eda</i> allele frequency. This evolution is typically attributed to differential predation pressure between marine and freshwater environments. However, the chromosomal region containing <i>Eda</i> is associated with many other phenotypes, including schooling, antipredator behaviour, and immunity. Consequently, the evolution of armour plating may be driven by multiple selective pressures acting on <i>Eda</i> or linked genes.</p><p><strong>Question: </strong>Is parasite infection associated with armour phenotype?</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Parasite load differs between stickleback armour plate morphs.</p><p><strong>Organisms: </strong>An armour-polymorphic population of threespine stickleback (<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i>), and their parasites.</p><p><strong>Field site: </strong>In June 2009 and 2012, we sampled stickleback from a single human-made salt-marsh pool in the Campbell River Estuary on Vancouver Island.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We counted macroparasites on approximately 100 fish per year and counted lateral armour plates. We used generalized linear models to test for correlations between armour morph and parasite load.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most parasite species were not associated with armour. The gill parasite <i>Thersitina</i> was more abundant on more fully armoured fish in both years. The nematode <i>Eustrongylides</i> also exhibited a marginally significant positive trend. If parasitic infections reduce stickleback fitness, this positive covariance between armour and infection would accelerate the loss of armour plating in stickleback colonizing fresh water.</p>","PeriodicalId":50469,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9552957/pdf/nihms-1790823.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33502430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient CRISPR-Cas9 editing of major evolutionary loci in sticklebacks.","authors":"Julia I Wucherpfennig,&nbsp;Craig T Miller,&nbsp;David M Kingsley","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Stickleback fish are widely used to study the genetic and ecological basis of phenotypic evolution. Although several major loci have now been identified that contribute to evolutionary differences between wild populations, further study of the phenotypes associated with particular genes and mutations has been limited by the difficulty of generating targeted mutations at precise locations in the stickleback genome.</p><p><strong>Approach and aims: </strong>We compared different methods of expressing single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) and Cas9 activity in fertilized stickleback eggs. We used an easily scored pigmentation gene (<i>SLC24A5</i>) to screen for molecular lesions, phenotypic effects, and possible germline transmission of newly induced alleles. We then used the optimized CRISPR methods to target two major evolutionary loci in sticklebacks, <i>KITLG</i> and <i>EDA</i>. We hypothesized that coding region mutations in the <i>KITLG</i> gene would alter body pigmentation and possibly sex determination, and that mutations in the <i>EDA</i> gene would disrupt the formation of most armor plates, fin rays, spines, teeth, and gill rakers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Targeted deletions were successfully induced at each target locus by co-injecting one-cell stage stickleback embryos with either <i>Cas9</i> mRNA or Cas9 protein, together with sgRNAs designed to protein-coding exons. Founder animals were typically mosaic for multiple mutations, which they transmitted through the germline at overall rates of 21 to 100%. We found that the copy of <i>KITLG</i> on the X chromosome (<i>KITLGX</i>) has diverged from the <i>KITLG</i> on the Y chromosome (<i>KITLGY</i>). Predicted loss-of-function mutations in the <i>KITLGX</i> gene dramatically altered pigmentation in both external skin and internal organ, but the same was not true for <i>KITLGY</i> mutations. Predicted loss-of-function mutations in either the <i>KITLGX</i> or <i>KITLGY</i> genes did not lead to sex reversal or prevent fertility. Homozygous loss-of-function mutations in the <i>EDA</i> gene led to complete loss of armor plates, severe reduction or loss of most soft rays in the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, and severe reductions in tooth and gill raker number. In contrast, long dorsal and pelvic spines remained intact in <i>EDA</i> mutant animals, suggesting that common co-segregation of plate loss and spine reduction in wild populations is unlikely to be due to pleiotropic effects of <i>EDA</i> mutations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CRISPR-Cas9 approaches can be used to induce germline mutations in key evolutionary loci in sticklebacks. Targeted coding region mutations confirm an important role for <i>KITLG</i> and <i>EDA</i> in skin pigmentation and armor plate reduction, respectively. They also provide new information about the functions of these genes in other body structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":50469,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8664273/pdf/nihms-1667662.