Forensic Science International-Genetics最新文献

{"title":"Development and validation of a capture sequencing panel containing 9000 SNPs for inferring distant relatives in East Asian populations","authors":"Kuo Zeng ,&nbsp;Wenting Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhixiao Fang ,&nbsp;Jing Li ,&nbsp;Jing Liu ,&nbsp;Dong Zhao ,&nbsp;Bofeng Zhu ,&nbsp;Caixia Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inferring distant relatives has long presented a significant challenge in forensic science. Recently, forensic researchers have increasingly focused on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as a potent tool for this purpose. In this study, we developed and validated a capture sequencing panel comprising 9000 SNPs specifically aimed at inferring distant relatives within East Asian populations. Initially, we screened the 9000 SNPs from four data sources: the Infinium Global Screening Array, the Infinium Chinese Genotyping Array, the Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism database, and the 1000 Genomes Project. Subsequently, we established a likelihood ratio (LR)-based algorithm utilizing pedigree genotyping data from Han Chinese populations. Next, we constructed a sequencing method for the 9000 SNPs employing hybridization capture sequencing technology. Finally, the 9000 SNP panel was evaluated following the validation guidelines of the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), including studies on repeatability, concordance, sensitivity, species specificity, PCR inhibition, DNA degradation, DNA mixture and casework-type samples. The results demonstrated that the 9000 SNPs exhibited considerable genetic polymorphism within East Asian populations, with an average minor allele frequency of 0.4521. The panel of 9000 SNPs was demonstrated to reliably identify relatives up to the 5th degree and certain 6th degree using the GSA SNP array for pedigree genotyping. Furthermore, the 9000 SNP panel yielded robust and reliable genotyping results for trace DNA (1.953 ng), degraded DNA (50 bp), and mixed DNA (19:1 ratio), showing specific species specificity and resistance to PCR inhibition. In conclusion, this study highlights the significant potential of the 9000 SNP panel for inferring distant relatives in East Asian populations, providing a valuable tool for forensic applications. Further validation in a larger sample size is needed to confirm our observations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50435,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International-Genetics","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 103341"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making AI accessible for forensic DNA profile analysis","authors":"Abel K.J.G. de Wit ,&nbsp;Claire D. Wagenaar ,&nbsp;Nathalie A.C. Janssen ,&nbsp;Brechtje Hoegen ,&nbsp;Judith van de Wetering ,&nbsp;Huub Hoofs ,&nbsp;Simone Ariëns ,&nbsp;Corina C.G. Benschop ,&nbsp;Rolf J.F. Ypma","doi":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep learning has the potential to be a powerful tool for automating allele calling in forensic DNA analysis. Studies to date have relied on bespoke model architecture and painstaking manual annotations to train models, which makes it challenging for other researchers to work with these techniques. In this study, we explore the possibility of training a well-performing model using data gathered as part of casework, and employing a widely adopted architecture: the U-Net. In this approach, annotations are created from alleles called during casework. The model, dubbed ‘DNANet’, then classifies each scan point in the electropherogram (EPG) as part of an allele or non-allele, building on the task of segmentation in computer vision. We evaluate performance on unseen case data and on independent mixture research data, taking analyst annotations as ground-truth. We further compare DNANet’s performance with analyst performance on the research data, taking actual donor alleles as ground-truth. DNANet reached an F1 score of 0.971 on analyst annotated alleles on case data not seen during training, and 0.982 on the research data. On actual donor alleles, DNANet reached an F1 score of 0.962, equal to the F1 score computed from analyst annotations. Our results show that DNANet’s performance is comparable to human annotations following standard procedures. This illustrates the potential for obtaining good results with standard data and architecture. Future work may focus on what aspects of data, annotations or model architecture are key in shaping performance. We make our code, model weights and research data publicly available to aid the community. Lastly, we call for an effort to establish a standardized benchmark to aid in quantitative comparisons between allele calling systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50435,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International-Genetics","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 103345"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Massively parallel sequencing of 74 microhaplotypes for relationship testing in U.S. populations","authors":"Fabio Oldoni ,&nbsp;Chiara Della Rocca ,&nbsp;Leena Yoon ,&nbsp;Sathya Prakash Harihar ,&nbsp;Aishwaryaa Subramanian ,&nbsp;Daniele Podini","doi":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microhaplotypes (MHs) are increasingly recognized as valuable forensic markers due to their low mutation rates, lack of stutter artifacts, and compatibility with massively parallel sequencing (MPS). These biomarkers have shown utility in human identification, mixture deconvolution, ancestry prediction and kinship testing. Although familial relationship testing has historically relied on