Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine最新文献_第10页

Social environment as a modulator of immunosenescence. 社会环境对免疫衰老的调节作用。

IF 6.2 2区医学

Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.24

A Garrido, I Martínez de Toda, E Díaz Del Cerro, J Félix, N Ceprián, M González-Sánchez, M De la Fuente

{"title":"Social environment as a modulator of immunosenescence.","authors":"A Garrido, I Martínez de Toda, E Díaz Del Cerro, J Félix, N Ceprián, M González-Sánchez, M De la Fuente","doi":"10.1017/erm.2022.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/erm.2022.24","url":null,"abstract":"Immune system aging, a process known as immunosenescence, involves a striking rearrangement affecting all immune cells, resulting in an increased rate of infections and a major incidence of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Nonetheless, differences in how individuals of the same chronological age carry out this immunosenescence establishment and thus the aging rate have been reported. In the context of neuroimmunoendocrine communication and its role in the response to stress situations, growing evidence suggests that social environments profoundly influence all physiological responses, especially those linked to immunity. Accordingly, negative contexts (loneliness in humans/social isolation in rodents) were associated with immune impairments and decreased lifespan. However, positive social environments have been correlated with adequate immunity and increased lifespan. Therefore, the social context in which an individual lives is proposed as a decisive modulator of the immunosenescence process and, consequently, of the rate of aging. In this review, the most important findings regarding how different social environments (negative and positive) modulate immunosenescence and therefore the aging rate, as well as the role of stress responses, hormesis, and resilience in these environments will be explained. Finally, several possible molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of negative and positive environments on immunosenescence will be suggested.","PeriodicalId":50462,"journal":{"name":"Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"e29"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40662664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

IF 6.2 2区医学

Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2022-07-28 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.22

Ezgi Eyluel Bankoglu, Helga Stopper

{"title":"Obesity-related genomic instability and altered xenobiotic metabolism: possible consequences for cancer risk and chemotherapy.","authors":"Ezgi Eyluel Bankoglu, Helga Stopper","doi":"10.1017/erm.2022.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/erm.2022.22","url":null,"abstract":"The increase in the prevalence of obesity has led to an elevated risk for several associated diseases including cancer. Several studies have investigated the DNA damage in human blood samples and showed a clear trend towards increased DNA damage in obesity. Reduced genomic stability is thus one of the consequences of obesity, which may contribute to the related cancer risk. Whether this is influenced by compromised DNA repair has not been elucidated sufficiently yet. On the other hand, obesity has also been linked to reduced therapy survival and increased adverse effects during chemotherapy, although the available data are controversial. Despite some indications that obesity might alter hepatic metabolism, current literature in humans is insufficient, and results from animal studies are inconclusive. Here we have summarised published data on hepatic drug metabolism to understand the impact of obesity on cancer therapy better. Furthermore, we highlight knowledge gaps in the interrelationship between obesity and drug metabolism from a toxicological perspective.","PeriodicalId":50462,"journal":{"name":"Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine","volume":"24 ","pages":"e28"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9884759/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9240220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Competing Endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) in Colorectal Cancer: A Review. 结直肠癌中竞争内源性rna (ceRNAs)的研究进展

IF 6.2 2区医学

Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2022-06-24 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.21

Mohammad Hossein Akhbari, Zahra Zafari, Mohsen Sheykhhasan

{"title":"Competing Endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) in Colorectal Cancer: A Review.","authors":"Mohammad Hossein Akhbari, Zahra Zafari, Mohsen Sheykhhasan","doi":"10.1017/erm.2022.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/erm.2022.21","url":null,"abstract":"Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) that contain microRNA response elements (MREs) are involved in CRC progression. They can compete with microRNAs (miRNAs) via their MREs, which can combine non-coding and coding RNAs via complex ceRNA networks. This molecular interaction has the potential to affect a wide variety of biological processes, and many cancers can occur as a result of an imbalanced ceRNA network. Recent research indicates that numerous dysregulated RNAs in CRC may function as ceRNAs, regulating multiple biological functions of the tumour, including proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, invasion and migration. In this review, we discuss the role of protein-coding and non-coding RNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs and pseudogenes, in the occurrence of ceRNA networks in CRC, and their function in cancer-related pathways, such as Wnt/β-catenin, mitogen-activated protein kinase and transforming growth factor-β signalling pathways. Additionally, we discuss validated ceRNAs associated with CRC biological functions and their potential role as novel prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. Examining the role of ceRNAs in CRC sheds new light on cancer treatment and pathogenesis.","PeriodicalId":50462,"journal":{"name":"Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"e27"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40394808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Relevance of emerging metabolomics-based biomarkers of prostate cancer: a systematic review. 新出现的基于代谢组学的前列腺癌生物标志物的相关性:系统综述。