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39718600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Within-niche pace of life acceleration as a fundamental evolutionary principle: a mammal pilot test case","authors":"M. Clauss, D. W. Müller, D. Codron","doi":"10.5167/UZH-186535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5167/UZH-186535","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In the competition for resources, an evident mechanism by which a taxon or clade can prevail is by out-reproducing competitors, or, in other words, by a faster life history. Hence, for organisms that share a certain niche space, there should be strong directional evolution of life history characteristics towards faster reproduction. One reason why this mechanism is rarely considered may be the conceptualization of life history strategies as a set of trade-offs subjected to fixed overall physical laws, rather than as a set of morphophysiological adaptations that may evolve towards a higher efficiency. Hypothesis: Among extant taxa, directional evolution towards a faster reproduction should be reflected in a higher diversity in those clades of a niche that have a faster pace of life. Assuming phylogenetic inertia in the pace of life, fossil representatives of clades whose extant representatives are characterized by a slower pace of life should have been replaced in their niche by representatives of clades whose extant representatives have a faster pace of life. Data description: We use life history data from extant eutherian mammals from the PanTheria database, and examples from the mammalian fossil record, focusing particularly on large herbivores. Pilot results: We showcase examples that indicate differences in offspring production per unit time in eutherian mammals of similar niches; e.g., the sequence of gestation period length in which cattle, horses, dromedaries and okapis produce offspring of similar number, size and maturity (280, 340, 390 and 440 days, respectively) reflects the current species diversity and past displacement sequences of bovids, equids, camelids and giraffids. Conclusion: The demographic mechanism of the ‘survival of the fittest’ can be expected to have consequences on the evolution of properties determining demographic life history. Considering life history as clade-specific, and life history characteristics of extant species as a snapshot in evolutionary time, can prominently enhance interpretations of clade turnovers and species diversity.","PeriodicalId":50469,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70644820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-specific growth, shape, and their impacts on the life history of a long-lived vertebrate.","authors":"Luke A Hoekstra,&nbsp;Rachel C Weber,&nbsp;Anne M Bronikowski,&nbsp;Fredric J Janzen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Individual growth rates both comprise and determine life-history phenotypes. Despite decades of interest in understanding the relationship between individual growth and life history, chelonian longevity has limited our ability to robustly estimate individual growth curves that span the life of both sexes.</p><p><strong>Questions: </strong>(1) Do patterns of growth in size and shape differ between the sexes of the painted turtle, <i>Chrysemys picta</i>? (2) Does individual variation in size and shape affect female reproductive effort?</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using 30 years of field data on shell morphology of a single population of painted turtles, we used principal components analysis to summarize multivariate size and shape. We assessed the ability of three non-linear growth models - the logistic, Gompertz, and von Bertalanffy - to predict size-at-age and used model comparison to justify sex-specific model fits. We correlated age-specific size and shape of females with their reproductive efforts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Model comparison supported separate fits of the von Bertalanffy growth function for each sex; non-overlapping confidence intervals imply differences in sex-specific asymptotic size, but not growth rate. Higher-order axes of variation in shell morphology described significant sexual dimorphism in shell shape related to the sphericity and curviness of the shell. Shell sphericity of females covaried with clutch size, mean egg mass, and total clutch mass. Irrespective of shell morphology, we found evidence of an egg number versus egg mass trade-off. Yet, females who matured at a larger size produced greater reproductive efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":50469,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7494217/pdf/nihms-1626866.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38391784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habitat preferences depend on substrate quality in a cooperative breeder","authors":"Dario Josi, M. Taborsky, Joachim G. Frommen","doi":"10.7892/BORIS.124601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7892/BORIS.124601","url":null,"abstract":"15 Background : The evolution of complex social organization is mediated by diverse environmental 16 constraints, including predation risk and the availability and distribution of food resources, mating 17 partners, and breeding habitats. The cooperatively breeding cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher inhabits 18 highly distinct habitats ranging from sheer rock face to gastropod shells, rubble and sandy bottoms with 19 dispersed stones. Physical habitat characteristics influence predator abundance and consequently the 20 social system and reproductive performance of this species. Under natural conditions, habitat 21 preferences should allow for optimizing the territory position within a colony. 22 Question : If given the choice, does N. pulcher distinguish between environments differing in 23 structural complexity and the presence of sand? 24 Method : We created breeding groups consisting of a dominant pair and two subordinates. We 25 manipulated structural complexity (low vs. high stone cover) and sandy environments (present vs. 26 absent). We measured habitat preference using a four-factorial design with binary choice options. 