fragment-sized analysis of STRs, it is now evolving with the advent of both MPS and MHs. While single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays have also been used for kinship testing, they require high-quality and high-quantity DNA and are ineffective in the presence of mixtures—limitations that MHs can overcome due to their short amplicons and ability to deconvolute mixed DNA samples. This study specifically aimed to evaluate the performance of a previously designed 74-locus Ion AmpliSeq™ MH panel on the Ion GeneStudio S5 platform and compare it against a 29-fragment sized STR panel for kinship testing in four major U.S. populations. The 74plex MH panel was sequenced using a sample set of 372 family samples across African American, European American, Southwest Hispanic, and East Asian American population groups. Its performance was assessed on Familias software in differentiating between close and distant relatives, which included parent-child, full siblings, half-siblings, and cousins. For parent-child relationships, MHs and STRs showed clear separation, but MHs yielded consistently higher log₁₀LR values (&gt;20) with tighter clustering, suggesting stronger discriminatory power than STRs. With full siblings, MHs consistently outperformed STRs, with their distributions showing higher log₁₀LRs. However, for half-siblings, both genetic markers struggled with significant overlap between related and unrelated pairs, though MHs showed higher log₁₀LR values than STRs. Neither 74 MHs nor 29 STRs were able to distinguish between cousins, exhibiting extensive overlap and log₁₀LRs near or below zero. In summary, the 74-locus Ion AmpliSeq™ MH panel offers enhanced discriminatory power for close kinship, particularly first-degree relationships. While MHs enhance second-degree resolution, the 74-MH struggles with more distant relationships like cousins. These findings underscore the need for larger MH panels (≥200 loci) to reliably resolve distant kinship, supporting their broader integration into forensic applications including kinship analysis, mixture deconvolution, and ancestry inference.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50435,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International-Genetics","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 103386"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145474152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying an interpretation model for body fluid mixture identification","authors":"Courtney R.H. Lynch ,&nbsp;Zhijian Wen ,&nbsp;James M. Curran","doi":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Confirmatory body fluid identification via the detection of specific messenger RNA (mRNA) species is important in circumstances where a conventional test is not available for the questioned fluid type (such as vaginal material) or when greater sensitivity, or specificity, is required. Samples forwarded for testing will often contain two or more body fluid types from different donors (mixtures). Endpoint reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) or real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) are two methods which may be used for confirmatory body fluid identification, with the former currently in use in forensic casework laboratories. The interpretation of such data has been a topic of recent interest, with two main approaches proposed: categorical and probabilistic. Categorical methods, which may use a scoring system or a threshold approach, do not utilise all relevant information. Probabilistic methods are able to incorporate known information and reflect uncertainty as part of classification. This paper explores the use of multi-class machine learning classifiers to predict the components of body fluids in mixed samples, extending prior work on single-source body fluids. When including mixture profiles within the training data as an additional class, we obtained high prediction accuracy. We also determine that quantitative information is more informative than binary (presence/absence) data for the prediction of body fluids in different mixture ratios. Finally, we investigate the modelling and prediction of an “unknown” category, composed of samples which do not have specific features in the data, using two approaches: metric learning and a leave-one-type-out simulation for missing data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50435,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International-Genetics","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 103362"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145245610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential application of hair shaft for human identification by mRNA polymorphism","authors":"Jinding Liu ,&nbsp;Bing Du ,&nbsp;Yuxin Zhang ,&nbsp;Hailing Yang ,&nbsp;Jiangwei Yan ,&nbsp;Gengqian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, RNA has shown great potential for use in forensic genetics. Our previous work indicated that hair shafts possess detectable RNA levels. Fallen hair samples at crime scenes are common, but human identification is difficult because of the degeneration of traceable nuclear DNA. We aimed to establish a new mRNA polymorphism assay for the identification of hair shafts in humans. In this study, we utilized polymorphic mRNAs to obtain a human identification profile that is more detailed than that of any previously reported method. Ten to fifteen pieces of 5-cm hair shafts were used to extract total RNA from 40 individuals. RNA was transcribed into cDNA and typed on a BGISEQ T7 platform using a massively parallel sequencing assay encompassing 404 coding region and untranslated region (UTR) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 