IF 6.2 2区医学

Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2022-06-22 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.20

Navneeta Bansal, Manoj Kumar, S N Sankhwar, Ashish Gupta

{"title":"Relevance of emerging metabolomics-based biomarkers of prostate cancer: a systematic review.","authors":"Navneeta Bansal, Manoj Kumar, S N Sankhwar, Ashish Gupta","doi":"10.1017/erm.2022.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/erm.2022.20","url":null,"abstract":"Prostate cancer (PC) presents great challenges in early diagnosis and often leads to unnecessary invasive procedures as well as over diagnosis and treatment, thus highlighting the need for promising early diagnostic biomarkers. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date summary of chronologically existing metabolomics PC biomarkers, their potential to improve clinical PC diagnosis and to reduce the proliferation and monitoring of PC. The systematic research was conducted on PubMed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines to report PC biomarkers. The majority of the studies distinguished malignant from benign prostate and few explored the biomarkers associated with the progression of PC. The present review summarises the primary outcomes of most significant studies to extend our knowledge of PC metabolomics biomarkers. We observed divergent inter-laboratory technical procedures employing different statistical approaches produced abundant information regarding PC metabolites perturbation. Since PC metabolomics is still in its early phase, it is vital that we dig out the most specific, sensitive and accurate metabolic signatures and conduct more studies with milestone findings with comparable sample sizes to validate and corroborate the findings.","PeriodicalId":50462,"journal":{"name":"Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"e25"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40165144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The potential role of FNDC5/irisin in various liver diseases: awakening the sleeping beauties FNDC5/irisin在各种肝病中的潜在作用：唤醒睡美人

IF 6.2 2区医学

Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2022-06-13 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.19

Xiaoyu Wang, Lihong Mao, Chaoqun Li, Yang-yang Hui, Zi-han Yu, Mingyu Sun, Yifan Li, Gaoyue Guo, Wanting Yang, Binxin Cui, Xiaofei Fan, Chao Sun

{"title":"The potential role of FNDC5/irisin in various liver diseases: awakening the sleeping beauties","authors":"Xiaoyu Wang, Lihong Mao, Chaoqun Li, Yang-yang Hui, Zi-han Yu, Mingyu Sun, Yifan Li, Gaoyue Guo, Wanting Yang, Binxin Cui, Xiaofei Fan, Chao Sun","doi":"10.1017/erm.2022.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/erm.2022.19","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) is a transmembrane protein and the precursor of irisin, which serves as a systemic exerkine/myokine with multiple origins. Since its discovery in 2012, this hormone-like polypeptide has rapidly evolved to a component significantly involved in a gamut of metabolic dysregulations and various liver diseases. After a decade of extensive investigation on FNDC5/irisin, we are still surrounded by lots of open questions regarding its diagnostic and therapeutic values. In this review, we first concentrated on the structure–function relationship of FNDC5/irisin. Next, we comprehensively summarised the current knowledge and research findings regarding pathogenic roles/therapeutic applications of FNDC5/irisin in the context of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, fibrosis, liver injury due to multiple detrimental insults, hepatic malignancy and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Moreover, the prominent molecules involved in the underlying mechanisms and signalling pathways were highlighted. As a result, emerging evidence reveals FNDC5/irisin may act as a proxy for diagnosing liver disease pathology, a sensitive biomarker for assessing damage severity, a predisposing factor for surveilling illness progression and a treatment option with protective/preventive impact, all of which are highly dependent on disease grading and contextually pathological features.","PeriodicalId":50462,"journal":{"name":"Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46423056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

TNF-α/anti-TNF-α drugs and its effect on pregnancy outcomes. TNF-α/抗TNF-α药物及其对妊娠结局的影响。

IF 6.2 2区医学

Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2022-06-10 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.18

Fang-Fang Dai, Min Hu, Yu-Wei Zhang, Rong-Hui Zhu, Li-Ping Chen, Zhi-Dian Li, Yan-Jie Huang, Wei Hu, Yan-Xiang Cheng