27 Predictions : We predicted that groups prefer to settle in a highly structured environment 28 providing many possibilities to hide from potential predators. We further predicted a preference for 29 sandy bottom, especially in environments with low structural complexity, because sand allows for 30 digging out shelters. 31 Results and Conclusion : N. pulcher favored more complex over less complex habitats, 32 independently of the presence of sand. When fish faced low structural complexity in both experimental 33 compartments, sand presence became a critical factor. Choosing appropriate habitats may contribute to 34 effectively reduce predation risk.","PeriodicalId":50469,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71357708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coarse- and fine-grained phenotypic divergence among threespine stickleback from alternating lake and stream habitats","authors":"Rebecca Izen, Y. Stuart, Yuexin Jiang, D. Bolnick","doi":"10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.3438383.V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.3438383.V1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Habitat characteristics can vary over small spatial scales at which gene flow is expected to swamp any effect of divergent natural selection. However, fine-grained (‘microgeographic’) adaptive divergence may still be feasible if individuals exhibit dispersal behaviours that improve the match between their phenotype and habitat. For example, threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from lake and stream habitats maintain differences across a narrow ecotone because of non-random gene flow. However, it is unknown whether dispersal bias might also contribute to even finer-scale divergence within habitats, in response to microhabitat variation within lakes and within streams. Question: Does stickleback morphology co-vary with flow regime within stream populations, controlling for distance from adjoining lake populations? Data: We sampled stickleback along a transect through alternating lake and stream habitats. Within each stream, multiple traps were set at 50 m intervals. We recorded microhabitat data (flow rate and depth) at each trap. We measured morphology (gill rakers, head shape, fin shape, standard length) of more than 900 stickleback captured from these traps. Analysis: We used multivariate analyses of covariance and linear models to test for: (1) phenotypic divergence between lake and stream stickleback, (2) divergence among stream sites as a function of their distance from an adjoining lake, and (3) covariation between local flow regime (at each trap) and the morphology of stickleback captured from that trap. Conclusions: Fish from different flow regimes within a stream show phenotypic variation that is not due to clinal transitions from lake to stream. We found covariation between local flow regime and either fin morphology or gill raker length in different streams. The total effect size of stream microhabitat on morphology was greater than the effect size of habitat (lake vs. stream), for overall multivariate data and for a subset of univariate traits. These findings imply that local adaptation can occur on a finer spatial scale than is typically expected, perhaps as a result of non-random dispersal.","PeriodicalId":50469,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71209470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habitat choice and female preference in a polymorphic stickleback population","authors":"Anna F. Feller, O. Seehausen, K. Lucek, D. Marques","doi":"10.7892/BORIS.79067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7892/BORIS.79067","url":null,"abstract":"Background: A small pond, c. 90 years old, near Bern, Switzerland contains a population of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) with two distinct male phenotypes. Males of one type are large, and red, and nest in the shallow littoral zone. The males of \u0000the other are small and orange, and nest offshore at slightly greater depth. The females in this population are phenotypically highly variable but cannot easily be assigned to either \u0000male type. \u0000Question: Is the existence of two sympatric male morphs maintained by substrate-associated male nest site choice and facilitated by female mate preferences? \u0000Organisms: Male stickleback caught individually at their breeding sites. Females caught with minnow traps. \u0000Methods: In experimental tanks, we simulated the slope and substrate of the two nesting habitats. We then placed individual males in a tank and observed in which habitat the \u0000male would build his nest. In a simultaneous two-stimulus choice design, we gave females the choice between a large, red male and a small, orange one. We measured female morphology and used linear mixed effect models to determine whether female preference correlated with female morphology. \u0000Results: Both red and orange males preferred nesting in the habitat that simulated the \u0000slightly deeper offshore condition. This is the habitat occupied by the small, orange males in the pond itself. The proportion of females that chose a small orange male was similar to that which chose a large red male. Several aspects of female phenotype correlated with the male type that a female preferred.","PeriodicalId":50469,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71358516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization (FISH) protocol for stickleback tissue.","authors":"Noelle James,&nbsp;Xiaochen Liu,&nbsp;Alison Bell","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Threespine stickleback are an important model for behaviour and evolutionary studies. A growing number of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and gene expression studies are identifying genes related to ecologically important traits in sticklebacks. In order to visualize the expression of candidate genes, we developed a fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization (FISH) protocol.