78 genes. The multiplex assay was evaluated for sensitivity, species specificity, capability for aged hair shafts, consistency of the typing results for hair borne from different body parts, and genomic DNA (gDNA)/mRNA of the same individual. We also obtained the genetic parameters for human identification in a Chinese population. Genes that did not meet this threshold were excluded from the analysis. Ultimately, 71 genes containing 284 SNPs, amplified with 228 amplicons were retained. Polymorphisms were observed in 210 amplicons. The random match probability (RMP) values ranged from 1.24 × 10⁻⁴⁴ to 1.14 × 10⁻⁷² (median = 4.36 × 10⁻⁵⁰). When one piece of 5-cm hair shaft was used, 70.31–72.05 % of the amplicons could be detected, and 46.72–62.01 % of the amplicons showed the same genotype as 15 pieces of hair shafts. A total of 44–82 amplicons were detected in hair shafts from four common animals (cats, dogs, rabbits, and rats). However, the genotyping of most SNP/microhaplotype (MH) markers was inconsistent with the database records. This study provides a new strategy for human identification of hair shafts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50435,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International-Genetics","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 103340"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A proof-of-principle study: Species identification based on mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene using QNome nanopore sequencing","authors":"Mengyao Zhao ,&nbsp;Haowen Song ,&nbsp;Yangyang Zheng ,&nbsp;Liu Qin ,&nbsp;Xueyuan Liu ,&nbsp;Shiying Deng ,&nbsp;Jing Liu ,&nbsp;Ling Chen ,&nbsp;Weian Du ,&nbsp;Zheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate species identification can provide crucial evidence to aid criminal investigations and preserve species diversity. DNA barcoding is an effective tool to ascertain the origin of degraded, trace, or processed samples, and the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene serving as a potential marker due to its low intraspecific variation and high interspecific variation. QNome nanopore sequencing, with its flexible read lengths, real-time analysis, and portable device size, offers new means for species identification. In this proof-of-principle study, we collected 12S rRNA gene reference sequences of 120 common species from Genbank genetic sequence database and conducted sequence similarity analysis to evaluate the applicability of this genetic marker. The automated species identification pipeline, ClassIdent, based on QNome nanopore sequencing of the 12S rRNA gene, was subsequently developed as an open-source tool. We sequenced 60 tested samples from different animals using the QNome sequencer, and ClassIdent was employed to detect matching proportions and generate consensus sequences. Out of the 60 tested samples, 53 matched the sequences of their corresponding species, while the remaining seven matched sequences from closely related species within the same genus or family. The average proportion of sequencing reads assigned to the reference sequence was 95.66 %, with an average sequence similarity of 99.11 %. The consensus sequences generated by ClassIdent demonstrated high accuracy, showing an average sequence similarity of 99.34 % compared to Sanger sequences. Overall, this pipeline demonstrated the potential of using 12S rRNA gene for species identification via Qnome nanopore sequencing. However, further research is needed to incorporate more DNA barcoding markers or to detect the whole mitochondrial genome based on long read sequencing technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50435,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International-Genetics","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 103388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145508473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFMex: Using EuroForMix to evaluate DNA mixtures with multiple persons of interest","authors":"Øyvind Bleka,&nbsp;Magnus Dehli Vigeland,&nbsp;Peter Gill","doi":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present EFMex (EuroForMix–Exhaustive), an R package for calculating likelihood ratios (LRs) in DNA mixture interpretation involving multiple persons of interest (POIs). The software implements an exhaustive method framework, evaluating all possible subsets of POIs as contributors to the mixture. We demonstrate the importance of this framework, particularly when contributors, such as close relatives, exhibit high allele sharing. A series of simulation experiments, designed to reflect complex casework scenarios, were conducted using three- and four-person mixtures in which at least two contributors were in the same family. The exhaustive method proved effective in distinguishing true contributors from closely related non-contributors, even under challenging conditions. A recalculation of exhaustive LR for candidates obtaining LR&gt;1 with the exhaustive method was used to increase discrimination further. An alternative to the exhaustive method, using a generalized likelihood ratio, returned values very close to those of the exhaustive method. A Shiny app was created as a graphical user interface to ease the analysis for practitioners.