Giulia Rastrelli, Sandra Filippi, Alessandra Sforza, Mario Maggi, Giovanni Corona
{"title":"Metabolic Syndrome in Male Hypogonadism.","authors":"Giulia Rastrelli, Sandra Filippi, Alessandra Sforza, Mario Maggi, Giovanni Corona","doi":"10.1159/000485999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000485999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and hypogonadism (HG) are frequently comorbid. In this review, we summarize interconnections between the construct of MetS and the presence of HG, as well as the effect of specific treatments for each condition on this association. Data from meta-analytic studies suggest a bidirectional pathogenic relationship. In fact, reduced T (-2.21 [-2.43 to -1.98] nmol/L) at baseline predicts incident MetS. On the other hand, MetS at study entry increases the risk of developing HG (OR 2.46 [1.77-3.42]). The bidirectional pathogenic link between MetS and HG is further confirmed by the fact that treating MetS with insulin sensitizer is associated with an increase in T. In addition, a huge effect on increasing T is found in obese men undergoing procedures for losing weight, with more dramatic results obtained after bariatric surgery than after low calorie diet (increase in T 8.73 [6.51-10.95] nmol/L and 2.87 [1.68-4.07] nmol/L, respectively, according to a recent meta-analysis). On the other hand, there is evidence of an improvement in several metabolic derangements characterizing MetS in subjects treated with T. However, the latter results are still not conclusive and need further evidence from randomized clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":50428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Hormone Research","volume":"49 ","pages":"131-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000485999","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36216659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Extra-Skeletal Effects of Vitamin D.","authors":"Roger Bouillon","doi":"10.1159/000486072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000486072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are very solid data to confirm that the vitamin D endocrine system is important not only for calcium transport or bone homeostasis but also for operational functions in most cells of the body. Preclinical studies convincingly demonstrated coherent actions of the vitamin D endocrine system on the proliferation/differentiation of most cells (and thus possibly on the evolution of cancer). The most plausible target tissues include skeletal and cardiac muscle, all immune cells, many cells involved in cardiovascular homeostasis, brain cells, and reproductive tissues. These data have been generated in models of (near) total absence of vitamin D action or when exposed to very high concentrations of the active hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or its analogs. In humans, observational data frequently demonstrate a link between poor vitamin D status and a large number of major human diseases such as cancer, muscle weakness and falls, infections or autoimmune diseases, hypertension and cardiovascular risks and events, obesity, diabetes and all aspects of the metabolic syndrome, and other health problems. Intervention studies so far have not convincingly demonstrated a positive effect on such extra-skeletal health outcomes. A very large number of ongoing studies (about 3,000), however, should help to clarify the role of vitamin D on the musculoskeletal system and on global health.</p>","PeriodicalId":50428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Hormone Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"72-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000486072","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35959553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vitamin D and Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Ernesto Maddaloni, Ilaria Cavallari, Nicola Napoli, Caterina Conte","doi":"10.1159/000486083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000486083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vitamin D has been suggested as a protective compound for diabetes mellitus. Several mechanisms linking vitamin D to the regulation of the immune response support a role for vitamin D in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. Epidemiological evidence and observational studies suggesting that adequate vitamin D status is related to decreased risk of developing type 1 diabetes further corroborates this concept. However, only few and mostly underpowered randomized clinical trials have been conducted to test the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in autoimmune diabetes, with disappointing results. Similarly, recent evidence linking vitamin D action to insulin secretion and sensitivity led to the hypothesis that this compound may play a key role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis in both pre-diabetes and overt type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the main clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation for the control of glucose homeostasis in people at risk for or affected by T2D have yielded inconsistent results. The aim of this review is to summarize the rationale and results of randomized clinical trials testing vitamin D and its analogs in both autoimmune and T2D.</p>","PeriodicalId":50428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Hormone Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"161-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000486083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35959555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vitamin D Assays.","authors":"Daniel D Bikle","doi":"10.1159/000486062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000486062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The number of requests for vitamin D metabolite measurements has increased dramatically over the past decade leading commercial laboratories to develop rapid high throughput assays. The measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and to a lesser extent 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D) dominates these requests, but requests for multiple metabolite measurements in the same sample are also increasing. The most commonly used methods include immunoassays and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, but with improvements in technology, especially in LC-MS, this method is gaining ascendance due to its greater precision and flexibility. The use of standards from the National Institutes of Standards and Technology has substantially reduced the variability from laboratory to laboratory, thereby improving the reliability of these measurements. Although the current demand is for measurement of total vitamin D metabolite levels, these metabolites circulate in blood tightly bound to vitamin D binding protein (DBP) and albumin with less than 1% free. The free concentration may be a more accurate indicator of vitamin D status especially in individuals with DBP levels that deviate from the normal population. Thus, methods to measure the free concentration at least of 25(OH)D are becoming available and may supplement if not replace measurements of total levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":50428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Hormone Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"14-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000486062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35960669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vitamin D Homeostasis and Diseases in Pediatrics","authors":"M. Bianchi","doi":"10.1159/000486086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000486086","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Hormone Research","volume":"50 1","pages":"189-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000486086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65282546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vitamin D and Secondary Hyperparathyroid States.","authors":"Cristiana Cipriani, Jessica Pepe, Luciano Colangelo, Salvatore Minisola","doi":"10.1159/000486077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000486077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The interplay between vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) represents one of the most important metabolic mechanisms of regulation of the calcium/phosphorus homeostasis. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is therefore a major complication that arises as a result of reduced vitamin D levels, both as primary 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25[OH]D) and/or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D) reduction. Different metabolic pathways are involved, as well as target organs and tissues, with several clinical complications. The skeleton is primarily involved, but many other extra-skeletal organs expressing the vitamin D and/or PTH receptors may theoretically be affected by vitamin D inadequacy and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Mechanisms associated with low vitamin D (mostly, but not exclusively 1,25[OH]2D deficiency) and high serum PTH also intensify chronic kidney disease (CKD), with further consequences on the mineral metabolism system and development of skeletal and cardiovascular disease. Therapeutic intervention is primarily aimed at enhancing serum 25(OH)D levels and reducing secondary hyperparathyroidism, by employing different strategies and endpoints according to the clinical contest. This chapter reviews the current knowledge on the metabolic pathways involved in the vitamin D/PTH axis regulation in different clinical settings and gives an update on the recommended treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Hormone Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"138-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000486077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35959554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K Alexander Iwen, Rebecca Oelkrug, Hannes Kalscheuer, Georg Brabant
{"title":"Metabolic Syndrome in Thyroid Disease.","authors":"K Alexander Iwen, Rebecca Oelkrug, Hannes Kalscheuer, Georg Brabant","doi":"10.1159/000485996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000485996","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiometabolic risk factors like abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, and hypertension are defined as metabolic syndrome (MetS), which represents one of the most frequent endocrine disorders particularly in a society with increasing weight problems. As more and more evidence is accumulated that thyroid hormones affect components of the MetS, the present review aims to summarize the rapidly expanding knowledge on the pathophysiological interaction between thyroid hormone status and MetS. The review is based on a PubMed search for combinations of thyroid hormone action and MetS, blood pressure, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, glucose, diabetes mellitus, body weight, or visceral fat. A special focus was given for manuscripts published after 2000 but we included seminal papers published before year 2000 as well.</p>","PeriodicalId":50428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Hormone Research","volume":"49 ","pages":"48-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000485996","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36215677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Metabolic Syndrome in Central Hypogonadotrophic Hypogonadism.","authors":"Andrew A Dwyer, Richard Quinton","doi":"10.1159/000485998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000485998","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a term used to describe the constellation of cardiometabolic risk factors including central adiposity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and arterial hypertension. Notably, a number of studies have shown high rates of testosterone (T) deficiency in men with MetS and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Both hypogonadism and MetS confer increased health risk for morbidity and mortality as men with the MetS are at twice the risk for developing cardiovascular disease and at 5-fold higher risk for developing T2DM. Moreover, the inverse relationship between T and MetS is consistently observed across racial and ethnic groups. Thus, in the setting of growing obesity rates, this relationship between the reproductive endocrine axis and metabolism warrants renewed attention. This review specifically focuses on central hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (CH) providing a concise overview of the metabolic implications of CH and identify the unanswered questions and future directions in this growing field.</p>","PeriodicalId":50428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Hormone Research","volume":"49 ","pages":"156-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000485998","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36216364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metabolic Syndrome in Hypopituitarism.","authors":"Dragana Miljić, Vera Popovic","doi":"10.1159/000485997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000485997","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and mortality rates from cardiovascular causes are increased in patients with hypopituitarism. Features of obesity, visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension are common in these patients. Unreplaced growth hormone (GH) deficiency and inadequate replacement of other hormone insufficiencies may be responsible for the adverse body composition and metabolic profile associated with hypopituitarism. Recently, fatty liver disease was added to this unfavorable metabolic phenotype. Long-term treatment with low-dose GH replacement is considered safe and advantageous for metabolic profile and normalization of cardiovascular mortality rates in hypopituitary patients. Positive influence of optimal balance in replacement of other pituitary hormone deficiencies with doses of hydrocortisone (<20 mg/day), weight-adjusted T4 doses, and transdermal estrogen in women is also very important. Active screening and treatment of all cardiometabolic risk factors and comorbidities may further improve outcomes in patients with hypopituitarism.</p>","PeriodicalId":50428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Hormone Research","volume":"49 ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000485997","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36216650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francesco Felicetti, Maria Graziella Catalano, Nicoletta Fortunati
{"title":"Thyroid Autoimmunity and Cancer.","authors":"Francesco Felicetti, Maria Graziella Catalano, Nicoletta Fortunati","doi":"10.1159/000452909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000452909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer and autoimmune diseases are often associated in the same individual. The functional link between the immune system and cancer development is only partially known. Even though the immune system can control the development of cancer through immune surveillance, cancer cell can escape it. It is debated whether autoimmune diseases have to be regarded as a cancer cause or its consequence. In particular, the association between autoimmune thyroiditis and thyroid cancer (TC; especially papillary carcinoma) is a fascinating model of this complex relationship. In this review, we present data reported in literature about autoimmune thyroiditis and papillary TC, and on the basis of available data, we try to clarify the present knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":50428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Hormone Research","volume":"48 ","pages":"97-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000452909","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34771166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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