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We present a protocol for FISH on fresh or flash-frozen dissected tissue, using either cryo- or paraffin embedding. The protocol covers probe design guidelines and synthesis, sample embedding, sectioning, and the hybridization process. The protocol is optimized for brain tissue. Key steps for modifying the protocol for other tissues are noted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The FISH protocol resulted in specific labelling under all combinations of dissection and embedding conditions. Paraffin embedding preserved morphology better than cryo-embedding. We provide representative results showing the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (<i>GFAP</i>), oxytocin receptor (<i>OXTR</i>), and tyrosine hydroxylase (<i>TH</i>) in the brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":50469,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5642962/pdf/nihms869359.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35620500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexually dimorphic body size and development time plasticity in <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).","authors":"Jillian D Wormington,&nbsp;Steven A Juliano","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in insects often accompanies a sexual difference in development time, sexual bimaturism (SBM).</p><p><strong>Goal: </strong>To determine whether three <i>Aedes</i> mosquito species have similar plasticity in SSD, attain sexual dimorphism through similar strategies, and whether SSD and SBM are associated.</p><p><strong>Organisms: </strong><i>Aedes albopictus</i>, <i>Aedes aegypti</i>, and <i>Aedes triseriatus</i> (Diptera: Culicidae).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In four different food availability environments, we quantified plastic responses of relative growth rate (RGR), development time, and adult body size in individually reared males and females.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Food availability affected RGR differently for the sexes for all three species. The RGR of males and females differed significantly in the 0.1 g/L food treatment. This difference did not account for observed SSD. Food levels over which the largest changes in RGR were observed differed among the species. Male and female adult mass and development time were jointly affected by food availability in a pattern that differed among the three species, so that degree of SSD and SBM changed differentially with food availability for all three species. Development time was generally less sexually dimorphic than mass, particularly in <i>A. albopictus</i>. At lower food levels, <i>A. aegypti</i> and <i>A. triseriatus</i> had accentuated dimorphism in development time. These results, combined with our knowledge of mosquito life history, suggest that a direct benefit of SBM is improbable for mosquitoes and that the observed intersexual differences in development time are more likely byproducts of selection for SSD.</p>","PeriodicalId":50469,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4319369/pdf/nihms659432.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33039371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of transmission mode in obligate symbionts.","authors":"Devin M Drown, Peter C Zee, Yaniv Brandvain, Michael J Wade","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A host obtains symbionts by horizontal transmission when infected from the environment or contagiously from other hosts in the same generation. In contrast, vertical transmission occurs when a host obtains its symbionts directly from its parents. Either vertical or horizontal transmission can sustain an association between a host and its symbiont.</p><p><strong>Questions: </strong>What evolutionary forces are necessary to evolve from an ancestral state of horizontal transmission to a derived state of vertical transmission?</p><p><strong>Mathematical methods: </strong>We explore a general model of fitness interaction, including both additive and epistatic effects, between host and symbiont genes. Recursion equations allow us to analyse the short-term behaviour of the model and to study long-term deterministic effects with numerical iterations.</p><p><strong>Key assumptions: </strong>Obligate interaction between a symbiont and a single host species with genetically determined horizontal and vertical transmission. No free-living symbionts or uninfected hosts and each host is infected by only a single symbiont genetic lineage (no multiple infections). No population structure.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Epistasis for fitness between host and symbiont genes, like that in a matching alleles model, is a necessary condition for the evolution of vertical from horizontal transmission. Stochastic individual-based simulations show that (1) mutation facilitates the switch to vertical transmission and (2) vertical transmission is a stable evolutionary endpoint for a matching alleles model.</p>","PeriodicalId":50469,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3965207/pdf/nihms-483185.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32216616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}