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50435,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International-Genetics","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 103365"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addendum to “Comparing six commercial autosomal STR kits in a large Dutch population sample”","authors":"Thirsa Kraaijenbrink","doi":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103363","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50435,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International-Genetics","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 103363"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145093284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the forensic skin and ‘touched’ bacterial community through full-length and variable region sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene","authors":"Shuangshuang Wang ,&nbsp;Feng Song ,&nbsp;Yufei Yang ,&nbsp;Bo Liu ,&nbsp;Chengye Zhou ,&nbsp;Chuanxu Wang ,&nbsp;Yanyun Wang ,&nbsp;Haibo Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The human skin microbiome is unique to each individual, and the microbial exchange between human skin and their touched objects could aid in tracing individuals. However, the microbial transfer and deposition on transiently touched items, and their forensic potential application remain insufficiently understood. Therefore, we simulate a scenario where a suspect holds a knife for a brief time to investigate the transfer of skin-associated microbiota from the hand to the touched object’s surface using sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene full length and variable region. The results showed the full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V1-V9) achieved significantly higher taxonomic resolution (species-level) and enriched α-diversity in both skin and contact-objects microbiomes compared to the variable region (V3-V4) sequencing approach. The skin bacterial community exhibited greater biodiversity than the “touched” bacterial communities, and there was no significant similarity between the skin and “touched” bacterial communities for each individual. The intra-individual β diversity of “touched” bacterial communities was close to 1, while the β diversity within individuals (ranging from 0.7 to 0.9) was significantly lower than that observed between individuals in the skin bacterial community. Skin bacterial communities were individual-specific, and the efficacy in discriminating individuals through individual-specific amplicon sequence variants was 100 % using the support vector machine model, in both of the two sequencing datasets. Individual-specific amplicon sequence variants were observed within high relative abundance bacterial taxa (e.g., <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em>, <em>Streptococcus mitis,</em> and <em>Streptococcus parasanguinis</em>), but the number of skin individual-specific amplicon sequence variants detectable in “touched” bacterial communities was low. Only a small fraction of skin-derived taxa was detectable on objects and detectability couldn’t be explained by robust individual-specific signatures. The dominant bacterial genera and species identified in the shared amplicon sequence variants between skin and “touched” bacterial communities were among the relatively high-abundance taxa within the skin microbiome, like <em>Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus epidermidis</em>, <em>Streptococcus mitis, Corynebacterium bovis, Streptococcus parasanguinis</em>, etc. Such high relative abundance bacterial species showed both individual-specific, easy-to-transfer, and easy-to-deposit in touch events, which may be new marks in forensic identification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50435,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International-Genetics","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 103374"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145314216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective use of the degradation index from human DNA quantification kits to improve STR and Y-STR profiling","authors":"Seiki Nakao,&nbsp;Misa Kitagawa,&nbsp;Koichi Suzuki,&nbsp;Takako Sato","doi":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping is primarily used for human identification in various forensic biological samples. However, samples collected from crime scenes or mass disasters are often exposed to environmental factors that cause considerable DNA degradation. As a result, degraded DNA yields significantly less polymorphic information than non-degraded DNA due to a reduction in the effective copy number of STR loci available for amplification. To obtain reliable STR results, it is crucial to consider the degree of DNA degradation alongside accurate DNA quantification. In this study, we investigated the impact of DNA degradation on allele detection in STR and Y-chromosome STR (Y-STR) analyses to improve the estimation of degraded DNA quantity for PCR amplification and enhance allele detection rates. Specifically, we analyzed the relationship between the degradation index (DI) provided by the Quantifiler HP DNA Quantification Kit and allele detection rates in STR and Y-STR analyses using various amounts of artificially fragmented or UV-irradiated DNA. Our results demonstrate that the DI serves as a valuable indicator of DNA degradation, aiding in the estimation of the appropriate amount of degraded DNA for PCR amplification. Furthermore, STR and Y-STR profiles and allele detection rates vary depending on the degradation pattern, such as fragmentation or UV irradiation, even when the DI remains the same. Our findings underscore the importance of incorporating DI into forensic workflows to maximize allele recovery from a limited amount of degraded DNA, ultimately enhancing forensic and disaster victim identification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50435,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International-Genetics","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 103342"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}