{"title":"TNF-α/anti-TNF-α drugs and its effect on pregnancy outcomes.","authors":"Fang-Fang Dai, Min Hu, Yu-Wei Zhang, Rong-Hui Zhu, Li-Ping Chen, Zhi-Dian Li, Yan-Jie Huang, Wei Hu, Yan-Xiang Cheng","doi":"10.1017/erm.2022.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/erm.2022.18","url":null,"abstract":"Pregnancy is a complex biological process. The establishment and maintenance of foetal-maternal interface are pivotal events. Decidual immune cells and inflammatory cytokines play indispensable roles in the foetal-maternal interface. The disfunction of decidual immune cells leads to adverse pregnancy outcome. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a common inflammatory cytokine, has critical roles in different stages of normal pregnancy process. However, the relationship between the disorder of TNF-α and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia (PE), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), spontaneous abortion (SA), preterm birth and so on, is still indefinite. In this review, we thoroughly reviewed the effect of TNF-α disorder on pathological conditions. Moreover, we summarized the reports about the adverse pregnancy outcomes (PE, IUGR, SA and preterm birth) of using anti-TNF-α drugs (infliximab, etanercept and adalimumab, certolizumab and golimumab) currently in the clinical studies. Overall, IUGR, SA and preterm birth are the most common adverse pregnancy outcomes of anti-TNF-α drugs. Our review may provide insight for the immunological treatment of pregnancy-related complication, and help practitioners make informed decisions based on the current evidences.","PeriodicalId":50462,"journal":{"name":"Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine","volume":"24 ","pages":"e26"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9884758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10671544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Non-invasive molecular biomarkers for predicting outcomes of micro-TESE in patients with idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia 用于预测特发性非阻塞性无精子症患者微tese预后的非侵入性分子生物标志物

IF 6.2 2区医学

Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2022-06-06 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.17

D. Tang, Kuokuo Li, Xiaojin He, Yan Zhang, Yunxia Cao

{"title":"Non-invasive molecular biomarkers for predicting outcomes of micro-TESE in patients with idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia","authors":"D. Tang, Kuokuo Li, Xiaojin He, Yan Zhang, Yunxia Cao","doi":"10.1017/erm.2022.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/erm.2022.17","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), the most severe type of male infertility, affects approximately 1% of men worldwide. However, the aetiology of most NOA cases is not definite, that is defined as idiopathic NOA (INOA), posing a clinical conundrum worldwide. Most of these patients must receive donor sperm treatment until the emergence of microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE). Although this procedure has recently become a promising treatment for INOA, the low sperm retrieval rate and testicular trauma have prompted us to explore appropriate non-invasive molecular biomarkers to predict the outcomes of sperm recovery preoperatively. Previous studies have identified a spectrum of biomarkers to address this challenging issue at various levels in different tissues, such as DNAs, RNAs, protein and steroid levels in the blood and seminal fluid. To better understand and assess the predictive values of diverse molecular biomarkers from different tissues on the outcome of sperm retrieval by micro-TESE in patients with INOA, we summarised recent findings and discussed the potential applications of these methods. The ultimate goal of this study was to provide references for further studies and clinical management.","PeriodicalId":50462,"journal":{"name":"Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43233737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Reduced melatonin levels may facilitate glioblastoma initiation in the subventricular zone 褪黑激素水平降低可能促进室下区胶质母细胞瘤的发生

IF 6.2 2区医学

Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2022-05-16 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.15

Majid Ghareghani, K. Zibara, R. Reiter, S. Rivest

{"title":"Reduced melatonin levels may facilitate glioblastoma initiation in the subventricular zone","authors":"Majid Ghareghani, K. Zibara, R. Reiter, S. Rivest","doi":"10.1017/erm.2022.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/erm.2022.15","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There is increasing evidence that glioblastoma, a highly aggressive brain tumour, originates from a neural stem cell (NSC) located in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral cerebral ventricle. Using the most advanced in vivo imaging techniques, Gengatharan and colleagues recently identified a day/night difference in the adult SVZ-NSC division. They reported that the circadian melatonin rhythm and its receptor control the day/night difference in NSC division with high mitotic activity during the day and low activity at night. Expression of melatonin and its receptor diminishes during ageing, which eliminates the regulatory effect of melatonin on NSC mitosis. Moreover, the circadian melatonin rhythm is dampened by light-at-night with the potential of altering the circadian mitotic cycle of NSC in the SVZ. Also, men with a lower melatonin amplitude than women exhibit a 60% higher rate of glioblastoma incidence. Given that ageing contributes significantly to glioblastoma initiation and progression, we suggest that the decline in circadian melatonin synthesis and release as well as its receptors in the SVZ, which also diminish with an ageing act in concert with other factors to facilitate glioblastoma initiation and growth.","PeriodicalId":50462,"journal":{"name":"Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48019151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Exploring hypoxic biology to improve radiotherapy outcomes 探索缺氧生物学改善放疗效果

IF 6.2 2区医学

Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2022-04-27 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.14

Chun Li, Lucy Wiseman, Ene Okoh, Michael J Lind, R. Roy, A. Beavis, Isabel M. Pires

{"title":"Exploring hypoxic biology to improve radiotherapy outcomes","authors":"Chun Li, Lucy Wiseman, Ene Okoh, Michael J Lind, R. Roy, A. Beavis, Isabel M. Pires","doi":"10.1017/erm.2022.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/erm.2022.14","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ionising radiotherapy is a well-established, effective cancer treatment modality, whose efficacy has improved with the application of newer technological modalities. However, patient outcomes are governed and potentially limited by aspects of tumour biology that are associated with radioresistance. Patients also still endure treatment-associated toxicities owed to the action of ionising radiation in normoxic tissue adjacent to the tumour mass. Tumour hypoxia is recognised as a key component of the tumour microenvironment and is well established as leading to therapy resistance and poor prognosis. In this review, we outline the current understanding of hypoxia-mediated radiotherapy resistance, before exploring targeting tumour hypoxia for radiotherapy sensitisation to improve treatment outcomes and increase the therapeutic window. This includes increasing oxygen availability in solid tumours, the use of hypoxia-activated prodrugs, targeting of hypoxia-regulated or associated signalling pathways, as well as the use of high-LET radiotherapy modalities. Ultimately, targeting hypoxic radiobiology combined with precise radiotherapy delivery modalities and modelling should be associated with improvement to patient outcomes.","PeriodicalId":50462,"journal":{"name":"Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43629722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Immunopathogenesis of patients with COVID-19: from the perspective of immune system 'evolution' and 'revolution'. COVID-19患者的免疫发病机制:从免疫系统“进化”与“革命”的角度

IF 6.2 2区医学

Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2022-04-12 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.12

Dan Lv, Bai Hu, Xingguang Lin, Renjie Wang, Di Wu, Rui Long, Mengzhou He, ShuJie Liao, Dongrui Deng

{"title":"Immunopathogenesis of patients with COVID-19: from the perspective of immune system 'evolution' and 'revolution'.","authors":"Dan Lv, Bai Hu, Xingguang Lin, Renjie Wang, Di Wu, Rui Long, Mengzhou He, ShuJie Liao, Dongrui Deng","doi":"10.1017/erm.2022.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/erm.2022.12","url":null,"abstract":"The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is sweeping the world, threatening millions of lives and drastically altering our ways of living. According to current studies, failure to either activate or eliminate inflammatory responses timely and properly at certain stages could result in the progression of the disease. In other words, robust immune responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are critical. However, they do not theoretically present in some special groups of people, including the young, the aged, patients with autoimmunity or cancer. Differences also do occur between men and women. Our immune system evolves to ensure delicate coordination at different stages of life. The innate immune cells mainly consisted of myeloid lineage cells, including neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells and mast cells; they possess phagocytic capacity to different degrees at different stages of life. They are firstly recruited upon infection and may activate the adaptive immunity when needed. The adaptive immune cells, on the other way, are comprised mainly of lymphoid lineages. As one grows up, the adaptive immunity matures and expands its memory repertoire, accompanied by an adjustment in quantity and quality. In this review, we would summarise and analyse the immunological characteristics of these groups from the perspective of the immune system 'evolution' as well as 'revolution' that has been studied and speculated so far, which would aid the comprehensive understanding of COVID-19 and personalised-treatment strategy.","PeriodicalId":50462,"journal":{"name":"Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine","volume":"24 ","pages":"e19"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9884756/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10662823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3